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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

%eceived       MAY  16  1899  ^  igg     . 


<i/lccessioti  Ni 


76^70 


Clcus  No. 


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REESE  LIBRARY 


ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2008  with  funding  from 

IVIicrosoft  Corporation 


http://www.archive.org/details/englishetymologyOOklugrich 


ENGLISH  ETYMOLOGY. 


A  SELECT  GLOSSARY 

SERVING  AS  AN  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  HISTORY 
OF  THE  ENGLISH  LANGUAGE 


BY 


F:  KLUGE    and  F.  LUTZ 


STRASSBURG 

KARL    J.    TRUBNER 

1898. 


IG^fc 


Printed  by  G.  Otto,  Darmstadt. 


UNIVERSITY 

PREFACE, 


Our  primer  of  English  Etymology  is  meant  to  serve  as 
an  introduction  to  the  study  of  the  historical  grammar  of 
English.  However  manifold  the  advantages  which  the  student 
may  derive  from  Professor  Skeat's  Etymological  Dictionary,  it 
cannot  be  denied  that  it  does  not  commend  itself  as  a 
book  for  beginners.  Though  it  is  a  work  of  deep  research, 
brilliant  sagacity,  and  admirable  completeness,  the  linguistic 
laws  underlying  the  various  changes  of  form  and  meaning 
are  not  brought  out  clearly  enough  to  be  easily  grasped  by 
the  uninitiated.  We  therefore  propose  to  furnish  the  student 
with,  a  small  and  concise  book  enabling  him  to  get  an  insight 
into  the  main  linguistic  phenomena.  We  are  greatly  indebted 
to  Professor  Skeat,  of  whose  excellent  work  we  have  made 
ample  use,  drawing  from  it  a  great  deal  of  material,  which  we 
hereby  thankfully  acknowledge.  As  our  aim  has  of  course  not 
been  to  produce  a  book  in  any  way  comparable  to  our  prede- 
cessor's work  in  fulness  of  detail  and  general  completeness, 
we  have  confined  ourselves  to  merely  selecting  all  words  the 
history  of  which  bears  on  the  development  of  the  language  at 
large.  We  have  therefore,  in  the  first  place,  traced  back  to  the 
older  periods  loanwords  of  Scandinavian,  French  and  Latin 
origin  and  such  genuine  EngHsh  words  as  may  afford  matter 
for  linguistic  investigation.  In  this  way  we  hope  to  have  pro- 
vided a  basis  for  every  historical  grammar  of  English,  e.g.  for 
Sweet's  History  of  English  Sounds. 


VI  Preface. 


If  we  may  be  allowed  to  give  a  hint  as  to  the  use  of 
our  little  book,  we  should  advise  the  teacher  to  make  it  a 
point  to  always  deal  with  a  whole  group  of  words  at  a  time. 
Special  interest  attaches  for  instance  to  words  of  early  Christian 
origin,  to  the  names  of  festivals  and  the  days  of  the  week; 
besides  these  the  names  of  the  various  parts  of  the  house  and 
of  the  materials  used  in  building,  the  words  for  cattle  and  the 
various  kinds  of  meat,  for  eating  and  drinking,  etc.  might  be 
made  the  subject  of  a  suggestive  discussion.  On  treating  ety- 
mology in  this  way,  the  teacher  will  have  the  advantage  of 
converting  a  lesson  on  the  growth  of  the  English  language  into 
an  inquiry  into  the  history  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  thus  lending 
to  a  naturally  dry  subject  a  fresh   charm   and  a  deeper  meaning. 

In  conclusion,  our  best  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  W. 
Franz  of  Tiibingen  University,  who  has  placed  many  words 
and  etymologies  at  our  disposal  and  assisted  us  in  various 
other  ways. 

Freiburg  i.  B. 

F.  KLUGE  —  F.  LUTZ. 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


ace.   =   accusative  case 

adj.   =:   adjective 

adv.  =  adverb 

BRET.  =  Breton 

CELT.  =  Celtic 

conj.   =   conjunction 

CORN.   =   Cornish 

cp.   rr   compare 

Cymr.   =    Cymric  (Welsh) 

Dan.    =   Danish 

dat.   =   dative  case 

der(iv).   =r   derived,  derivative 

dimin.   =  diminutive 

DU.   =  Dutch 

E.   rr  modern  English 

f.  (fern.)   =:   feminine 

frequent,    rr   frequentative 

KR.  =  French 

FRIES,  r::   Friesic 

G.  =  modern  German 

Gael.   =   Gaelic 

gen.   =r  genitive  case 

GOTH,  rr  Gothic 

GR.   =  Greek 

Icel.   =  Icelandic 

inf.  =  infinitive  mood 

infl.   =   inflected 

interj.   =r  interjection 

IR.   =   Irish 

ITAL.   =   Italian 

LAT.   =  Latin 

LG.   =  Lovv'  German 


lit.   =r   literally 

LITH,   =  Lithuanian 

m.   r=  masculine 

ME.   =  Middle  English 

MHG.  -z  Middle  High  German 

n.  (neutr.)   —   neuter 

nom.   =:   nominative 

obi.   ^   oblique  case 

ODU.   =   Old  Dutch 

OFR.  =  Old  French 

OHG.   ==  Old  High  German 

OIR.   =   Old  Irish 

ON.   =   Old  Norse 

ONFR.  =   Old  North  French 

orig.   =   original,  originally 

OSAX.   =r   Old  Saxon 

OSLOV.   =   Old  vSlovenian 

pi.   zz  plural 

p.  p.   —   past  participle 

prob.   =  probably 

pron.   z=    pronoun 

prop.   —  properly 

PROV.   =   Proven(^al 

prt.   =:   preterite,  past  tense 

RUSS.   =   Russian 

sb.   =r  substantive 

SKR.  =   Sanskrit 

SHAN.   =   Spanish 

superl.   =  superlative 

SWED.   =   Swedish 

TEUT.   =  Teutonic 

vb.   =r  verb 


VIII  List  of  Symbols  in  Teut.  Words. 


LIST  OF  SYMBOLS  IN  TEUT.  WORDS. 

e  (not  umlauted)   ==   European  and  Aryan  e. 
e  in  OE.  ME.  long  closed  e. 
/  in  OE.  ME.  long  open  e. 
e  in  OHG.  MHG.  OSAX.  closed  e  (umlauted). 
9  a  reduced  Aryan  und  pre-Teut.   vowel. 
'p  in  Oe.  Me.   long  closed  o. 
■  Q  in  OE.  ME.  words  long  open  o. 
c  in  OE.  words  palatalized  k. 
g  in  ME.  words  as  in  NE.  age  bridge. 
5  in  Oe.  Me.  word.s  a  spirantic  palatalized  g. 
f  in  Teut.   words  =   E.  th. 
d  in  On.  Oe.  Osax.   words   —   E.  th. 
h  in  Goth,  is  h  -f   w. 
V"  =  root. 
*  before  a  word  »©*•  inferred. 


^        OF  THB        ^k" 

UNIVERSITY 


a\  an  indef.  article  me.  a  an, 
OE.  dn:  ident.  with  o^ie. 

a^  ME.  a:  ident.  with  ori  (cp. 
hack,  abroad). 

abase;  cp.  base. 

abash  short  for  me.  abaissfie 
abalsche  (aba'isse) :  borrowed  from 
OFR.  csbahiss-  stem  of  ofr.  esbahir 
(er.  t^bahir)  'astonish'. 

abate  ^ie.  abate:  adapt,  of  ofr. 
abatrc  'beat  down'. 

abbess,  abbey  see  abbot. 

abbot  ^m.  abbot',  older  by-form 
me.  oe.  abhod.  Source  lat.  ab- 
hatevi  {abbas),  whence  it.  abbdte, 
FR.  abbs,  OHG.  abbat  G.DU.  abt.  — 
Hence  abbess  aiE.  abbesse  from 
FR.  abbesse  (but  OE.  abbiidisse  ^= 
LAT .  abbatissa)  'ab  b  e  s s'  an  d  abbey 
:\IE.  abbeic  from  fr.  abbaye  (ofr. 
(ibe'ie). 

abide  cp.  bide  and  abode. 

able  :\IE.  db/e:  adapt,  of  ofr. 
(h)ablc  =  SPAN.  /?ai^  IT.  abi/e; 
source  LAT.   habilis.      \ 

abode  me.  abgd  prop',  'delay, 
abiding';   cp.  bide. 

abound  me.  abounde:  adapt, 
of  FR.  abonder  =  lat.  abundare 
abound'. 

English  Etymology. 


I  about  ME.  aboute  of.  dbiltan 
onbtitan',    cp.  but  for   OE.  butan. 

i  above  ME.  above  earlier  abufm 
OE.  dbufan',  akin  to  G.  obefi  ohg. 
obana  'from  above';   cp.  over. 

abridge    me.    abrigge    abregge: 
adapt,   of  OFR.  abrigier   abregier 

'  (source  'LXT.abbreviare'^h.oriQVi). 

:    abroad  me.  rt; /!^;Y'''^  prop. 'broad- 
ly,  widely';   cp.  broad. 
abuse  cp.  use. 

j    accord  vb.  me.  acorde  late  oe. 

i  ic..i\/sp)dcordian'.  borrowed  from 

I  OFR.    acorder    fr.    accorder    (cp. 

I  IT.  a  c  cor  dare). 

I    accuse  me.  accuse  from  fr.  ac 

\  cuser  (lat.  accusare). 

accrue   {accre^v)    vb.  from  fr. 

I  accrue  sb.  'growth,  increase'  (orig. 
part,  of  FR.  aci^^^^e :  lat.  ad-\- 
cretum)',  cp.  increase. 

\    ace  me.  as  dee',  loanword  from 

j  FR.  as  (=  SPAN,  as,  G.  ass,  DU. 

I  aas).  Source  lat.  ^i-  (ace.  asse??i) 

j  'a  unit,   pound,  foot'. 

I    ache  earlier    spelling   ake   me. 

I  dke',  derived  from  oe.  ece  me. 
echc  'pain'  under  the  influence 
of  the  vb.  OE.  acan  me.  ake  'ache, 

I  feel  pain'. 


achieve  —  aghast 


achieve  aiE.  acheve:  adapt,  of 
FR.  achever  'accomplish'.  Akin 
to  chief. 

acorn  me.  acorn  oe.  cecern\ 
ident.  with  goth.  akran  'crop, 
fruit*,  ON.  akarn,  DU.  akei',  G.  ecker. 
The  meaning 'acorn  being  a  later 
and  special  one  as  compared 
with  GOi:Yi..akrii7t  'fruit',  the  group 
may  be  derived  from  teut.  akra- 
=  acre. 

acquaint  vb.  me.  aqueinte  a- 
cointe'.  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  acointer 
'advise'  cp.  quaint. 

acquire  me.  aquire  aquere:  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  aquerre  (fr. 
acquerir  =  LAT.  acquirere^. 

acre  me.  aker  oe.  cecer  'a  field, 
acre'  =  synon.  goth.  akrs^  OSAX. 
akkar,  ohg.  acchar  G.  acker ^  t)U. 
akkery  on.  akr :  a  common  Teut. 
and  Aryan  word:  teut.  "^akra-z, 
pre-TEUT.  agro-s  =  skr.  ajra-s, 
GR.  dyQog,  LAT.  ager  (stem  agro-) 
'acre' :  Aryan  y/^  ag  in  lat.  agOy 
GR.  «/«,  skr.  i?/',  ON.  aka.  The 
orig.  meaning  of  acre  (indo- 
TEUT.  agro-s)  was  'place  where  the 
cattle  are  driven';  cp.  G.  trift 
from  treiben. 

adage  from  fr.  adage  =  lat. 
adagiimi  'proverb'. 

add  :me.  adde  from  lat.  addere 
add'. 

adder  yis..  adder  older  nadder 
OE.  n(h{d)dre  =  osax.  nddra,  du. 
adder,  ohg.  ndt(a)ra  mhg.  «^/^;'  G. 
natter  (otte?-) ,  icel.  nadra  f.  —  ^^-^r 
m.,  GOTH,  nadrs:  cogn.  with  ir.  ;^(Z- 
M^//;-,  w.  neidr.  For  the  loss  of 
initial  7t  cp.  auger  and  apron. 


adjourn  vb.  me.  ajurtie  aj'orne: 
adapted  from  Y^.ajourner  (deriv. 
of  FR.  jour  —  Journie  'day'). 

ado  me.  ado  prop,  at  do:  prop, 
infinit.  'to  do'  with  at,  orig.  in 
Northern  English. 

advance  vb.  for  me.  avaunce : 
loanword  from  fr.  avanccr  'go 
before'  (deriv.  of  fr.  avant  =^ 
ITAL.  avante,  lat.  ab  -f  ante). 

advice  sb.  for  :\ie.  avis',  adopt, 
of  FR.  avis  (=  IT.  avviso,  lat.  ad- 
visu7ti).  —  The  vb.  advise  me. 
avise  is  fr.  aviser  {^  it.  avvisar, 
LAT .  '^advisaj  e) . 

afford  ME.  aforthe  'provide'  oe. 
"^efordian  'promote':  deriv.  of 
forth. 

affray  'frighten'  me.  afraie :  from 
fr.  effrayer  'frighten'.  —  Hence 
the  part,  afraid  'frightened'  me. 
afraied. 

after  me.  after  oe.  after  adv. 
prep.  =  GOTH,  aftra  'back, 
again',  ohg.  osax.  aftar  'l)ack', 
DU.  achter. 

again     me.     agein     oe.    ongeyi . 
onge<in\  ident.  with  G.gegen  ohg. 
gegin   gagan,    osax.  gegifil,    on. 
gag?t.    —    against    me.    ageinest 
earlier  agcines  =  OE.  tpgeyies. 

age  ME.  age:  adoption  of  fr. 
age  (ofr.  a-age  e-age).  Source 
a  LAT.  type  *aetaticum  (=  'lat. 
aetas)    'time'. 

aghast  part,  of  me.  agaste  vb. 
'terrify'  oe.  gcestan  'terrify';*  akin 
to  GOTH,  usgaisjan  make  afraid' 
and  peril,  to  ghost. 


agiet 


almond 


>  OF  THB 

UNIVERSITY 


aglet  'spangle,  pin'  (Shakcsp.) 
from  FR.  aiguillet  dimin.  of  ai- 
guille   needle*. 

ago  ME.  ago  agon:  orig-.  part, 
'gone  by,  past'  from  go. 

agog  adapt,   of  ofr.  en  gogues 

lusty,  lively,  in  a  pleasant  humor' 
—  FR.  gogue  'mirth,  glee'. 

agree  me.  agree :  adapt,  of  fr. 
agr^er  (=  IT.  aggradare]  source 
LAT.^^r^///?/2 'pleasing,  agreeable') . 

ague  ME.  agile:  source  ofr.  agu 
'sharp,  acute'  (=  fr.  aigu). 
Source  lat.   acutus. 

aid  vb.  from  fr.  aider  'help'. 

ail  vb.  ME.  aile  eile  oe.  ej^lan 
'trouble,  afflict'  =  GOTH,  iis- 
agljan  'trouble*:  deriv.  of  OE. 
eile  1=  GOTH,  aglus  'loathsome, 
troublesome'.  For  \/^cig  cp. 
awe. 

air^  ME.  aire  older  eir:  loan- 
word from  fr.  air  (source  lat. 
aer).  —  air^  from  fr.  air  'ex- 
ternal appearance'  is  considered 
ident.  with  air^. 

aisel  (Shakesp.);  cp.  eisel. 

ajar  me.  acher  —  one  her  (oe.  on 
derr  —  on  eyrr)  'ajar'  cp.   char. 

akimbo  :me.  a  kemdoiae  —  a 
kenbckce  (in  the  phrase  »his  hand, 
his  armes  a  kemb^we  setten«); 
for  ME.  bpwe  cp.  boitf  and  elbow. 
The  first  element  represents  an 
adapted  on.  kengr  'crook  the 
shape  of  a  horse-shoe'  (cp.  ON. 
kengbogimi  'crooked').  Another 
suggestion  proceeds  from  an  OE. 
"^cyneboga  formed  as  OE.  cyne- 
widdc. 


alder  me.  alder  oe.  dlor  =  ohg. 
elira  crila  g.  erle,  ON.  elr  elre(r), 
DU.  LG.  eller  (goth.  '^diliza  is 
found  in  span,  alisa  ^  fr.  alizc 
'wild  sorb,  wild  service-berr}^'). 
Akin  to  OSLOV.  jelichay  lat.  almis 
(for  '^alsnus)   'alder'. 

ale  :\IE.  die  oe.  ealu  ealo  (infl. 
caloif)  ^  OSAX.  alo  y  on.  s\v. 
DAN.  gl\  akin  to  osLOV.  olil  'cider', 
LITH.  alus    beer'. 

alight  'alight  from  a  horse'  cp. 
light  vb. 

all  ME.  rt-Zf/)  -  plur.  alle  OE.al{l) 
eal(l)  —  plur.  ealle  =  osax.  ohg. 
DU.  LG.  al,  G.  all,  ON.  allr,  goth. 
alls.  A  primary  form  ala-  is  found 
in  compounds  and  derivatives; 
cp.  OSAX.  ohg.  alung  mhg.  alenc 
'entire,  complete',  goth.  atamans 
'all  men',  ohg.  ala-wdri  'all  true  , 
ala-niuwi  'all  new'.  Cogn.  w.  oir. 
uile  (base  olio-). 

allay  me.  alaie  aleie  alegge  'la}' 
aside,  give  up';  from  lay'^.  Perh. 
mixed  with  ofr.  aleyer  (fr. 
aloyer)  ? 

allege  me.  alegge  'give  testi- 
mony': adapted  from  ofr.  alegier 
alegger  ? 

alley  me.  aley:  loanword  from 
FR.  alUe  'a  going,   passage'. 

allow  vb.  ME.  alone:  adapt,  of 
FR.  alloucr  'grant'  (lat.  type  ad- 
locare) . 

allure  me.  aliire:  from  ofr. 
alurer,  deriv.   of  lure  'bait'. 

almond    me.    almaunde:    from 

OFR.    ahnande     (=    fr.    gmandc, 

whence    du.  amandet).      Source 

LAT.  amygdala  (gr.  auvydulr^  'an 

1  * 


4 


angel 


almond',  whence  a  vulgar  lat. 
ajnendla  (it.  mandola  ■=  ohg. 
mandala  G.  mandet). 

alms  ME.  almes  oe.  celmcsse 
(infl.  celmessaft)  :  borrowed  from 
oiR.  ahnsan.  Akin  to  the  synon. 
OSAX.  alamosna,  ODU.  aebnoese  ael- 
moesene  T>\J.  aalmoes^  OHG.  alaviuo- 
san  alavidsa?i  G.  abnosen.  Source 
LAT.-GR.  eleetnosyna  (cp.  it.  limo- 
sind)  with  a  vulgar  pronunciation 
almosna  ==-  provenz.  a/mosna,  ofr. 
almosne  fr.  aumone. 

alone  me.  alone  late  oe.  eall- 
dna  prop,  'all  singly'  =  synon. 
G.  allein,  du.  allee??.      Cp.   (?;'z^. 

along  ^ie.  along  oe.  endlong 
andlong',  cp.  long.  The  prefix 
e.  rt;  for  OE.  ««rt^  is  =  to  G.  ent- 
in  entlang  'along'  (ofris.  ond- 
linga^. 

aloof  adapt,  of  du.  ie  loef  'to 
the  windward';  ident.  with  luff, 

already  orig.  'quite  ready';  cp. 
ready.  —  also  prop,  'quite  so' 
ME.  also  OE.  ealswd  'quite  so'  = 
G.  also.  Ident.  with  as.  —  al- 
though ME.  although  altheigh\ 
in  OE.  we  find  theah  \  eal  (e.  g. 
»|)eah  ic  eal  m3ege«  'although 
I  may);  cp.  though. 

alum  ME.  alum  from  ofr.  alum 
=  FR.  alun\  source  lat.  ahhnen, 
whence   G.  alaun,  du.  aluin. 

alway  me.  alway  alwey  oe.  eal- 
new'ey.  orig.  ace.  sing,  (some- 
times contr.  to  ealnei)  prop,  'all 
the  way,  all  the  time' ;  the  com- 
moner form  is  always  me.  al- 
7vaieSy  being  an  adv.  gen.  sing, 
'all  the  time,   always'. 


amaze  vb.  me.  amdse  oe.  d-vid- 
sian. 

amid,  amidst;  cp.  middle.  — 
amiss  me.  o?i  7msse\  cp.  miss. 

among  me.  a7?iong\  prop,  on- 
mang  —  on  "^einang  'in  the  crowd'; 
OE.  lemang  'crowd'  see  under 
7ni?igle.  Ident.  with  LG.  7na?tg 
'among'. 

amount  me.  amounte'.  adapt, 
of  FR.  amonter  'amount  to'  (fr. 
«w<7/2/ 'uphill'  =  LAT.  ad  montem)] 
cp.  7nouni. 

ancestor  me.  auncestrc.  loan- 
word from  ^^.ancctre  old  er  anccstre 
(me.  aimcessour  from  ofr.  ances- 
sour) ;   source  lat.  antecessor{em) 

anchor  me.  ankei'  oe.  ancor  on- 
cor\  cp.  ON.  akkeri,  du.  g.  anker 
late  OHG.  anchar'.  a  loanword 
from  LAT.  ancor  a  (it.  ancor  a,  fr. 
ajicre). 

ancient  me.  auncient  older 
auncien  (for  the  secondary  /  cp. 
pageant,  parchment):  adapt, 
of  YV^.ancien  {=  IT.  anziano]  lat. 
type  anted7ius). 

and  ME.  OE.  a7id=^  osax.  endi^ 
DU.  en,  OHG.  anti  enti  inti  unti 
MHG.  unde  G.  und.  The  cogn. 
SKR.  dtha  'also,  further ,  and' 
points  to  KKYK^dnthd  'and,  also'. 

andiron  -me.  au7idire :  loanword 
from  ofr.  a7idier  (fr.  Ia7zdier^ 
'fire-dog\  Source  unknown,  perh. 
fr.  a  LAT.  type  a77iitdrius  (lat. 
antes)}  Cp.  med.-lat.  andma 
'fire-dog'. 

angel  me.  aungel'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  angcle  (yk.  ange).  The 
FR.   word    supplanted    the    orig. 


anger  —  ape 


OE.  ME.  engei  =  G.  DU.  engel  ohg. 
OSAX.  engil,  GOTH,  aggilus:  early 
church-loanwords  from  lat.  an- 
gelus  ::=  GR.  dyytlog  'angel'. 
I  anger  ME.  (7;z^^r 'affliction,  sore, 
*■  trouble':  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  angr  grief,  sorrow'  (dan. 
anger  'penitence',  sw.  anger  're- 
gret');  akin  to  i^AT.angor  'bodily 
or  mental  torture'. 

angle  ^  me,  ajtgel  oe.  angol 
gngul  ■=  synon.  ohg.  angul  G. 
angel  J  on.  gngiill.  Akin  to  lat. 
uncus  'a  hook',  gr.  oyv.oq  'a  hook', 
ayvAOXQOv  'fish-hook',  skr.  ankd 
'hook',   oiR.  icad  'hook'. 

angle  2  (corner)  me.  angle  from 
FR.  angle  =  lat.  angidiLS  'corner'. 

anguish  jme  anguisse:  from  ofr. 
angnisse  fr.  angoisse.  Source  lat. 
angustia  'straitness,  poverty,  per- 
plexity'. 

ankle  me.  ankel  orig.  a7ikle  oe. 
ancleoiv  'ankle'  :^  du.  anklaatiw, 
ohg.  anchlao,  on.  gkkla  (prop. 
^ankuldwf)\  akin  to  DU.  enkel^ 
OHG.  anchal  enchil  G.  enkel  'ankle'. 
Source  and  formation  of  the 
group  are  doubtful;  perh.  akin 
to  SKR.  anguli  angustha  'thumb, 
toe',  AVEST.  angusta  'toe'? 

announce  me.  anounce :  adapt, 
of  FR.  annoncer  (=  lat.  annun- 
tiare) ;   cp.  pronounce. 

annoy  me.  anoye  anuy{e)  'weari- 
ness': from  OFR.  enoi  anui  fr. 
ennui  (source  lat.  in  odio  'in 
hatred'). 

anoint  me.  anointe:  adapt,  of 
OFR.  enoint  'anointed'  part,  of 
enoindre  'anoint' ;   c^.  oifttmejit. 


anon  'immediately'  me.  anon 
earlier  andn  oe.  on  an  *in  one' 
(moment);  cp.  0  7ie. 

another;  see  other. 

answer  sb.  me.  answare  oe. 
andswaru;  corresp.  to  the  synon. 
OSAX.  ant-swbr ,  ofris.  ondser, 
ON.  andsvar?  —  Thereto  the 
deriv.  vb.  answer  me.  ansiverc 
o^.  ands7Ciarian.  Source  theTEUT. 
y/^swar  =  S7£>ear;  hence  answer 
was  orig.  a  solemn  charge  made 
to  rebut  a  charge';  and-  means 
'against'. 

ant  ME.  am{e)te  oe.  (E?nete  'em- 
met': TEUT.  base  dmaitjon;  cp. 
OHG.  a^neiyi  mhg.  ameiye  g.  ameise, 
MDU.  efnte  eempte,  Perh.  akin  to 
G.  Cfusig  ORG.  miii^y.  cmizzi  'in- 
dustrious'.   See  e^njnet. 

antler  ]ME.  auntelere:  loanword 
from  OFR.  antoillier  {andoillier  =^ 
fr.  andouilier)\  lat.  type  afi- 
tocularis  'tine  of  a  stag's  horn 
in  front  of  the  eyes'. 

anvil  short  for  me.  anvelt  an- 
felt  OE.  anfilt  =  ohg.  anafalz, 
DU.  aanbeeld  odu.  anbelt:  teut. 
base  atiafalti-  and  ana-balti-\  cp. 
the  synon.  ■  ohg.  ana-boz,  q,o^\\. 
w.  beat. 

any  me.  any  {eny  p'ny)  oe. 
cenii  =  OSAX.  Snig^  mag,  du. 
eenig,  ohg.  einag  g.  einig  'only, 
sole' :  deriv.  of  teut.  aina  = 
e.  0  7te. 

ape  me.  ape  oe.  apa  =  du. 
aap,  ON.  apt,  ohg.  aj^o  mhg.  g. 
affe:  a  common  teut.  word, 
whence   oruss.  slov.  opica,  obo- 


appal  (1)  —  arm^ 


HEM.  opice  'ape'  are  borrowed. 
Source  of  teut.  apan-  unknown. 

appal(l)  vb.  ME.  appalle :  adapt- 
ed from  OFR.  apallir  'grow  pale', 
akin  to  pale. 

apparel  me.  aparaile  appm-eilc 
adapted  from  ofr.  aparailler  apa- 
■  reiller  'dress'  =  fr.  appareiller 
(it  .  apparrechiare) . 

appeal  me.  a{p)p^le\  adapt,  from 
FR.  appeler  (=rLAT.  ii.appellare). 

appear  vb.  me.  a(p)pere:  adapt, 
from  OFR.  aperer  aparir  apareir 
apa7'oir  .(=  it.  apparire)  source 
LAT.  apparere). 

appease  vb.  me.  ap^se  earlier 
apaise:  loanword  from  fr.  apaiser 
'pacify';   akin  to  pence. 

apple  me.  appel  oe.  ceppcl  = 
DU.  LG.  appe/,  mhg.  g.  ap/e/  ohg. 
apful'.  WE  ST  teut.  base  applu-, 
allied  to  ir.  uball,  lith.  obfilas, 
OSLOV.  ahluko  'apple',  russ.  ja- 
^        bloko. 

apply  vb.  ME.  aplie'.  adapted 
iroYn.O¥^.apittr'(¥Vi.appliquer,  it. 
applicare,  lat.  applicare  'apply'); 
cp.  ply  vb. 

apprentice  ]\ie.  aprentice  apren- 
lis:  loanword  fr.  OY^.aprenfis  and 
aprentif  fr.  apprentl  (source  lat. 
apprendere  'learn'). 

approach  vb.  me.  aprgchc. 
adapt,  from  fr.  approcher'.  lat. 
type  adpropiare  'draw  near'. 

apricot  b  Arrowed  from  fr. 
^^;'^^;  cc)T4esp.  to  du.  abrikooSy 
G.^rikose\  akin  to  span,  albari- 
coqucy  it.  albercocco  (mod.  GR. 
7igaiyj)y.y.ta)   from  TuAT.  praecocmm 


[malum    praecoquum'^^     lit.    'pre- 
cocious'. 

April  ME.  dpril{l)e\  adapt,  ot 
LAT.  aprilis'^  the  earlier  me.  by- 
form  averil  points  to  ofr.  avrill. 
Cp.  G.  DU.  April. 

apron  orig.  napron  =  me.  nd- 
pron  ndp7'oun  :  adapt,  of  fr.  nap- 
peron  'a  large  cloth',  dimin. 
of  nappe  =  lat.  mappa  'table, 
napkin';  cp.  napkin.  For  the 
loss  of  initial  n  see  adder 
and  auger. 

arch  ME.  arch{e-)  oe.  arce- 
[arde-biscopy.  borrowed  from  FR. 
arch-.  Cp.  the  synon.  du.  aartSy 
OHG.  erzi-  G.  erz-y  goth.  ark 
[-aggilus).  Source  the  lat.  = 
Gr.  prefix  archi-  [dg/i-).  Perh. 
OFR.  arc/i  (in  archangel)  influ- 
enced the  E.  word, 
-archer  me.  archer',  adapt,  of 
FR.  archer  'bowman'  (lat.  type 
arcariusy  deriv.   of   arcus  'bow'). 

are  (»we,  you,  they  are«)  me. 
are  oe.  (Northumbr.)  aro7i'y  plur. 
to  the  second  person  sing,  art 
ME.  art  oe.  eart.  An  Aryan,  ar 
'be'  is  prob.  in  lith.  yrd  'is'. 

ark  ME.  arke  oe.  earc  (infl. 
earce)  =  ohg.  arahha  archa  'chest' 
MHG.  arche  'chest,  money-chest' 
G.  arche  Noah's  ark',  DU.  ark 
'Noah's  ark',  on.  grk  chest,  co- 
venant, ark,  box',  GOTH,  arka  f. 
'money-box,  Noah's  ark':  a  Teut. 
loanword  from  lat.  (also  ROM.) 
area. 

arm^  me.  arm  oe.  earm  = 
OSAX.  DU.  army  on.  armry  goth. 
artnSy  ohg.  ar(a)m  G.  arm.  Akin 


2    


to  LAT.  arnius  'the  topmost  part 
of  the  upper  arm,  fore-quarter', 
OSLOV.  ra7ne  'shoulder ,  arm', 
PRUSS.  irmo  'arm*,  skr.  irmd-s 
'fore-quarter,  arm',  avest.  arema 
'arm',  armen.  armukn  'elbow'. 

arm  2  a  weapon'  me.  armes 
plur.  from  ofr.  armes  =  lat. 
arma  'weapons'. 

armor  me.  armour{e)  armilre: 
borrowed  from  ofr.  armure  ar- 
vie-ure  (lat.  my/iatura)  'armor'. 

army  me.  ar?nie  arme'.  adop- 
tion of  FR.  arm^e  (=  IT.  annata ; 
base    LAT.   armare). 

arrange  borrowed  from  fr. 
arranger  (deriv.  of  fr.  rang  'rank, 
file'  from  ohg.  hrinc  G.  ring  'a 
rin^  or  circle  of  people';  cp. 
rank). 

arrant  ident.  with  errant. 

arras  me.  arras)  orig.  »cloth 
of  Arras« :  Arras  is  the  name 
of  a  town  in  Artois  (France) 
famous  for  its  manufacture.  See 
cambric  and  laivn^. 

array  me.  araie :  adapt,  of  ofr. 
arraier  areier  'arrange'  (=  it. 
arredare) :  of  Teut.  origin ;  cp. 
GOTH,  gar  aids  under  ready. 

arrest  me.  a{r)reste\  adapt,  of 
OFR.  ar ester  fr.  arret er  (=:  it. 
ar  re  stare,  lat.  ;Y^/r7r<? 'stay  back'). 

arrival  me.  arivaile  prop,  'land- 
ing'; adapt,  of  ofr.  arrivaille 
'landing'.  —  arrive  me.  arive 
prop,  'bring  to  shore,  come  to 
shore' :  adapt,  of  fr.  arriver  ■= 
IT.  arriz'are]  lat.  type  adripare 
{ripa  'shore'). 


arrow  me.  arwe  late  oe.  arwe : 
adapt,  of  ON.  or  (plur.  orvar). 
The  native  oe.  word  was  earh 
ident.  with  on.  or  (cp.  goth. 
arhwazna  'dart'  and  lat.  arcus 
'bow'). 

as  ME.  as{e)  als{e)  also  alswg 
oe.  ealswd  r=  synon.  osax.  hg. 
also,  DU.  als,  mhg.  also  a  Is  dlse. 
The  compound  means  prop,  'en- 
tirely so';   cp.  all  and  so. 

ash^  sb.  'the  name  of  a  tree' 
me.  asch  oe.  oisc  =  ohg.  asc 
G.  esc/ie,  DU.  esck,  on.  askr  'ash'. 

ash'-  sb.  ME.  asc/te  oe.  resre  (infl. 
ascan  axan);  mod.  E.  is  com- 
monly used  in  the  plur.  as/ies 
(me.  asches).  Cogn.  w.  on.  aska, 
DU.  aschy  OHG.  aska  g.  as'che,  goth. 
azgo  'ashes'. 

ask  vb.  older  by-form  ax  me. 
aske  axe  (kent.  oxi)  oe.  dscian 
dcsian :  Teut.  base  aiskojan  = 
OSAX.  hcon,  ohg.  eiskon  (g.  hei- 
scheti).  Akin  to  lith.  feskoti, 
osLOV.  iskati,  skr.  icch  'seek'. 

asp^  *a  venomous  serpent'  from 
LAT.   asp  is. 

asp2  'a  tree'  me.  aspe  oe.  cespe 
=  synon.  on.  gsp,  ohg.  aspa 
:mhg.  aspe  g.  espe,  du.  esp:  perh. 
connected  with  lat.  arbor  (if 
from  "^azbos  by  rhotacism)   'tree'. 

ass  me.  asse  oe.  assa  (infl.  sing. 
assail) :  loanword  from  oiR.  assan 
.'ass';  cp.  ON.  asne  from  ofr.  asne 
=  fr.  ane.  Source  lat.  asinus, 
whence  also  GOTH,  asilx/s,  OE. 
esol,  OHG.  esil  G.  esel  'ass',  DU.  ezel 
and  further  osLOV.  osilu,  RUSS. 
oselu  'ass'. 


8 


assail 


avenge 


assail  vb.  ]\ce.  asailc.  adapt,  of 
FR.  assaillir',  see  assault. 

assault  vb.  me.  a(s)sau/:  adapt- 
ed from  FR.  assatit  (=:it.  assalto, 
MED.  LAT.   assaltus). 

assay  me.  assay  assai  borrowed 
from  OFR.  assai  assay  =  FR.  essai 
(it.  assagio  from  lat.  exagiu7n 
'weighing'). 

assemble  me.  a(s)semble  a(s)' 
se7file :  adapt,  of  fr.  assembler  (it. 
assemblare  deriv.  of  lat.  s'unul 
'together').      '  '   ^-^    * 

assuage  ime.  aswdge  a{s)sudge: 
loanword  ir.OYK.asoager  asuager, 
LAT.  type  ad-suaviai'e  deriv.  of 
suavis  'sweet'. 

assure  vb.  ivie.  a{s)sure  borrowed 
from  FR.  assurer  (=it.  assecurare). 

astonish  transformed  after  vbs. 
in  -ish  from  an  earlier  astony 
as  tone  me.  astonie  as  tune  as  tonne'. 
borrowed  from  ofr.  estoner  = 
V'K.  itonner',  i^AH.  type  ex\tonare 
'thunder'.     But  cp.  stun. 

at  me.  at  OE.  cet  =  osax.  at, 
OHG.  ^5,  ON.  GOTH,  at:  akin  w. 
LAT.  ad  \o\  OIR.  ad-. 

atone  vb.  from  atone  adv.  'at 
one,  agreed*  ^=^  me.  at  g?i  'into 
one';  cp.  one. 

attach  vh.ME.attacche  (law  term) 
'take  prisoner,  arrest':  adapt,  of 
FR.  attacher  (=  span,  atacar,  it. 
attaccare) . 

attain  vb.  me.  attaine  atteine'.. 
borrowed  from  fr.  atteindre 
(=  lat.  attingere   touch  upon). 

attire  vb.  me.  atlre:  adapted  fr. 
OFR.  atirer  'adorn'.  Source  a 
Teut.  sb.  tir  'ornament,    honor' 


=   OSAX.   OE.  tir  'glory,    honor 
(g.  zierde). 

attorney  isie.  atourney  older 
aturne  atournd  'agent,  deputy, 
commissioner'?:  adapt,  of  fr. 
atorni  part,  of  atorner  'direct, 
appoint'. 

auburn  orig.  'whitish  or  flaxen- 
colored  ,  reddish  -  brown'  me. 
auburne  awburne  'citron-colored  : 
from  ofr.  auborne  alborne  (^  it. 
alburtio^  =  med.  lat.  alburnus 
'whitish    (albus  'white'). 

auger  orig.  nauger  (like  adder 
for  nadder,  apron  for  napron  with 
loss  of  an  initial  11)  me.  nauger 
older  ndve-ggr  OE.  nafo-gdr  'an 
auger'  prop,  'borer,  piercer  of 
naves'  (see  nave^  and  gore'^)\ 
cp.  the  synon.  ohg.  nabuger 
MHG.  nabeger  g.  (dial.)  ndber, 
ICEL.   nafarr. 

aught  a  whit,  anything'  me. 
aught  older  awight  oe.  diviht 
dnwiht  'aught';  OE.  an  is  one 
and  for  tinht  see  whit  and  not. 

August  from  lat.  augustus ;  me. 
aust  from  OFR.  aoust  =:  fr.  aoi'it'^ 
or  from  late  OE.  august  changed 
to  ^auwestl 

aunt  ME.  aunt(e)  :  adapt,  of  ofr. 
ante  (fr.  tante).  Source  lat. 
amita  'aunt'. 

avail  ME.  availe'.  source  fr. 
vaille  from  valoir  'be   worth'. 

avalanche:  adoption  of  the 
synon.  fr.  avalanche  (fr.  aval 
'downward'  =  ofr.  a  val  is  lat. 
ad  vallem  'valley ward'). 

avenge  me.  avenge',  adapt,  of 
OFR.    avengier    'avenge'    (source 


avoid 


aye 


LAT.   vindicare    'vindicate');     cp. 
vetigeance. 

avoid  ME.  avoide:  adapted  from 
FR.  avoider  'empty  out';  cp.  void. 

avouch  'declare,  confess'  from 
OFR.  avoch{i)er\   cp.  vouch. 

avow  ME.  avo^ve  avoue  from  fr. 
avoiier\  cp.  vow. 
1       await    ME.    awaite  from   onfr. 
5    await{i)er'y  cp.  7a ait. 

award  me.  awarde  from  onfr. 
eswarde{i)r  'examine'.  For  the 
Teut.  source  see  under  guard. 

aware  i\ie.  iware  oe.  icwara 
icwcer  r=  OHG.  OSAX.  giwar  G. 
gewa/ir ,  DU.  gewaar  'watchful, 
wary';   cp.  wary. 

away  me.  away  a^vey  oe.  onw'c^ 
'away'  prop,  'on  the  way';  cp. 
way  and  alway. 

awe  ME.  awe  older  age.  adapt, 
of  ON.  agi  'awe,  terror'.  Akin 
to  OE.  e^e  ME.  eie  'fear,  terror' 
=  GOTH,  agis  and  gr.  rt;^o^ 
'anguish';  cp.  goth.  aglus  'mo- 
lesting', oiR.  agar  'I  fear'. 

awkward  me.  awkward aukivard 
beside  late  ME.  auke  'contrary, 
wrong';  auk-  contr.  of  avek-  ■= 
ON.  gfugr  'turned  the  wrong 
way'.  Cogn.  w.  osAX.  abuh^  ohg. 
almh  and  skr.  apak  'turned  away'. 

awl  ME.  aul  awel  oe.  awel 
cawol  'awl':  if  traceable  to  a 
Teut.  base  awola  (for  agitwla-), 
akin  to  LAT.  acus  needle'  — 
ac ulcus  'sting'. 

awn  ME.  aune  older  awcne 
agenc :  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  gg}i  which  is  ident.  with  oe. 


cegnCy  OHG.  agana  mhg.  agenc 
G.  ahnCy  GOTH.  aJmna  chaff'; 
prob.  related,  to  gr.  a/vi]  a/vgov 
'chaff',  LiTH.  akutas ,  opruss. 
ackons  'awn'. 

awry  me.  awry{c)  onwry ;  cp. 
wry. 

ax(e)  me.  ax  oe.  eax  =  the 
synon.  oe.  eax  cex,  ohg.  a/isa 
MHG.  a/isc  G.  ac/isc,  du.  as  and 
with  formative  -/  the  synon.  on. 
gxullj  whence  borrowed  me.  axel 
e.  axle-{tree).  For  a  pre -teut. 
aksa  cp.  skr.  dksa^  gr.  a^&)i/, 
LAT.  axis^  OSLOV.  ost,  LITH.  aszis 
'axle'. 

ax(e)  ME.  ax{c)  oe.  ax  orig. 
acas  "^acces  --  synon.  osAX.  ohg. 
accus  MHG.  aches  g.  ax{t),  DU. 
aaks^  ON.  gx^  goth.  aqizi  'axe'. 
YiQ.-TY.\5"!:.agisi  agzi  {aksi)  appears 
also  in  gr.   n^ivri  'axe'. 

axle  ME.  axel  in  axel-tre'.  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  gxultr^',  akin 
to  ax. 

aye^  'yes'  occurring  in  the 
16^*^  cent,  as  /  and  not  found 
earlier;  perh.  ident.  with  /  = 
OE.  ic\  in  OE.  we  find  nic  (for 
ne  -\-  ic)  'no'  (in  answering). 
The  orthography  of  aye  was 
influenced  perhaps  by  aye^  (cp. 
71  ay). 

aye^  me.  ^^^  ^jj^:  borrowed  from 
ON.  ei  ever  ;  akin  to  goth.  aiw 
'ever',  ohg.  osax.  io  g.  Je]  cp. 
ever.  In  the  Aryan  langs.  a  sb. 
ai7va-  'age,  time'  exists  in  goth. 
aiii's,  LAT.  aevu?fi,  gr.  «iwV. 


babe  —   bait 


babe  me.  babe  fuller  form  bdbdn'. 
from  w.  GAEL.  IR.  CORN,  baban 
'a  babe,   child'. 

baboon  me.  bdbwin  bdboin : 
loanword  from  the  synon.  fr. 
babouin.  Akin  to  du.  baviaan, 
G.  pavian.  Source  ofr.  babou 
'grimace'? 

baby  me.  bdbi\  dimin.   of  babe. 

bachelor  me.  bachelev.  borrow- 
ed from  ofr.  bacheler  =  fr. 
bachelier.  Source  med.-lat.  bac- 
caldrius. 

back^  cp.  basin. 

back-  'the  hinder  part  of  the 
body'  ME.  bak  OE.  bcec  =  OSAX. 
DU.  (in  comp.),  icel.  sw.  bak 
'back'.  —  back  adv.  for  aback 
:\rE.  abak  oe.  on  bcec  'backward' 
prop,  'on  the  back'.  —  back- 
board OE.  bcecbord  =  du.  lg. 
bakboord  (whence  G.  Ifackbord, 
FR.  babord),  icel.  bakbord  'lar- 
board'. 

backgammon  prop,  'back- 
game',  because  the  men  when 
taken  are  put  back.  See 
gammon. 

bacon  me.  bacon  bdcoun'.  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  bacon  'flitch  of 
bacon'.  Source  a  teut.  base 
bdkon  ==  mdu.  mlg.  bake^  ohg. 
bahho  MHG.  bache  'side  of  bacon, 
ham';  akin  to  back  sb. 

bad  me.  bad{de)  'worthless, 
wicked';  prob.  ident.  with  OE. 
dbdded  ^{orced,  compelled':  orig. 


part,  of  the  vb.  d-bckdan  'compel, 
restrain'. 

badge  late  me.  bagge\  of  fr. 
origin,  cp.  OFR.  bage,  med.-lat. 
bagia.  'signum,   a  ring'. 

badger  orig.  ident.  with  an 
obsolete  badger  'one  who  buys 
corn';  cp.  FR.  blaireau  'badger' 
orig.  little  corn-merchant'.  The 
source  is  a  med.-lat.  bladdriuSy 
OFR.  blayer  'corn-merchant'  (fr. 
bU  'corn') :  E.  badger  for  b/adger? 

bag  ME.  bagge'.  loanword  from 
ON.  baggi  'bag,  bundle'.  —  bag- 
gage ME.  baggage  according  to 
FR.  baggage  points  to  ofr.  bague 
=   ON.   baggi. 

bail  'a  hoop'  me.  bei/:  perh. 
traceable  to  an  OE.  '^be^e/  '^by^^el 
=  G.  bi'igel,  ON.  bygill;  \^b/ig 
in  bo7eu 

bail  vb.  borrowed  from  ofr. 
bai/er  'secure,  keep  in  custody'. 
Akin  to  bailiff  me.  bai/if  bai/i: 
from  OFR.  bai/i/  (whence  also 
DU.  ba//u7c>)  later  bai/i  bai/li  = 
'MY.Ti.-iuA.i:.bai//iz>us  ba//ivus.  Source 
LAT.  baju/us  'bur  den  bearer'. 

bairn  'child'  (Sc.)  me.  bn-n 
OE.  beam  'child'  =  OHG.  GOTH. 
barny  on.  barn  (whence  also 
me.  barn):  deriv.  of  the  teut. 
\fber  'produce',  prop,  partic. 
with  the  meaning  that  which  is 
born'. 

bait  vb.  ME.  baite  beite  'feed': 
borrowed  from  ON.  beita  'cause 
to  bite'  =  MHG.  beizen  'bait',   OE. 


hake   —  bark' 


I  I 


bcetan:    causative  of  teut.  bitati 
'bite';   cp.  bite. 

bake  me.  bake  oe.  bacan  str.  vb. 
:=  ON.  baka,  OHG.  bahhan  'bake*. 
The  G.  forms  partly  show  teut. 
kk  for  TEUT.  k\  G.  backefij  du. 
bakkeii  (oSAX.  bakkcri  'baker )  ; 
the  kk  is  also  shown  in  batch. 
The  teut.  \pbak  from  pre-TEUr. 
bhog  is  perh.  connected  with 
GR.   qcoyfiv  'roast'. 

bald  ME.  balled  {o^.'^bealledef)\ 
source  and  history  unknown. 

baldrick  me.  baudrik  bauderik\ 
akin  to  on.  baldrekr,  mhg.  bal- 
derichy  fr.  baudroy  (ofr.  baldrei, 
whence  me.  baiLdry) ,  med.-lat. 
baldringus:  related  io  i.XT.  balteus 
under  belt. 

bale  sb.  a  large  bundle  of  mer- 
chandise ready  for  transporta- 
tion: loanword  from  ofr.  ba(l)le 
{=  SPAN,  bala,  IT.  bulla) ;  of  Teut. 
origin,   ident.  with   ball. 

bale  vb.  'empty  water  out  of 
a  ship',  also  spelled  bail:  bor- 
rowed from  DU.  balien  'bale  out'; 
DU.  balie  {=  mlg.  ballige  balge, 
LG.  balje,  IT.  baglui)  'tub'  fr.  fr. 
bailie  represents  aLat.  type  bacula 
(cogn.   w.   basin). 

bale  ME.  bale  oe.  bealu\  cp. 
oSAX.  babCy    ohg.  balu^    on.  bgl 

evil,  calamity';  goth.  '^balws 
'evil'  in  comp.  and  deriv.  as 
balweins  balwjan  'torment'. 

balP  'a  spherical  body'  me. 
ba  11(e) :  borrowed  from  ofr.  balle 
■=  OHG.  balla  ballo  'a  ball,  sphere', 
on.   bgllr  'ball'. 


ball2  'a  dance'  (=  du.  g.  ball) : 
borrowed  from  fr.  bal  'a  dance' 
(=:  SPAN,  baile,  it.  ballo)  'a 
dance',  fr.  bailer  (it.  ballare) 
is  traced  to  GR.  ^aXliLfiv  'dance'. 

ballast:  loanword  from  sw. 
DAN.  ballast  orig.  baglast  for  bar- 
lass  prop,  'bare  last'  i.  e.  'mere 
load'  =  DU.  LG.   G.  ballast. 

balm  ]\ie.  baum  (J>aiwte  bame 
basnie):  adapt,  of  fr.  baume. 
Source  lat.  balsa?nu7?i,  whence 
G.  balsam,  DU.  balsem. 

bane  'harm'  me.  batie]  0'E.ba?m 
means  'murderer';  cp.  on.  ba7iey 
OHG.  bano  'death'.  Akin  to  gr. 
(fwvo^  'murder'. 

bank  me.  banke  oe.  ba/iea  = 
ON.  bakki  (orig.  "^ba/ike):  akin 
to  bench,  —  bank  (for  money) 
adapt,  of  fr.  banque  =  it.  banca: 
ult.  source  teut.  bank{i)  in 
bench. 

bar  ME.  bar  re',  adapt,  of  ofr. 
barre. 

bare  aiE.  bare  oe.  b^.r  =^  ohg. 
G.  bar  y  ON.  berr'.  teut.-goth. 
base  baza-  =  pre-TEUT.  bhaso- 
in  OSLOV.  bosu  'bare-foot',  lith. 
basas. 

bargain  sb.  me.  bargain :  adapt, 
of  OFR.  bargaine  'traffic'. 

barge  me.  barge  \  adapt,  of  ofr. 
barge.  Source  a  med.eat.  barica, 
whence  also  bark'^. 

bark  ^  'the'  rind  of  a  tree'  me. 
barke:  possibly  a  loanword  from 
the  equiv.  on.  bprkr;  cp.  g.  lg. 
borkcy  northfris.  btiark,  goth. 
*barkus:  prob.  akin  to  birch  on 
account  of  skr.  bhiirja  m.  'birch' 


^  OF   THH  '  r 

T  T -KT  T  A  r  XT" -D  O  T  T'-V 


bark*  —  basket 


—  n.  'birchbark'.  Bark  orig. 
'birchbark'?   cp.  birch. 

bark  2  adapt,  of  fr.  barque\ 
ident.   with  barge. 

bark  vb.  me.  berke  oe.  beorcan ; 
cp.  OE.  borcian  'bark'  and  on. 
berkja  'bark' :  teut.  \f  berkj  not 
recorded   elsewhere. 

barley  me.  barll  older  barlich 
late  OE.  bcerlic\  how  the  word 
is  connected  with  the  synon. 
OE.  bere  (cp.  barn),  is  uncertain. 
Source  a  teut.  base  baraz  (bariz 
:=  ON.  barr,  cp.  gOth.  barizehu 
*made  of  barley'),  akin  to  lat. 
far  'corn'  (aryan  base  bharos-). 

barm  yeast'  me.  berrne  oe.  beorma 
=  DU.  berm,  iviLG.  bermc :  Teut. 
base  bervian-  from  an  Aryan  base 
bhernien-  in  lat.  fermentuvi. 

barn  me.  berne  oe.  bern  short 
for  orig.  bere-ern  'barley-house'; 
cp.  barley,  oe.  -em  (for  ccrn 
^rcenn)  'house'  corresponds  to 
GOTH,  razfi  'house',   on.  ran7i. 

barnacle  ^  'a  fish'  me.  bernake; 
transformed  by  suffix-exchange 
from  oe.  byr?ietc  'loUigo'. 

barnacle  2  a  kind  of  goose 
ME.  bernake\  an  anglohlat.  ber- 
naca  of  the  1 2  ^^  cent,  is  the  first 
record  of  the  obscure  word. 

barnacles  3  'spectacles'  orig. 
'irons  put  on  the  noses  of  horses 
to  keep  them  quiet'  dimin.  to 
ME.  bernac  from  ofr.  bernac 
'camus,  a  barnacle'. 

baron  me.  bdrouw.  loanword 
from  FR.  baro?i,  whence  also  ODU. 
baroen,  mhg.  barun  G.  DU.  baro7i. 
Source  a  military  word  lat.  baro 


'mercenary',  which  oftentimes  is 
found  in  the  Teut.  Leges  Bar- 
barorum  for  'baron'. 

barrel  me.  bdrel  prop,  baril: 
borrowed  fr.  fr.   baril. 

barren  me.  bar-rein  :  a  fr.  loan- 
word, cp.  OFR.  brahain  barhain 
(fr.  brihaigiie  'sterile').  Source 
unknown. 

barrow  'a  wheel -barrow'  me. 
bdrwe  (oe.  '^bearwe):  derived 
from  the  teut.  \f^ ber  in  bear\ 
as  for  the  ?i'/-suffix  cp.  also  oe. 
mcox-byr7ve ,  westphal.  bierive 
'a  bier,   stretcher*. 

barter  Engl,  deriv.  of  ofr. 
barate  'deceit,  fraud'  (ofr.  ba- 
rater  'beguile'),  whence  me.  bardt 
barely  ODU.  baraet  fraud',  mhg. 
bdrdt. 

base  ^  'low'  from  fr.  basse  f. 
{pas  m.).  Source  vulg. -lat. 
bassus  ? 

base  2  sb.  'foundation'  me.  base 
(bas):  loanword  from  fr.  base 
(lat.  basis). 

bashful  see  abash. 

basin  ^ie.  basin:  loanword  from 
FR.  bassin.  Source  lat.  bacciniihi 
(akin  w.  lat.  bacar  and  bicdriimi  ?) 
whence  du.  bekken,  ohg.  (osax.) 
bekkin  G.  becken  'basin';  cp.  du. 
lg.  bak  'bowl,  tub,  trough',  fr. 
/^^^ 'trough,  basin'  =  lat.  baccd). 

bask  vb.  ME.  baskc.  a  Scand. 
loanword,  from  o^.badask  'bathe 
oneself.  Source  see  under /^^M. 

basket  me.  basket]  commonly 
considered  ident.  with  britann.- 
LAT.  bas Cauda  'dish-pan'  (=  ofr. 
baschoe  'bucket');   an  O'E.'^bascod 


bay  8 


"^baxod  was  supplanted  by  "^bascoty 
-ot  being  an  E.  dimin.  suffix. 
A  primit.LAT.-GALL.^<^?j'r<7  appears 
in  FR.  bachc    tilt,   vat'. 

bass  'a  fish'  me.  base  barse  oe. 
beers  =  DU.  baars,  G.  barsch\  cp. 
SWED.  abborre^  dan.  oborre  {rr 
from  7's\ 

bastard  me.  bastard  (=  o. 
bastardy  DU.  bastaard)  :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  bastard  (fr.  bdtard  = 
SPAN.  IT.  bastardd).  Source  ofr. 
^75^  :=  SPAN.  IT.  basto  pack- 
saddle';  cp.  OFR.  fils  de  bast  *a 
bastard*,  lit.  'a  son  of  a  pack- 
saddle'  (not  of  a  bed,  cp.  G. 
bankert  prop,   'son  of  a  bench). 

baste  ^  vb.  'beat  with  a  stick, 
strike':  a  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  beysta  'beat'  =  sw.  bosta 
'thump',  DAN.   bostc    strike'. 

baste  2  vb.  pour  fat  over  meat'; 
origin  unknown. 

baste^  vb.  'sew  slightly'  me. 
baste',  borrowed  from  ofr.  bastir 
(fr.  bdtir  r=  span,  bastear,  it. 
imba  stare)  'baste'.  Source  a 
TEUT.  bastjan  =  OUG.  bestan  'patch' 
:\rHG.  besten  'bind'. 

bat  ^  'a  short  cudgel'  ME.  late  OE. 
bat{ti)\  loanword  from  IR.  GAEL. 
bat  'staff,  cudgel'  or  more  prob. 
fr.   fr.   batte  'a  rammer,   wand'. 

bat^  a  winged  mammal';  the 
Scotch  by-form  ba{c)k  points  to 
-ME.  bakke  ■=  DAN.  bakke  (only  in 
comp.  aftenbakke  'evening-bat'). 
Perh.  connected  with  back  and 
bacon  ^  made  prob.  by  G.  (dial.) 
j;?>^(r/^wrt!//5 'bat' prop. 'flitch-mouse'. 


batch  ME.  bacche  oe.  "^bcecce) 
deriv.  from  the  teut.  yf  bakk 
(^.bak)',   see  bake. 

bath  ME.  bath  oe.  bcsd=  osax. 
bath,  DU.  G.  OHG.  bady  on.  bad. 
The  dental  being  suffix,  the  word 
rests  on  a  teut.  y"  ba  {bt)  in 
OHG.  bden  =  g.  bcihen.  —  bathe 
vb.  ME.  bdtlie  oe.  badian  =  ohg. 
badon  G.  bade?t,  on.  bada:  deriv. 
from   the  teut.  sb.  ba^a-  'bath . 

batten  vb.'grow  fat'  me.  "^batnc. 
a  Scand.  loanword  ixovsxoi^.bat?ia 
'grow  better'  (=  goth.  gabatnan 
'profit').  Akin  to  better  and 
boot^. 

batter  vb.  'beat'ME. /;r?/r^:  from 
FR.  battre.  Source  lat.  battuere. 
Hence  batter  *a  compound  of 
eggs,  flour  and  milk'  me.  batilre: 
from  OFR.  bate-ure  'a  beating'. 

battle  ME.  bdtaile:  loanword 
from  FR.  bataille,  whence  odu. 
bataelghey  ]\ihg.  bateile  'battle'. 
Source  lat.  battuere  'beat'. 

bay  adj.  'reddish'  me.  bay.  from 
FR.  bai.  Source  lat.  badius  'bay- 
colored'. 

bay^  'inlet  of  the  sea'  me.  bate : 
borrowed  from  FR.  bate  {=  span. 
bahia^   it.   bajci). 

bay''^  sb.  'a  kind  of  laurel-tree, 
sweet-bay  me.  bay  bale  *a  berry': 
borrowed  from  ofr.  bale  baye 
FR.  bale  'a  berry'.  Source  lat. 
bacca  bdca  'berry'. 

bay  vb.  'bark  as  a  dog'  me. 
baye  shortened  from  abaye:  loan- 
word from  OFR.  abater  fr.  aboyer. 

bay^  'berry'  (in  bay-rujii)  me. 
bai  bei  OE.  bdj^  =  northfris.  bei, 


be 


beaver 


DITMARSCH  beiCy  DU.  bci  'berry': 
Teut.  base  baijiz  bajjiz\  not  ident. 
with  OFR.   bale  ^  lat.  bacca. 

be  'exist'  me.  be  oe.  beon  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  '^bija?i\  cp.  ohg.  bi7n  = 
OSAX.  biu-7n  'I  am',  which  an- 
swers to  LAT.  fio\  Aryan  base 
bhio  {bhijo)  traceable  to  bhwio 
bhuid)  cp.y/^bkii  in  LAT./ui  'I  was!. 
Cp.  booth  and  build. 

be-  prefix  me.  oe.  be-\  ident. 
with  by. 

beacon  :me.  bcken  oe.  beacen 
=  OHG.  bouhhan^  osAX.  bokan  (du. 
baaky  G.  <^^7/^^  fr.  ofris.  bdketi)'. 
teut.  base  baukna-.     See  beck. 

bead  me.  /^^-V/^  'a  bead,  a  prayer' 
oe.  j^<^^^/  'prayer'.  Deriv.  from 
the  teut.   \fbed',   cp.  bid. 

beadle  me.  bedel  bedel',  loan- 
word from  OFR.  bedel  =  fr. 
bideau  (it.  bidelld).  Source  a 
Teut.  bidil  =   ohg.  /^////. 

beaker  me.  biker \  cp.  the  sy- 
non.  DU.  beker,  osAX.  bikeri^  ohg. 
b'ehhdri  G.  becher.  Perh.  the  E. 
word  is  borrowed  from  the  sy- 
non.  ON.  bikarr.  Source  lat. 
biccariiwi  (it.  bicchiere)  with  the 
hy -^oitfi piccarium  (see  pitcher). 
Further  connections  under  basin. 

beam  *a  piece  of  timber'  me. 
b§m  OE.  bea?n  'a  tree'  =  ohg. 
MHG.  bourn  G.  bmwi,  lg.  du. 
boom,  OSAX.  bom  'a  tree'.  The 
corresp.  synon.  goth.  bagms  (on. 
badmr})  'tree'  seems  to  point  to 
a  TEUT.  bagwma-  with  a  by-form 
bawma-  bauma-. 

bean  me.  bene  ben  oe.  (^/a«  = 
synon.   ohg.  bona    g.  bohne,  du. 


(!^^^//,  ON.  ^<^//« :  TEUT.  base  baunb- 
'bean'.  The  early  existence  of 
the  word  (goth.  '^baund)  is  at- 
tested by  the  name  of  the 
Fris.  island  Baunonia  (island  of 
beans?). 

bear  vb.  'carry'  ]me.  b^re  oe. 
beran  --=  osAX.  ohg.  b'eran,  on. 
bera,  du.  bar  en,  goth.  bairan. 
Akin  to  LAT.  ferre,  gr.  (phonv.^ 
SKR.  \fbhar  'bear,  carry':  Aryan 
\fbher.      Cp.   bier  and  birth. 

bear  sb.  'ursus'  ME.bere  oe.  /^mi; 
=  OHG.  bero  :\ihg.  ^^r  g.  bar,  du. 
^^^r.  The  TEUT.  beron-  (on.  <^'^r«) 
is  based  on  an  Aryan  adj.  bhero- 
'brown'  preserved  in  lith.  beras 
'brown'. 

beard  me.  berd  oe.  beard  = 
DU.  baard,  ofris.  berd,  ohg.  g. 
bart'.  teut.  base  bar  da-  =  Aryan 
bhardha-  in  lat.  barba,  osLOV. 
brada,  lith.  barzdd,  pruss.  bor- 
dus  'beard'. 

beast  ME.  best:  loanword  from 
OFR.  beste  (fr.  bete),  whence  also 
LG.  DU.  beest  'beast'.  Source  lat. 
bestia  (in  a  vulgar  form  besta). 

beat  vb.  me.  b^te  oe.  b(atan 
=  OHG.  boT^yin  mhg.  boT^en,  icel. 
bauta  'beat'.    Cp.  beetle. 

beaver^  'an  animal'  me.  be'ver 
OE.  beofor  =  ohg.  bibar  G.  bibcr, 
DU.  <^^z'^r,  o^.bjorr:  teut.  bebruz 
(whence  are  borrowed  it.  bevero, 
FR.  bievre)-  points  to  pre-teut. 
bhebhrus  =:  \.xt.  fiber,  coKH.befer, 
OSLOV.  bebrii,  lith.  bebrus,  lett. 
bebris,  RUSS.  bobru  'beaver'.  In 
SKR.  there  is  an  adj.  babhrus 
'brown',  which  is  perh.  a  redupl. 


beaver^ 


begin 


15 


form  pointing  to  lith.  beras 
'brown'  under  bear. 

beaver-  'the  lower  part  of  a 
helmet'  borrowed  from  the  synon. 
FR.  bavibr,  whence  also  the  sy- 
non. DU.  bevei'. 

because  :me.  because  bicause  by- 
cause  (also  separately  written  be-y 
bi-,  by-  cause) :  by  the  prep,  -f- 
cause. 

beck^  'a  stream'  me.  bek:  loan- 
word from  ON.  bekkr  (=  sw. 
bdck)\  cp.  OSAX.  bekiy  du.  beck, 
OHG.  bah{hh)  G.  bach  from  a  teut. 
baki-. 

beck-  a  nod  or  sign'  me.  bek 
short  for  ME.  beke  OE.  beacen] 
see  beacon. 

bed  ME.  OE.  bed  {dd)  =  goth. 
badi  (stem  badja-)y  ohg.  /^t'//  z^/-/// 
MHG.  bftte  bete  g.  /^^//,  du.  bed. 
The  cogn.  cymr.  ^^^<r/  'grave' 
(celt,  base  bedo-)  points  to  the 
ARYAN  \fbhedh  bhodh  (in  lat. 
fodio  -I  dig',  LITH.  bedu  \  dig'), 
as  is  evident  in  G.  beet  (blumen- 
beet)   =  E.  bed  (flowerbed). 

bedrid  me.  bedred  oe.  bedrida'. 
lit.  'a  bed-rider'  =  mlg.  bed^ 
dercde  'bedridden'.  Cp.  ride 
(and  the  phrase  »ride  on  an- 
chor«).  Akin  to  ohg.  bettiriso, 
mlg.  bedder he 'hedYiddGVi  —  ban- 
krhc  'a  lazy  fellow'. 

bee  ME.  be  oe.  beo  contr.  of 
bie  (infl.  bian)  =  ohg.  bta,  du. 
bij;  with  w-suffix  g.  bie/ie  from 
ohg.  bini.     Akin  to  pruss.  bitte, 

LITH.     bitlS,     LETT.    blttC,     IR.     bcch 

bee';  also  lat.  fiicus  'drone' 
(Aryan  base  bhoiko-1). 


beech  me.  bcche  oe.  bece  (orig. 
bdecie  =  lg.  /^«fi^^  'beech'):  for- 
med with  vowel  mutation  from 
"^boc  in  OE.  boc-treow\  cp.  ohg. 
buohha  mhg.  buoche  G.  buche, 
ON.  <^i?/^.  The  name  of  this  tree 
(whence  book)  is  a  pre-teut. 
bhagos  ^=-  \.k:^.  fdgus  'beech',  gr. 
(payog  (fT^yog.  The  gr.  word 
signifies  perh.  originally  'tree 
with  edible  fruit,  food-tree'  {(fa- 
ytXv  'eat'). 

beef  me.  bef  older  bdef  {beof) : 
borrowed  from  OFR.  boe/  er. 
boeuf.     Source  lat.  bovejn  (bos). 

beer  me.  ber  oe.  beor  =,  ohg. 
OSAX.  bior  g.  du.  bier.  A  common 
westteut.  word  (base  beura-), 
perh.  derived  fr.  oe.  osax.  beo, 
ON.  bygg  'barley  ;  hence  beer 
prop,  'barley-juice'? 

beet  me.  oe.  bete.  Source  lat. 
beta  (=  FR.  bette ,  it.  bieta), 
whence  also  G.  beete. 

beetle*  ^ie.  betel  oe.  bytel  betel 
■=  the  synon.  lg.  bdielj  on.  bey- 
till  'hammer'.  The  teut.  base 
bautila-  belongs  to  the  teut. 
\l^baut  in   beat. 

beetle^  an  insect  me.  bitel  oe. 
bitola;  derived  from  an  adj.  oe. 
bttol  'inclined  to   bite'. 

beg^  vb.  ME.  begge  shortened 
from  OE.  bedecian,  formed  from 
bid  with,  intensive  k  (as  in  hatk, 
lurk,  walli). 

begin  me.  begifine  oe.  bcginnah 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  OHG.  biginnaiiy 
DU.  G.  begimien,  goth.  duginncn 
'begin'.  The  teut.  sf  gen  (the 
initial  g  of    which    may    be    an 


begin 


bellows 


Aryan  k  in  the  compound)  is 
traceable  to  the  Aryan  \(^ken 
in  OSLOV.  pO'Cinq  (infinit. /^-^V// 
'begin',  koni  'beginning'). 

beguile  vb.  me.  begile  (=  mdu. 
beghijlen) :  loanword  from  ofr. 
guiler.      Cp.  wile, 

behalf  'interest,  benefit'  me. 
on  behalve  for  on  halve  or  he 
halve  OE.  on  {be)  healfe\  oe. 
healf  sb.  {=  ohg.  hallhi)  means 
'side'. 

behave  vb.  late  me.  behave 
OE.  behabbaii'.  ident.  with  have. 
—  behavior  shows  a  fr.  ending 
in  imitation  of  haviovy  var.  of 
haver  for  avei'  'possession'. 

behead  vb."  inie.  behede  bihefden 
oe.  behcafdian ;  cp.  mhg.  behoubeten 
behead'.     Cp.  head. 

behest  me.  behest{e)  bihest  earlier 
beh(se  oe.  behds  'command,  vow.' 
OE.  hcks  (base  hdsi-  haisi-)  points 
to  TEUT.  GOTH,  haitau  -=  OE. 
hdtan]   cp.  hight  and  hest. 

behind  me.  behlnde{n)  oe.  be- 
hindan  'afterwards,  after'.  Cp. 
hindei'  and  hindmost. 

behold  vb.  me.  behglde  oe. 
hehdldan  (behealdan)  'hold,  see'. 
Cp.  hold. 

behoof  me.  behof  oe.  behof  = 
synon.  DU.  behoef,  mlg.  behof, 
mhg.  behuof  g.  behnfy  icel.  hof 
'moderation'.  —  behoove  vb.ME. 
behove  OE.  behpfian  'be  necessary' 
=-    DU.    behoeven,    mlg.    behoven. 

belch  vb.  akin  to  me.  bclke  oe. 
bcelcian  bealcian  and  with  suffix 
bealcettan  'belch'. 


belfry  me.  bcrfray  berfrey  ber- 
freid  berfreit  adapt,  of  ofr.  ber- 
fi'ciberefreit=^  YV..beffroi.  Source 
MHG.  bh'cvrit  from  berc  'pro- 
tection' and  frid  'a  place  of 
security'. 

belief  me.  beleve  from  the  vb.  me. 
belcve  =  believe.  Phonetically 
not  ident.  witli  me.  beleve  ile've 
OE.  leleafa  ==  OSAX.  gilobo,  du. 
geloof,  OHG.  giloubo  g.  glaube. 
—  believe  vb.  me.  bileve  orig. 
ilcve  OE.  ^elefan  ^elyfan  'believe' 
=  OSAX.  gildbiariy  DU.  geloovev, 
OHG.  gilouban  G.  glauben,  goth. 
galaubjan. 

bell  ]\IE.  OE.  belle  =  du.  bel, 
LG.  belle:  WEST-TEUT.  base  bellfm. 
Akin  to  bellow? 

bellow  vb.  ME.  bel{o)we  belwe 
OE.  belgian  bylgian  'bellow' :  teut. 
base  ^balligon?  Prob.  an  extended 
form  with  vowel  mutation  and 
intensive  formative  of  oe.  b'ellaii 
=r  OHG.  bdlan  'bellow',  li  bell-  is 
traceable  to  belz  bels,  the  TEUT. 
\r  corresponds  to  skr.  bhas  (for 
bhals)  'bellow'  =  bhds  'speak'  and 
LiTH.  balsas  'voice'. 

bellows  jnie.  belwes  (also  belies) 
'a  bellows' :  prop.  plur.  of  belowe 
belli  beli  'a  bellows,  a  bag,  belly' 
OE.  beeli  byli  (blcBstbylD  'a  bag" 
=  ON.  bels^r,  G.  DU.  balg  'skin'. 
Ident.  with  belly.  A  teut.  \^belg 
'swell'  appears  in  ohg.  b'clgan 
'be  angry',  OE.  ^ebolgen  'angry', 
ON.  bolgen  'swollen';  cogn.  w. 
oir.  bolgaim  'I  swell'  —  bolg  bole 
'bag,  bellows'  —  ogall.  bulga 
i 'leather-bag'.     Cp.  bolster. 


belly 


between 


17 


belly  ME.  belie  belt  'belly,  womb, 
also  a  bellows'  oe.  bel^  byli  'a 
bag,  pouch,  purse,  bag  of  any 
kind'.,     Ident.  with  bellows. 

below  ME.  bilowe  cp.  low. 

belt  ME.  OE.  belt  =  ohg.  balz, 
ox.  belli  'a  belt,  border'.  Source 
LAT.   (gall.?)   balteus  'belt'. 

bench  me.  bench  oe.  benc\  with 
umlaut  and  palatalization  from 
a  TEUT.  base  banki(z)  =  OSAX.. 
DU.  G.  OHG.  b(7nk,  OS.  bekkr;  fr. 
bane  and  it.  span,  baneo  are 
TEUT.  loanwords.     Cp.  bank. 

bend  sb.  'a  band,  bond'  me. 
OE.  bend  (=  OSAX.  bendi,  odu. 
bende,  GOTH.ba/idi'a  band,  bond') 
from  the  \Pb'endm  bind ^  whence 
also  bend  vb.  'bow,  curve'  me. 
bende  oe.  bendan  'bind,  curve, 
bend'. 

beneath  me.  bencthe  oe.  beneodan 
=  DU.  bcneden ;  from  oe.  neodan, 
OSAX.  nithana,  ohg.  nidajia  mhg. 
7iiden(e)  'below',      Cp.  nether. 

benison  me.  beneisoun :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  bene'ifon.  Source  lat. 
benedictionem  (vp.  'MY..maleisoim  = 
OFR.  maleicon^  lat.  vialedictione7ii). 

bent-grass  oe.  beonot  =  osax. 
biniit,  OHG.  binu-^  mhg.  bin{e)'^  G. 
binse^   DU.   bentgras. 

bequeath  vb.  me.  bcqucthe  oe. 
beciv'edan  'declare,  affirm'.  —  be- 
quest ME.  biqueste  usually  biquide 
byquide  bequide.  For  the  OE.  vb. 
cw'edati  'speak'  cp.  quoth. 

bereave  vb.  me.  bire-ve  {r(ve) 
OE.  ber^afian  {reafian)  =  osax. 
birbbon,  DU.  berooven,  ohg.  (bip'ou- 

English  Etymology. 


bon  G.  berauben,  GOTH,  biraubbn 
'rob',   ON.   raufa  'rob'. 

berry  me.  oe.  berie\  cp.  synon. 
OHG.  bcri  G.  be€7'e.  The  r  was 
orig.  z  -=^  s\  cp.  GOTH,  basi  in 
iveinabasi  'wineberry,  grape',  DU. 
bes  'berry'. 

beseech  vb.  me.  biseche  biseke 
OE.  bisecan:  ident.  with  seek. 

besom  'a  broom'  aie.  besom 
besme  'a  broom,  rod'  oe.  bes?na 
'a  rod'  =  DU.  beze?n,  ohg.  b'esarno 
G.  besen  'a  broom',  goth.  "^bistna. 
LAT.  ferula  may  accord  with 
the  Teut.  word  in  an  Aryan 
\Pbhes. 

best  ME.  beste  oe.  betsta  =  goth. 
batista,  ohg.  beyjsto  mhg.  g.  /^(?.f/^, 
osax.    betsto.       Cp.  better    and 

bestow  vb.  me.  bestpwe;  cp. 
stow. 

betide  vb.  me.  /v/zV/e- ;  cp.  //V/<f. 

betray  vb.  isie.  betraie  (by-form 
betraisse)'.  adapt,  of  fr.  trahir 
(source  lat.  tradere  'deliver'). 
Cp.  traitor  and  treason. 

betroth  vb.  me.  bitreuthie  'be- 
troth';  deriv.   from  truth. 

better  me.  better  oe.  betera  = 
GOTH,  batiza ,  ohg.  bcxyro  G. 
besser,  osax.  ■  betoro ,  du.  beter, 
ON.  betre.  Cp.  the  corresp. 
superl.  best.  No  primitive  adj. 
exists  in  the  Teut.  and  Aryan 
langs.;  for  the  root  cp.  boot- 
and  best. 

between  me.  bitwene  oe. 
bet7i'('onu?n  'between';  in  oe.  the 
orig.  construction  was  be  sd^vi 
tweonufjt   =r     between   the   seas', 


beverage  —   hind 


OE.  '^tweon  earlier  twihn  'two' 
answers  to  goth.  tweihns  =  lat. 
Mmis  {Aryan  base  dweikno-s).  — 
betwixt  :mf..  betivix  (by-form 
betwixe)  oy..  hetweox  bihvihs  (by- 
form  behveoxfi  =  OSAX.  imdartwisk 
'between',  ohg.  tmdar  zwiskem 
'between  G.  zwischeru  The  Teut. 
base  iwiska-  'two'  is  a  deriv.  of 
TEUT.  twa  in  tivo. 

beverage  me.  beverage  beverege; 
loanword  from  ofr.  brorage 
bciirage  breuvaige  =  fr.  breiwage. 
Source  lat.  bibere  (lat.  type 
bibei'aticutri) . 

bevy  'a  company'  jvie.  bevey 
beve]  doubtful  if  ident.  with  ofr. 
beveye  fr.  bev^e  'drink,  drinking'? 
then  the  e.  word  might  prop, 
denote  "a  drinking-party'. 

beyond  me.  beyonde  oe.  be-^eon- 
dan.     Gp.  yon. 

bible  ME.  bible\  loanword  from 
FR.  bible,  whence  also  du.  bijbel, 
G.  sw.  DAN.  bibel.  Source  lat. 
biblia. 

bid  :me.  bidde  oe.  biddafi  str.  vb. 
=  GOTH,  bidjan,  osAX.  biddian, 
i)U.  bidden,  ohg.  bittan  G.  bitten, 
ON.  bidja  'bid'.  The  teut.  >/" 
bed  for  bid  goes  back  to  an 
Aryan  \^  bhidh  in  gr.  tjeISm  'move 
by  praying'  which  with  iuA.iL.ftdo 
'trust'  points  to  connection  with 
bide. 

bide  ME.  bide  oe.  bidan  str.  vb.  = 
GOTH,  beidan,  osAX.  bidan,  ohg. 
bitan,  ON.  bida.  The  strong  verb 
TEUT.  bida7i  wait'  agrees  with 
\.Kl.fido  'I  trust'  and  gr.  TJtidof.iai 
1  trust,  obey'  {nUdw  1  move  by 


I  entreaty') :  pre-TEUT.  bMd/i.  Cp. 
bid  pray"  for  the  identity  of  bide 
with  TEUT.  bidjan. 

bier  me.  bere  bere  oe.  /^^r  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  ba7-a  g.  bahre ,  du. 
/^rt-^;-;  the  modern  spelling  \yith 
ie  (since  1600)  is  due  to  fr. 
biere.  Source  a  teut.  herb-, 
derived  fr.  bear  (teut.  y/^  be r). 

bile  :me.  bl/e  oe.  byte  =  du. 
bui/ ,  OHG.  /^^//<rz  *bu//ia  'blain' 
MHG.  biii/e  G.  beule'.  teut.  base 
bitljd{n)-. 

bilP  'a  writing,  account'  to- 
gether with  its  dimin.  billet  'a 
note'  me.  Mile  'a  letter'  (dimin. 
billette  a  note'):  from  med.-lat. 
billa  bulla  'a  bubble,  boss,  leaden 
seal,  a  bull'.      Cp.  bull. 

bill  2  'sword'  me.  oe.  bill  'sword' 
=  OHG.  OSAX.  bil(Jl)  'a  sword'.  If 
GOTH,  ^bilja-  goes  back  to  Aryan 
bhilyo-  for  bhidlyo-,  connection 
with  lat.  findere  is  possible. 
Hence  bill  'the  instrument  for 
splitting'  and 

bill  3  'bird's  beak'  me.  bill{e) 
bil{e)  OE.  bile  'beak';  prob.  con- 
nected with  bill^. 

billow  ME.  ^bilwe  prop.  "^ bilge: 
borrowed  from  on.  bylgja:  teut. 
V"  b'elg  'swell'  treated  under  bag 
and  bellows. 

bin  ]ME.  binne  oe.  binn  'manger  : 
CELT,  loanword  from  gall,  benna 
'kind  of  vehicle",  whence  also 
FR.  benne  'a  basket,  hamper' 
(rr.  ^^;z//^7 'sleigh,  cart').  G.  be  fine 
'basket-wagon'  is    of  fr.   origin. 

bind  ME.  binde  oe.  binda?i  str.  vb. 
=  OSAX.  bindan,  on.  binda,  du. 


l)irch  —   hlame 


19 


G.  binden ,  ohg.  bintan :  teut. 
\fb'end.  An  Aryan  \f  bhendh 
appears  in  skr.  bafidh  'bind'; 
SKR.  bandhu  'relative*  points  to 
connection  with  or.  Tiev^fong 
'father-in-law',  gr.  TrsTOaa  for 
*nsv&0!^ia,  lat.  of-fend-ime7itmn 
*band,  rope'.      Cp.  band,    bend. 

birch  ME.  birche  oe.  birce  =■ 
OHG.  bircha  g.  birke :  teut.  base 
birkjon-.  Tlie  synon.  oe.  beorc, 
DU.  berky  ON.  bjgrk  from  an  orig. 
base  berko-  are  an  Aryan  bhergd 
=  skr.  bhurja^  OSLO  v.  breza^ 
\ATYi.  berzas   'birch'.    Cp.  bark^, 

bird  :\ie.  <^/r^/ mostly  brid'a.  bird', 
orig.  'a  young  bird'  oe.  brid  (plur. 
briddas)  'the  young  of  any  bird': 
TEUT.  base  bridja-  for  bredjo-] 
akin  to  breed  and  brood} 

birth  :\IE.  birlhe  older  i-birde 
OE.  lebyrd  =  OSAX.  giburd,  du. 
geboortey  ohg.  giburt  g.  geburt, 
ON.  /^wrrfV  'birth',  GOTH,  gabaiirps 
'birth':  deriv.  from  a  teut.  vb. 
gab'cran  'produce'  with  suffix  di-'. 
pi  (cp.  IR.  /W///  'birth',  skr. 
bhrti  'bearing'). 

bishop  :\iE.  bishop  bis  shop  oe. 
bisceop  =  OSAX.  bishop,  DU.  bis- 
sehop,  OHG.  biscof  G.  bischof,  on. 
biskup.  WEST-TEUT.  (^/V/^^^  (taken 
as  a  compound /;/-t-J/^^)  is  iden- 
tical with  GOTH,  aipiskatipus  =■ 
GR.  iTiiay.OTTog,  LAT.  episcopus.  The 
initial  <?  is  also  wanting  in  it. 
vescovo,  OFR.  PROV.  vesque  (butFR. 
h'eqiLe  from  O'EV..  eves  que)  ■=  vulgar 
LAT.   {e)biscopus. 

bitch  :me.  bicche  oe.  bicce\  teut. 


base  bikjon-  also  in  on.  <^//'/^y^ 
'bitch';   cp.  OFR.  biche  'bitch'. 

bite  me.  bite  oe.  bitmi  str.  vb.  ^ 
OSAX.  /y-zA?;/,  OHG.^/-:;^/^  G.beissen, 
DU.  ^zy/^?;/  'bite',  on.  bita.  A  teut. 
str.  vb.  bita7i  'bite'  is  developed 
from  an  Aryan  \f  bhid  'split'  in 
LXT.  Jfjido,  SKR.  /V/zV/  'split'.  Cp. 
bitter  and  /;///-. 

bitter  adj.  me. /^///^^r  oe.  bitter  biter 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  bittar  mhg.  g. 
DU.  mlg.  lg.  dan.  sav.  bitter,  on. 
bitr  'bitter' :  teut.  base  bitra- 
(and  baitra-  in  goth.  baitrs 
'bitter'),  prop,  biting':  deriv.  from 
the  TEUT.    \fbit  in  bite. 

bittern  me.  bitor  older  butor 
{=  DU.  biitoor')  :  borrowed  froiji 
FR.  butor  (=z  IT.  bit  tore).  Source 
LAT.  bos  taurus   a  bird's   name? 

black  :me.  blak  oe.  bicec  {blac-) ; 
akin  to  lg.  black  'ink'. 

bladder  me.  bladdre  oe.  blddre 
=  DU.  blaar ,  lg.  bladere,  org. 
bldttara  g.  blatter,  icel.  bladra\ 
the  teut.  base  '^bledron-  (with 
^/r^-  as  suffix)  comes  from  the 
teut.   \r/i/^  in  blow"^. 

blade  me.  /Vc?^/^  oe.  <^/^^/  (plur. 
bladu)  =  synon.  OHG.  /^/<r?/  G. 
(^/«f?/'/,    DU.    OSAX.    blad,    ON.    ^A?//, 

GOTH,  ^blada-.  Their  dental 
seems  to  be  formative;  bla- 
from  pre-TEUT.  M/<7-  is  perh. 
akin  to  lat.  fol-ium,  gr.  {^vX'kov. 
Aryan    \(^bhol    bhlo-    in  bloom} 

blain  me.  blein  oe.  <^/^j^«  = 
DU.  blein :  teut.  base  blajino- 
from    TEUT.  \r/^/(r?    in    bladder} 

blame  vb.  :\ie.  blame  (=  :mdu. 
blamen)  :  loanword  from  fr. 
2* 


20 


blank 


bless 


hlamer  (=  ospan.  blasmar,  it.  bia- 
simare:  source  lat.  blasphe7iiare). 

blank  me.  blank  oe.  blanc  blgnc 
=  synon.  ohg.  mhg.  bla7tc  G. 
blank)  ON.  blakkr  "gray  or  white 
liorse':  TEUT.  V"M'/7/^  in  blink. 
The  TEUT.  adj.  blanka-  was  in- 
troduced into  the  Roman,  langs.; 
cp.  IT.  bianco,  fr.  bla7tc  with  the 
deriv.  fr.  blanchet  ^=  ofr.  blanket, 
whence  me.  e.  blanket  a  coarse 
woolen  cover'. 

blare  vb.'  roar  me.  blare  vb.  = 
DU.    blaren,    g.    blar?-en  plarre?i. 

blast  me.  blast  oe.  blcBst  =  ohg. 
blast,  ON.  bldstr  'a  gust  of  wind' : 
deriv.  of  the  teut.  \p bles  =  du. 
blazen,  ohg.  blasan  g.  blasen,  on. 
bldsa,  GOTH,  blesan.  A  shorter 
s^ble  cp.  under  blow-. 

blaze  sb.  'a  flame'  me.  blase 
'flame,  torch'  OE.  bl^ese  (infl. 
blasan)  'torch'  =  lg.  mhg.  bias 
'a  torch'.  Akin  to  goth.  blesan 
=  G.  blasen  'blow'  (cp.  G.  7£'in(l- 
licht  'torch'). 

blaze  vb.  'proclaim'  me.  blase 
'blow  as  a  trumpet':  perh.  loan- 
word from  ON.  bldsa  'blow'  = 
DU.  blazen  'sound  a  trumpet', 
OHG.  blasan  G.  blasen  'blow',  gotH. 
blesan  (in  ufblesa7i  'puflf  up').  — 
blazon^  'proclamation'  from  fr. 
blasonner  blazon',,  whence  DU. 
blazoen.  —  blazon'-  ]\rE.  bid  son 
older  bldsoun  from  fr.  Mason 
'coat  of  arms'  (whence  also 
DU.  blazoe.7i)  ? 

bleach  vb.  me.  bl{che  oe.  bldHan 
=  ON.  bleikja  'whiten*:  teut. 
h^i^^blaikjanixom  the  adj.   bleak 


ME.  bleik  late  oe.  bldec.  borrow- 
ed from  ON.  bleikr  =  orig.  oe. 
bide  ME.  blgk,  DU.  bleek,  G.  bleich. 
A  TEUT.  \fblik  appears  in  oe. 
blica7i,  ON.  blika,  OSAX.  brika7i, 
DU.  blijken,  ohg.  blihhan  'shine'. 

blear-eyed  'having  sore  eyes' 
ME.  blcr-eyed  ble7'-eighed  fr.  blcre 
'blear'  -\-  eye  eij^e  'eye';  cp.  dan. 
plir-gjet,  LG.  blh'-bged  'blear-eyed' 
(akin  to  \.g.  flir7'-dge  'a  bleared- 
eye',  m  fiirr  up't  bge  hebbe7i  'have 
a  bleared  eye'). 

bleat  vb.  me.  blete  oe.  bld'tan 
=  DU.  blate7i  bleete7t,  lg.  b  let  en, 
OHG.   bldza7i  MHG.  bld-^en. 

bleed  vb.  me.  blede  oe.  bleda7i 
=  OFRis.  bl^da,  DU.  bloeden,  lg. 
bld'den,  OHG.  bluotan,  on.  bld'da 
'bleed':  deriv.  from  teut.  bloda- 
in  blood. 

blemish  vb.  me.  ble77iiss{li)e 
'wound,  injure,  soil':  loanword 
from  OFR.  blemiss-,  stem  of  some 
forms  of  FR.  bleniir  'grow  pale' 
(fr.  bleme  bles77ie  'pale,  wan). 

blench  vb.  me.  blcnche  (also 
blenke)  'shrink  back,  give  way', 
OE.  bleMcan  'deceive':  causative 
of  blink,   TEUT.  base  '^bla7ikjan. 

blend'  vb.  me.  blende  (pret. 
blende)  oe.  blanda7i  =■  osAX. 
GOTH,  blandan,  ON.  blanda,  OHG. 
blantan  ]Mhg.  blande7i. 

blend^  vb.  me.  blende  oe.  blen- 
dan  ■==  OHG.  blenta7i  blente72  G. 
ble7tde7i'.    causative  of  bH7rd  vb. 

bless  vb.  ME.  blesse  older  blctsie 
OE.  blitsian  older  blcedsian  'bless' 
from  a  teut.  base  ^blodison,  not 
found   elsewhere  in  teut.    The 


blind 


blo> 


yb.    orig.    'sprinkle    with    blood' 
is  appar.  a  deriv.  of  teut.  bloda- 
in  blood, 
blind     adj.     me.    oe.    blind  = 

OS  AX.  DU.  G.  SW.  DAN.  bll/ld  (OHG. 

MHO.  blini)y  ON.  blindr ^  goth. 
blinds.  Akin  to  on.  blunda  vb. 
'close  one's  eyes'  and  to  lith. 
blandyti  'cast  down  one's  eyes' 
— •  blesti  blisti  grow  dark'.  — 
blind  vb.  'make  blind'  deriv. 
of  blind^  supplanting  aiE.  blende 
(pret.  blende)  oe.  blendan  = 
synon.  ohg.  blentan  G.  blenden: 
causative  of  the  teut.  base 
blinda  in  blind  adj.  blindfold 
adj.  ME.  blindfelle  oe.  blindfellian 
'strike  blind,  put  out  the  eyes'; 
the  mod.  phonology  of  the 
second  element  of  the  word  is 
due  to  confusion  with  fold'^  But 
ils  origin  is  obscure;  it  may  be 
akin  to  OE./ell,  G.  fell  ohg.  fel, 

GOTH.  Jill   =    LAT.  J>ellis. 

blink  vb.  me.  blin^e  =  g.  du. 
blinkeny    sw.  blinka,    dan.  blinke. 

bliss  :\IE.  blisse  oe.  bliss  older 
bMs  blids  (=  osAX.  blidsed) : 
i"-deriv.  of  blithe. 

blister  me.  blister  oe.  "^blystre 
=  opu.  bluyster.    Root  unknown. 

blithe  ME.  blithe  oe.  blide  'joy- 
ful, glad'  (cp.  bliss)  =  osAX. 
blithi ,  LG.  blide ,  DU.  blij'(de.), 
OHG.  M^//,  ON.  blidr,  sw.  dan. 
M^/,  GOTH,  bleips.  The  dental 
is  formative,  but  the  teut.  \rM 
unknown  elsewhere. 

block  me.  block  'a  block*  (of 
wood).  Cp.  tha  synon.  du.  blok, 
:mlg.  block,  OHG.  bloh  mhg.  ^/^^/; 


G.  block.  Uncertain  whether  the 
e.  word  is  a  native  e.  word  or 
adapt,  fr.  fr.  bloc  'block,  log'. 
blond  from  fr.  blond,  whence 
also  G.  DU.  DAN.  blo?id.  Source 
a  lost  teut.  blunda-  {=  it. 
biondo,   SPAN,  blondo). 

blood     ME.     OE.     blgd   =    OSAX. 

blod,  DU.  bloed,  lg.  blood,  ohg. 
MHG.  bluot  G.  blut,  ON.  bldd, 
SW.  DAN.  blod:  TEUT.  base  bloda- 
(and  blopa-  in  goth.  blof)  from 
a  pre-TEUT.  bhloto-  bhldto-,  not 
found  elsewhere.  Its  relation 
to  the  sf^ bio  'bloom'  is  doubtful. 
See  bleed  and  bless. 

bloom  ME.  blgm{e)'.  borrowed 
from  ON.  blom  blomi  =  goth. 
blbma,  osAX.  blbmo,  DU.  bloem, 
OHG.  bliioma  (bluomo)  G.  blume 
'flower'.  For  the  \^blo  cp.  lat. 
^os  and  on-i.  bldth  'blossom'  and 
blow' . 

blossom  ME.  blosme  oe.  bldstm{a) 
blds?na=^iy\j.  bloesem  (bloem),  mlg. 
blo(s)sem:  deriv.  of  the  teut. 
sfblo  in  blo7v.^ 

blow  sb.  'a  stroke'  ME.  blowe-^ 
deriv.  from  ME.  blewe  OE.  blcowan 
=  OHG.  bliuwan  mhg.  bliuwen 
G.  bliiuen,  DU.  blouwen,  goth. 
bliggwan  'strike':  teut.  \f  bleu 
blew. 

blow  1  vb.  'bloom'  me.  blgive 
oe.  blow  an  'blossom'  =  osAX. 
blbjan,  du.  bloeijen,  ohg.  bluojan 
G.  blilhen  'blow,  bloom',  goth. 
"^ blbjan.  The  teut.  \r<^/<5  appears 
also  in  bloom  and  blossom. 

blow'^  vb.  'puff'  me.  bhme  oe. 
bldwansix.  vb.  =  ohg.  bldian  'blow' 


22 


blue 


bolster 


MHG.  blcewen  blcBJen  G.  bldhen 
'blow,  sweir.  The  teut.  \(^ble 
bid  agrees  partly  with  lat. 
flare  (Aryan  bhld  in  blade  and 
bladder). 

blue  ME.  bleiv :  not  deriv.  from 
OE.  blcBwen  (deriv.  of  oe.  bhhv), 
whence  me.  '^bl{we  ought  to  be 
derived.  :me.  blew  blm  is  loan- 
word from  the  synon.  fr.  bleu 
{=  IT.  biavd)\  ME-  big  'blue'  is 
adapt,  of  ON.  bldr.  The  source 
of  the  whole  group  is  a  teut. 
base  bldwa-^  blewa-  'blue'  =  oe. 
bldw^  ON.  bldr,,  du.  blaatm>,  ohg. 
bldo  G.  blau;  ident.  w.  \.KY.flaviis 
'yellow'. 

^  boar  ME.  bgr  oe.  bar  =  ohg. 
MHG.  ber  'a  young  boar',  OSAX. 
bcr(swm),  lg.  ber,  du.  beer :  teut. 
base  baizu-  or  bairu-. 

board  'a  plank'  me.  oe.  bJrd 
'board,  plank,  shield,  table'  =- 
OSAX.  DU.  sw.  DAN.  bord,  LG.  boord, 
g.  borl,  ON.  ^^r^,  goth.  {fotu)- 
baiird  'foot-stool':  teut.  base 
borda-  with  the  by-form  breda- 
in  OE.  bred  =  G.  brett  (du.  berd 
ODU.  /^r^r/). 

boast  vb.  ME.  bgste\  perh. 
traceable  to  an  oe.  '^"bosettian : 
deriv.  from  teut.  \p  bans  bus  in 
G.  bose  OHG.  bosi'i 

boat  ME.  /^j?/  OE.  bat  =  on. 
/^^/V  'boat'.  The  E.  word  is  the 
source  of  on.  bJlr,  du.  g.  bool 
and  FR.  bateau. 

bodice  'stays  for  women'  for- 
merly bodies^  being  plur.  oibody. 
Cp.  pe?ice  for  pennies. 


bodkin  me.  boidekin  'a  small 
dagger';  of  uncertain  origin, 
related  to  w.  bidog ,  ir.  bideog 
'a  dagger'?  The  diphthong  oi 
in  ]\IE.  shows  foreign  origin  of 
i^m.boidekin\  but  the  suffix  seems 
to   be  Anglisized. 

body  ]\1E.  body  bodi  oe.  bodij^ 
'body*;  akin  to  ohg.  botah  mhg. 
botech  'trunk,  corpse'.  Relation 
to  ohg.  botahha  G.  bottich  'a 
large  vessel,   tub'    is    uncertain. 

boil    'a   small    tumor'    me.    bile. 
OE.  byl{e)\  ident.   with  bile. 

boil  vb.  'bubble  up'  me.  boilc 
boyle'.  loanword  from  ofr.  boillir 
FR.  bouillir  =  span,  bulliry  it. 
bollire  'boil'.  Source  lat.  bullh  e 
'bubble'. 

boisterous  :me.  boistrotts  'rough, 
coarse' :  an  extended  form  of 
ME.  boistous  'rough,  clumsy'.  The 
^/-diphthong  points  to  foreign 
origin;  no   source  yet  found. 

bold  ME.  bold  OE.  bald  (bcald 
older  bealp)  =  GOTH,  '^'balpa- 
(in  balpaba  adv.),  on.  ballr  (orig. 
^^balpr),  OSAX.  ohg.  bald  'bold' 
(hence   G.  bald  'soon,   quickly'). 

bole  :\iE.  bole  =  mhg.  bole  g. 
bohle  'a  thick  plank*;  akin  to 
ON.  bolr  'trunk  of  a  tree'  and 
perh.  related  to  gr.  rpdXay^ 
'stem  of  a  tree'. 

boll  ME.  bolle  OE.  bolla  bowel, 
a  round  vessel'  =  du.  bol  m. 
ohg.  bolla  'a  round  vessel',  on. 
bolli.  Perh.  akin  to  ball  and 
LAT.  follis  'hose'. 

bolster  me.  oe.  bolster  =  du. 
MHG.     bolster     ohg.     bolstar     G. 


bolt  —   booty 


2i 


polster^  ON.  bolstr'.  deriv.  with 
sir-  suffix  from  the  teut.  \f  belg 
'swell';  hence  its  orig.  meaning 
'swelling'  (teut.  base  bolstr  a- 
from  *lwlhstra-). 

bolt  vb.  'sift  meal'  :me.  bnlU : 
borrowed  from  ofr.  buUer  (fr. 
bliiter^  'sift'. 

bolt  'a  stout  pin  of  iron  etc., 
an  arrow'  me.  oe.  bolt  =  synon. 
OHG.  bolz,  DU.  bout,  ON.  bolte. 
Borrowed    from    LAT.  catapulta'i 

bone  ME.  bgn  oe.  ban  =  g. 
bein,  osax.  ben^  du.  been,  on.  bcin, 
sw.  DAN.  ben,  goth.  '^bain  (du.  g. 
on.  sw.  also  leg ).  Perh.  cogn. 
with  ON.  bcimi  'straight'. 

bonnet  ME.  bond',  loanword  from 
OFR.  bonet  orig.  fr.  chapel  de 
bonet\  MED. -LAT.  bonneta  a  stuff 
of  which  caps  were  made'. 

bonny  me.  bony,  an  engl. 
derivative  of  fr.  bon  'good'. 

booby  not  found  in  me.  oe., 
with  ENGL,  ending  derived  from 
SPAN,  bobo  'fool'? 

book  ME.  bgk  oe.  bgc  =  G. 
buck  OHG.  biwh,  OSAX.  bok,  du. 
boek,  GOTH,  boka  f.  —  bok  n.  'a 
letter  of  the  alphabet'  shows  in 
the  plur.  the  meaning  'writing, 
document,  book',  and  the  ohg. 
OSAX.  OE.  corresponding  buoh 
bok  occurs  in  pluralform  with  the 
meaning  'a  single  book'.  There- 
fore it  is  evident,  that  the  sing, 
meant  orig.  (as  in  goth.)  'a 
single  letter  of  the  alphabet'. 
The  TEUT.  base  boka-  (cp. 
beech)    was    orig.    'beech-bark. 


beech-tablet'    used    to    scratch 
runes   on. 

boom  borrowed  from  du.  boo?n 
(=  LG.  boo!fi)  'a  tree ,  beam, 
pole'.      Ident.  with   beam. 

boon  ME.  bone  petition,  favor  : 
loanword  from  on.  bon  'a  prayer'. 
There  was  a  native  oe.  ben  me. 
be  tie  'a  prayer'. 

boor  adapt,  of  du.  boer  (= 
G.  bauei')  'peasant'.  Akin  to 
oe.  lebiii'j    cp.  neighbor. 

boot^  ]ME.  bgte\  loanword  from 
OFR.  bote  (boute)  =  fr.  botte 
(it.  bota) ;  akin  to  G.  bossen 
'shoes'.     Source  unknown. 

boot^  'advantage  me.  bote  oe. 
bg't  =  OSAX.  goth.  bota,  ohg. 
bao-^a  bno2,  G.  bi/sse,  on.  bot.  For 
the  TEUT.  \p  bat  cp.  batten, 
better  and   best. 

booth  :\IE.  bgthe :  loanword 
from  ODAN.  both  (dan.  bod)  = 
MHG.  buode  G.  bude.  The  oicel. 
biid  differs  from  dan.  bod  in  the 
root-vowels  (teut.  o'.u).  The 
dental  is  suffix.  For  the  teut. 
\fbu  (indo-teut.  bhii)  'dwell' 
cp.  LiTH.  butas  'house',  oiR.  both 
(bothdn)  'hut'  (base  bhii- to).  See 
build  and  be. 

booty  in  the  15"^  cent,  spelled 
bgtye  and  butin ;  akin  to  the 
equiv.  fr.  butin,  du.  buit ,  g. 
beute,  on.  byte  'booty";  the  fr. 
word  represents  an  osAX.  '^biitin 
'^biiti,  which  is  cogn.  w.  OIR. 
buaid  victory'  and  cymr.  budd  'ad- 
vantage, profit'.  Aryan  \(^bhud 
:  bhaud. 


border  —  boush 


border  me.  border  bord{e)ure: 
adapt,  of  FR.  bordure.  Ultimate 
source  OHG.  borto  'edge'. 

bore  vb.  me.  bore  oe.  borian 
=  OHG.  boron  G.  bohren,  DU. 
boren,  on.  bora.  The  teut.  base 
bo?  on  agrees  with  lat.  for  are 
'bore';  cp.GR.(/oe(j03^'plough',SKR. 
bhiirij  'scissors':  Aryan  \^  bher 
bJwr. 

borough  and  -bury  in  place- 
names  me.  borive  (and  biry) 
OE.  burh  burg  (dat.  sing,  /^j'rg) 
'town'.  OE.  burg  =  synon.  OSAX. 
bur{u)gy  DU.  burg^  ohg.  bur{u)g 
G.  burg,  ON.  borgy  goth.  baiirgs 
'town". 

borrow  vb.  me.  borwe  oe.  bor- 
gian  protect,  borrow'  =  ohg. 
borgeti  g.  borge?i  'borrow,  give 
a  pledge'.  Prob.  akin  to  ohg. 
b'ergan,  GOTH,  bairgan  'protect, 
shelter'  (oSLOV.  bregq  'I  take 
care   of). 

bosom  me.  bosum  oe.  bosm  = 
OSAX.  bosm,  DU.  boezem,  ohg. 
buosam  G.    busen,  goth.  ^bbsma-. 

botch  vb.  'mend  a  garment' 
me.  bocche  'repair':  deriv.  from 
boot  'mending,  repair  of  a  thing'? 
perh.  ident.  with  oe.  botettian 
'repair'  ?  Cp.  G.  dial,  buetzen 
'mend  shoes'  =  ohg.  buozzen 
'repair. 

botch  'a  swelling  on  the  skin, 
a  boil'  ME.  bocche'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  boche  'a  sore'  (fr.  bosse 
'swelling'  =  it.  boccia  'ball'). 

both  ME.  bgthe  =  osax.  bMi^, 
OFRis.  bet/ie  bide,  ohg.  g.  beide^  on. 
bddir,  sw.  bdda,  dan.  baade.  The 


stem  of  the  numeral  in  its  oldest 
forms  had  no  dental:  goth.  bai 
^  oe.  be'^en  bd  bit  'both'.  The 
dental  ending  is  short  for  the 
article :  me.  bpthe  ==  oe.  bd  da, 
G.  beide  instead  of  bei  die.  In 
the  older  periods  the  article 
was  combined  with  the  numeral; 
cp.  GOTH,  ba  po  scipa  'both 
ships',  OE.  bej^cn  dd  gebrodru 
'both  brothers'. 

bottle^  'a  hollow  vessel'  me. 
botel  =  DU.  bottel,  lg.  buttel  bud- 
del:  loanwords  from  fr.  bouteillc 
(=  SPAN,  botclla,  IT.  bottiglia) 
Source  med.-lat.  buticula  f.  di- 
min.   of  butis  'a  butt'. 

bottle^  'a  bundle  of  hay'  me. 
botel'.  loanword  from  ofr.  botel 
dimin.  of  fr.  botte  'a  bundle  of 
hay.  Source  a  teut.  baiita-  in 
OHG.   boy)  'a  bundle  of  flax'. 

bottom  :me.  botuin  oe.  botm  ^=~ 
OSAX.  bodom,  DU.  bodem,  ohg. 
bodam  G.  bode7i.  The  teut.  bases 
bupina-  (=  OHG.  boda??t)  or  butna 
(=  ON.  botn)  or  with  assimi- 
lation butma-  (=  OE.  bottti)  re- 
present Aryan  bases  bhutno- 
bhudno',  c^.  akyk^s  b  hud  hue-  'bot- 
tom' in  SKR.  budhna',  cp.  gr. 
7Jv9\u7Ji',  LAT.  fundus  (if  trace- 
able to  bhudhno-s'i).  The  pho- 
netical  relations  of  the  group 
are   obscure. 

bough  ME.  bough  bow  oe.  boh 
bog  ^  DU.  boeg  'bow  of  the  ship', 
OHG.  buog  'upper  joint  of  the 
arm  or  leg,  shoulder,  hip'  G. 
bug  'shoulders,  withers',  on.  bogr 
'shoulder,  bow  of  a  ship',   goth. 


bounce 


"^bogus  from  pre-teut.  bhaghu-s 
'arm,  fore-arm'  corresponds  to 
SKR.  bahii  'arm',  also  gr.  -naxvg 
■niy/vg  'fore-arm,   elbow'. 

bounce  vb.  me.  bounse  'beat, 
knock'  oe.  ^bunsian'.  frequent, 
of  a  primit.  ^biinajil  Akin  to  LG. 
biinscn  bumsen  {bansen}^   'knock'? 

bound  sb.  me.  bounde  older 
boiuic.  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  bonde 
bonne  'boundary'.  —  boundary 
points  to  FR.  bonnier,  whence 
also  i)U.  bunder  odu.  bunre. 
Source   med.-lat.  bodina. 

bound  vb.  'leap,  spring'  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  bondir  'leap, 
spring'  prop,  'resound'.  Source 
LAT.  bombitare  'hum'  ? 

bound  adj.  'ready,  prepared' 
me.  boun  'leady,  prepared  to  go': 
loanword  from  on.  bumti  'pre- 
pared', part,  oibiia  'till,  prepare'; 
cp.   busk. 

bounty  me.  boun/e:  loanword 
from  FR.  bo/lit,  source  lat.  boni- 
tatem.  —  bounteous  me.  bountc- 
vous:  derived  from  ofr.  bontivc 
'benevolent'  by  influence  of 
righteous. 

bourn  'boundary'  adapt,  of  fr. 
borne]   ident.   with  bound. 

bow  vb.  'bend'  ME.  bowe  earlier 
bihue  OE.  bugan  str.  vb.  'bend, 
flee'  (only  intr.)  =  du.  buigen, 
]MLG.  bugen,  OHG.  biogan  G.  biegen, 
GOTH,  biugan  'bend'.  The  teut. 
\^ bug  is  an  Aryan  bhCik  on  ac- 
count of  OHG.  buhil  'hill'.  A 
cogn.  \f  bhfig  appears  in  lat. 
fugio,  GK.  fptvyco.  —  bow'  sb.  'a 


bov 


weapon,  a  bend'  me.  bowe  oe. 
boga  =  OHG.  osAX.  bogo ,  du. 
boog,  G.  bogen,  on.  bogi. 

bow-  'the  forward  part  of  a 
ship',  var.   of  bough. 

bowel  ME.  bouil  bowel',  loan- 
word from  OFR.  bouel  (fr.  boyau)] 
source  lat.  botellus  'sausage'  (it. 
budel/o),  whence  also  odu.  bode- 
line  ]3U.  beuling  'sausage'. 

bower  sb.  :me.  bour  oe.  biir  'a 
dwelling'  (see  neighbor  =  oe. 
n^h;^ebur)  =  osAX.  mlg.  bur  'a 
house,  cage',  ohg.  mho.  Inir  'a 
chamber'  G.  bauer  'a  cage',  on. 
bur  'a  chamber,  larder'.  For  the 
TEUT.  y/^bu  'dweU'   cp.  build. 

bowl  ME.  bolle  OE.  bolla  =  on. 
bolli,  DU.  bolf  OHG.  bolla. 

box'  *a  chest'  me.  oe.  box:  bor- 
rowed from  a  vulg.-lat.  *buxeni 
for  buxidem  (nom.  buxis),  whence 
also  DU.  buSf  G.  bilehse  'box'  ohg. 
buhsa  for  '^buhsja.  vulg.-lat. 
buxis  (from  gr.  -nvh^g  'box  made 
of  the  box-tree'  cp.  box'^-')  ap- 
pears in  FR.  bossette,  it.  bossolo 
'box'. 

box-  'the  name  of  a  tree'  me. 
box'trc  OE.  box',  borrowed   from 

LAT.-ROM.     buXUS      (=     IT.   '  boSSO, 

SPAN,  box,  FR.  buis),  whence  also 
OHG.  MHG.  buhs{-boum)  =  G.  buchs- 
baum  'box- tree',  du.  busboovi. 

boy  ME.  boic  oe.  *Mrt;;  perh. 
dimin.  of  a  lost  OE.  ''''bo  'brother' 
=r  FLEM.  boe  'brother':  childish 
abbreviation  of  E.  brother,  as  G. 
bube  OHG.  buobo  is  a  reduplication 
of  "^bo  'brother'? 


26 


boycott  —   brave 


boycott  first  heard  of  in  Dec. 
1880.  Captain  James  Boycott  was 
a  farmer  at  Lough  Mask,  co. 
Mayo,  Ireland;  the  Irish  league 
pronounced  their  edict,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  no  one  wished 
to  work  or  have  anything  to  do 
with  him;  he  was  the  victim  of 
the  system  of  procedure  named 
after  him. 

brace  sb.  me.  brace',  adapt,  of 
OFR.  brace.  Source  lat.  brac- 
chimn. 

brach  me.  bracchc.  adapt,  of 
OFR.  brache.  Source  ohg.  bracko 
'hunting  dog'  =  du.  brak  odu. 
bracke. 

brad  me.  brad  usually  brod\ 
loanword  from  ON.  broddr  'spike, 
shaft'  (=  oe.  brord  'spike',  OHG. 
brort  'edge').  The  teut.  base 
brozda-  answers  to  OIR.  brot  'sting'. 

brag  vb.  'boast'  me.  bra{g)ge\ 
akin  to  ofr.  braguer  'flaunt,  brave, 
brag'.     Source  doubtful. 

braid  vb.  'weave'  me.  breide 
OE.  breidan  'move  to  and  fro, 
weave'  =  osax.  br'egdan,  lg. 
breidetiy  ohg.  brettan  mhg.  brette?t, 
ON.  bregda  'draw,  pull,  weave, 
braid';  orig. 'move  quickly' ;  but 
MLG.  breiden  'knit'.     Cp.  bridle. 

brain  me.  brain  oe.  brceien  = 
DU.  breiny  lg.  bregen  'brain'.  The 
TEUT.  base  bragena-  'brain',  if 
from  an  aryan  ?nrogh-,  is  com- 
pared with  gr.  (igf^/iLiog  'fore- 
head'  (for  *iitQt-/-). 

brake  'a  thicket'  me.  brake) 
perh.  cogn.  w.  LG.  brake  'tree- 
trunk'  ? 


bramble  me.  brembel  oe.  bremcl 
earlier  ^brdmil]  cogn.  w.  G.  bj'o??i- 
beere  'brambleberry'  ohg.  brafria, 
DU.  braam,  perh.  ident.  \\\  oe. 
brom  under  broom. 

bran  aie.  brafi :  adapt,  from.  ir. 
w.  bran.  ME.  bren  adapt,  from 
OFR.  bren  points  to  the  same 
source. 

branch  'a  bough  of  a  tree' 
ME.  braunche:  borrowed  from  fr. 
branche  {=  span.  it.  branca  lat. 
type  bi-rafnical  deriv.  of  LAT. 
ramus  'branch'?). 

brand  ]\ie.  oe.  brand  brond  = 
ODU.  MLG.  brand,  ohg.  :mhg.  bra?d 
'a  burning,  a  brand',  du.  g.  brand 
'a  burning,  fuel',  on.  brandr  'a 
firebrand',  sw.  dan.  brand' ■Si'^xit- 
brand,  fire'.  From  teut.  brinnan 
z=  burn.  —  brandish  vb.  me. 
braundisshe  braundisse\  loanword 
from  FR.  brandiss-  in  brandir  (= 
IT.  bra7idire)  'brandish'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  brafid  'sword'  =  E.  brand 
'sword'  OE.  brond,  on.  brandr, 
MHG.  brant  'blade  of  a  sword'. 
—  brandy  short  for  brandyimne 
■=  DU.  brandewijn,  G.  branteivein 
'brandy',  lit.  'burnt  wine'. 

brass  me.  bras  oe.  bro^s.  lat. 
ferrum,  if  iox/erso-  aryan  bherso-, 
is  considered  akin  to  the  teut. 
base    brasa-    in    oe.    brces. 

brat  'a  child'  perh.  ident.  with 
me.  oe.  bratt  'a  coarse  cloak' : 
orig.  a  Celt,  word,  cp.  Gael.  ir. 
brat  'a  cloak,  mantle'  —  w.  brat 
'a  rag,  a  pinafore'. 

brave  borrowed  from  fr.  brave, 
whence  also  du.  braaf,  g.  brav. 


brawn 


breeze 


21 


brawn  :me.  braun  brawn  'muscle, 
boar's  flesh';  orig.  '^braoun  bra- 
hun\  borrowed  from  ofr.  braon 
'a  piece  of  flesh,  muscle'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  brddo  ace.  bradun  = 
OHG.  brato  aihg.  brate  'a  slice 
of  bread'  and  also  like  G.  brateri 
'roast  meat',  oe.  brckdan  'roast 
meat',  g.  braten^  du.  braden  'roast'; 
in  LG.  dial,  an  OSAX.  brddo 
'muscle' is  preserved  (e.g.  west- 
PHAL.  wadbrcie) ;   cp.  :mlg.  brdde. 

braze^  vb.  'adorn  with  brass' 
me.  brdse  oe.  brasian  'cover  with 
brass':  deriv.  of  OE.  brces\  cp. 
brass. 

braze-  vb.  'harden':  loanword 
from  ON.  brasa  harden  by  fire'. 
.  breach  mk.  breche:  adapt,  of 
FR.  breche.  Source  the  teut.  vb. 
brekan  =  break. 

bread  me.  bred  late  oe.  bread 
=  OHG.  brbt  G.  brbdy  osAX.  brod^ 
DU.  brood  J  late  on.  brand.  The 
Teut.  base  brau-da-  is  deriv.  fr. 
the  \f  bru  in  E.  broth  and 
brew.  The  orig.  teut.  word  for 
bread \s?iS  loaf  (==  teut.  h/aiba-). 
In  OE.  we  find  br^'ad  'piece  of 
bread'  and  beobr fad' honey -comW. 

breadth  formed  after  length 
strength  with  secondary  th  from 
ME.  brede  oe.  brckdo  'breadth': 
abstract  noun  formed  from  broad 
with  umlaut  (goth.  brauiei,  ohg. 
breitt).  Cp.  avestphal.  bredde, 
OSAX.  "^'bredtha  from  bred  'broad'. 

break  vb.  me.  breke  oe.  br'ecan 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  breken,  osax. 
brekan,  ohg.  br'ehhan  G.  brechen, 
GOTH,   brikan.     With    the  teut. 


sfbrek    'break'     (aryan    bhre^) 
cp.J.AT. /rango  (j)ret./regi)  'break'. 

breakfast  me.  brcke/aste:  prop, 
'breaking  one's  fast,  the  first 
meal  of  the  day  by  which  the 
fast  is  broken*. 

bream  me.  brcnr.  loanword 
from  FR.  breme\  source  a  teut. 
braxma  in  ohg.  brahsima  imhg. 
braesein  g.  brass  en  =  osax. 
bressemo,  du.  brasevi,  osw.  braxn, 
dan.  brasen. 

breast  me.  br&st  short  for  me. 
brest  oe.  breost  =  osax."  brio  sty 
OFRis.  briast,  on.  brjdst\  akin  to 
GOTH,  brusts  plur. ,  du.  borst., 
OFRIS.  burst  (and  briast),  G.brnst: 
teut.   bases  breust- :  briist-. 

breath  :me.  brcth  oe.  brckd 
'breath ,  odor' ;  akin  to  OHG. 
brddam  :mhg.  brdde7n  G.  brodem 
brodejt  'steam,  vapor,  exhalation'. 

breech  buttocks*  me.  brech  oe. 
br^L  Orig.  ident.  with  breeches 
(»a  pair  of  breeches«)  me. 
brech  breche\  the  corresp.  oe. 
bred  plur.  points  to  a  sing,  "^broc 
=  du.  broek,  ofris.  brok  (plur. 
breJi),  on.  brok  (plur.  bra^kr),  ohg. 
mhg.  bruoch.  The  teut.  base 
brok-  plur.  brbkiz)  is  seemingly 
connected  with  gall.-lat.  brdca 
'clothing  for  the  legs'. 

breed  vb.  me.  brede  oe.  bredan 
^  DU.  broeden,  ohg.  bruoten 
MHG.  briieten  G.  brilten  'brood, 
hatch',  GOTH,  ''brodjan:  deriv.  of 
TEUT.  broda'  see  brood. 

breeze^  'a  strong  wind'  = 
synon.  G.  brise,  dan.  bris:  source 


breeze  - 


brim 


FR.  brise  'the  north  wind'  = 
SPAN,  brisa. 

breeze  2  gadfly'  me.  brese  oe. 
breosa.  Connection  with  G.  bremse 
and  breme  (ohg.  br'miisa  brhnct) 
is   doubtful. 

brew  vb.  me.  brewe  oe.  breowa?i 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  brouwen,  OHG. 
briuwan  G.  b7'auen.  With  the 
teut.  \fbru  (Aryan  bhrti  bhreu) 
'brew'  arc  related  phryg.-thrac. 
^oviov  'beer,  cider',  which  prob. 
stands  for  gr.  *(povrov,  also  lat. 
defrtitiwi  'must  boiled  down',  oir. 
bruthe  'broth'  —  bruth  'live  coals, 
heat'  —  bruith  'cooking'.  Cp. 
bread. 

bridal,   see  bride, 

bride  me.  bride  oe.  bryd  (from 
"^brydi  '^briidi)  =  OSAX.  odu. 
LG.  briid,  DU.  bruid,  ohg.  mhg. 
bn'ii  G.  braiif,  ox.  brudr\  goth. 
briips  means  'daughter-in-law' 
(but  briip-faps  'bridegroom') ; 
osAX.  briid  is  'the  newly  married 
wife'  as  e.  bride.  ■ —  bridal 
ME.  brid-dle  oe.  bryd-ealo\  lit. 
''bride-ale  (me.  bride  oe.  bryd 
and  me.  die  oe.  eald).  In  gerj^i. 
dialects,  we  find  kindelbier  'bap- 
tism'. —  bridegroom  me.  bride- 
gome  oe.  brydguma  ■=.  synon. 
OSAX.  brlidigumo ,  du.  bruidc- 
gomo,  OHG.  briitigomo  mhg.  briute- 
gome  G.  briiiitigam ,  ON.  brud- 
giime  (goth.  brup-faps).  The 
second  element  of  these  com- 
pounds (oe.  goth.  gu?na,  ohg. 
go?rio  man'  is  related  to  lat. 
homo  from  indo-teut.  ghomoti). 
The  phonetical  development  of 


ME.  brideg07ne  into  e.  bridegroom 
is  due  to  the  influence  oi groom. 

bridge  me.  brigge  oe.  brycg  == 
OFRis.  brigge  y  du.  brug ,  ohg. 
brucka  g.  brilcke  (goth.  '^brugja 
'^briigjo) .  The  corresp.  O'^.bryggja 
(also  LG.  brilgge,  northfris. 
bragJi)  and  germ,  (dial.)  brilcke 
signify  'pavement,  floor';  and  oe. 
brycgiaii  ]\ie.  brigge  and  nfris. 
braghir?,  mlg.  brilggen  signify  to 
pave'. 

bridle  me.  oe.  bridcl  older  oe. 
briyiel  briyiil  =  ohg.  brillil  for 
'^'brictil'.  deriv.  from  the  teut. 
vb,  br'egdaii  pull'  under  braid. 
Akin  to  OSLOV.  britzda  'bridle' 
(Aryan  \f  bhreghdh  also  in  lat. 
frenum  'bridle'?). 

brief  adj.  'short'  me.  bref\ 
borrowed  from  FR.  bref  (span. 
rr.  breve  =  lat.  brevis  'short'). 

brief  sb.  'a  commission,  do- 
cument' ME.  bref\  cp.  du.  g. 
brief  OHG.  briaf  and  the  cor- 
responding OFR.  bref  'an  official 
document'.  Orig.  ident.  with 
brief  adj. 

brier  'a  prickly  shrub'  :me.  brere 
OE.  brcer  brer  'a  bramble'. 

bright  ME.  bright  oe.  beorht 
'bright,  white,  clear*  ^=^  osax. 
b'erhty  ohg.  beraht,  goth.  bairhts 
'bright'.  Akin  to  MLG.  br'ehen 
'shine,  glisten';  cp.  skr.  bhargas 
'brightness'. 

.  brim  me.  brim ;  perh.  ident. 
with  OE.  brim  'ocean ,  surf  = 
on.  bri?n  'surf;  cp.  the  name  of 
the  city  of  Bremen. 


brimstone  —   brook 


29 


brimstone  i^v^.  bi'iinsign  earlier 
brenstpn  =  on.-  hreniiisieinn  'brim- 
stone': deriv.  of  me.  brenne  = 
b  u ;- ;/. 

brine  me.  brine  'salt  liquor'  = 
DU.  brijn  ]mdu.  brine. 

bring  vb.  jNIE.  bri7tge  oe.  bringan 
T=z  oHG.  OSAX.  bringan  G.  bringen, 
GOTH.  briggan\  cp.  DU.  brengen, 
OSAX.  brengiany  oe.  brefigan  'bring' : 
TEUT.   \Pbreng  brang. 

brink  ME.  brink  'edge';  cp.  on. 
brekka   from    *brinkd  j    lg.  brink. 

brisk  a  CELT,  loanword ;  cp.  w. 
brysg,  GAEL.  bri{o)sg  'quick,  lively'. 

bristle  :me.  brittle  older  birstle 
OE.  ^byrstei:  dimin.  of  oe.  byrst 
=r  OHG.  burst  G.  borstey  du.  Iwrste 
bristle';  akin  to  ohg.  bursta  G. 
bilrste  'brush'.  The  teut.  \fbors 
burs  (whence  biir  in  burdocli) 
is  an  Aryan  \l^ bhrs  in  skr.  bhrsfi 
point,  prong'.      Cp.  brush. 

brittle  ME.  britel  oe.  *brytel'. 
formed  with  suffix  -il  (oe.  el  cp. 
nimble^  from  oe.  breotan  'break' 
=   ON.  brjota  'break'. 

broach  vb.  me.  brgche  'bore, 
spur,  spit,  tap'  {seiten  on  broche 
'set  a-broacl),  tap  =  fr.  viettre 
en  broche  'tap  a  barrel') ;  fr.  brocher 
'broach,  pierce'  and  broche  'a 
broach,   spit'. 

broad  :me.  brod  oe.  brad  = 
OSAX.  mlg.  brMy  du.  breed,  g. 
breity  ON.  breidr,  sw.  dan.  bred, 
GOTH,  braids 'hxo?idi '.  prob.  from 
a  pre-teut.  mraito-,  akin  to  an 
Aryan  \[^mrit  in  SKR.  mrit  'fall 
to  pieces'  (therefore  broad \)to^. 
'extended'?)." 


brock  'a  badger'  me.  brok  oe. 
brocc  (z=  DAN.  brok) ;  a  celt. 
loanword;  cp.  w.  corn.  bret. 
broch,  GAEL.  IR.  MANX  broc  'a 
badger  (celt,  base  brokko-f\i&r\\. 
ident.  w.  lat.  brocciis  adj.  'having 
prominent  teeth'  and  ofr.  broc 
'spit,  point'). 

broil  vb.  me.  broile\  adapt,  of 
OFR.  briiiller  'broil,  roast',  ofr. 
bruir  'roast'  seems  to  be  ident. 
with  G.  bri'ihen  ]MHG.  briiejen,  DU. 
broeijen  'foment";   cp.   brood. 

broker  me.  brocour  'pedlar, 
pawnbroker' ;  loanword  from 
OFR.  brocour  brokeor  'tapster 
who  retails  wine  from,  the  tap'; 
cp.  FR.  broche  under  broach. 

brooch  'broach'  :me.  broche  'a 
pin,  peg,  brooch':  borrowed 
from  FR.  broche    'a    spit,    point'. 

brood  :me.  oe.  brod  =  du.  broed, 
OHG.  i^iuG.  bruot  g.  brut:  appar. 
formed  with  dental  suffix  from 
the  teut.  \fbrb  in  G.  brilheny 
du.  broeien.     Cp.  breed. 

brook  ME.  brok  oe.  broc  = 
du.  broek,  mlg.  brok  lg.  brook 
'marsh,  pool',  OHG.  bruoh{h)  mhg. 
bruoch  G.  l)ruch  'marsh,  bog'; 
possibly  connected  with  the 
teut.   \fbrek    'break'  in  break. 

brook  vb.  'put  up  with'  ]me. 
bro(o)kc  brouke  oe.  brtican  'use, 
enjoy'  =  osAX.  brtikan ,  du. 
gebruiken,  ohg.  brtihhan  ]\fflG. 
bruchen  G.  brauchen  'use,  need , 
GOTH,  brukjan  'use'.  The  pre- 
teut.  form  .of  the  yfbhrug 
accords    with    lat.  fruor    from 


30 


broom   —   buckram 


'^fruvor  for  '^frtig%)or  and  cp.  lat.  j 
fruges.  I 

broom  me.  oe.  h-om  'the  plant 
of  the  broom'  =  odu.  brocvi 
'broom';  perh.  cogn.  \v.  bramble. 

broth  ME.  broth  oe.  brod  = 
ON.  brod,  OHG.  brod:  deriv.  from 
the  \pbrit  under  brew. 

brother  j\ie.  brother  oe.  brgdor 
=  DU.  broeder ,  OSAX.  brothar^ 
OHG.  iSiHG.  briioder  g.  briider,  on. 
brodir ^  goth.  bro-par  'brother. 
The  teut.  base  brbper-  (Aryan 
bhrdter-)  corresponds  to  lat. 
f rater  y  skr.  bhrdtar- ,  OSLOV. 
brairil]   cp.  gr.  ffparpia, 

brow  ]\IE.  browc  briiwe  oe.  brii\ 
cp.  ON.  briln  'eyebrow'  and  skr. 
bhrii  y  gr.  orp^vc,  OSLOV.  bruvi 
'brow'. 

brown  me.  bro/m  oe.  brun  = 

MLG.  OHG.  MHG.  OFRIS.  brwi,    DU. 

brum,  ON.  bninfi.  The  teut. 
name  of  the  color  passed  into 
ROM.  (fr.  brim  =  span.  ir. 
brimo  'brown')  and  lith.  {brunas 
'brown').  The  proper  stem  of 
Aryan  bhr-iitio-  appears  m  lith. 
beras  'brown'  (see  bear  sb.)  and 
reduplicated  in  skr.  babhru-s 
'reddish-    brown'    (see  beaver^, 

bruise  vb.  me.  briise'.  loanword 
from  OFR.  bruser  (fr.  briser) 
'break',  whence  oe.  brysan  'break'. 

bruit  'a  rumor'  me.  brut',  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  bruit  'noise'. 

brush  sb.  me.  hrusshe  'a  brush', 
orig.  'brush-wood':  borrowed 
from  OFR.  broce  fr.  brosse  'brush- 
wood, brush'. 


brute  borrowed  from  FR.  brut 
adj.  (fem.  brute)]  source  lat. 
brutus. 

buck  vb.  'wash  linen ,  steep 
clothes  in  lye'  me.  bouke  (oe. 
'^bikia/i)  =  DAN.  byge,  sw.  byka, 
NORW.  beukja,  icel.  bauka,  mhg. 
biichcn  G.  bauchen.  The  teut. 
vjj.  bukon  {bCikjati)  is  based  on 
OE.  btic  (cp.  bucket).  The 
ROM.  FR.  buer^  it.  bucare  'wash' 
are   borrowed  from  Teut. 

buck  sb.  ME.  bukkc  oe.  bucca\ 
cp.  the  synon.  oskk.  buck^  fris. 

DU.  bok,    OHG.  MHG.  boc{ck)   G.  bock, 

ON.  bukkr  bokkr,  sw.  bock,  dan. 
buk  'a  he-goat,  ram,  buck(deer)', 
GOTH,  "^bukks  ''^bukka:  ident.  w. 

GAEL,  boc,    OIR.     boCC,    CYMR.   boch 

'buck'  from  a  celt,  base  bukko- 
(whence  fr.  bouc  ofr.  boc)  and 
w.  ARMEN.  buc  'lamb',  avest.  buza 
'buck'  (ARYAN  bhilg  ?).  The  indo- 
TEUT.  base  bhugo-  is  perh.  con- 
nected with  the  root  oi  fugio, 
GR.  (fivyd)  'flee';  hence  buck  may 
have  signified  orig.  'fugitive'. 

bucket  'a  kind  of  pail'  me. 
boket:  deriv.  from  oe.  buc  'a 
pitcher'  with  the  dimin.  suffix  -et. 

buckle  ME.  boke/:  adapt,  of  fr. 
boucle,  whence  also  G.  buckel. 
Source  med.-lat.  buc(c)ula  'a 
beaver,  shield'. 

buckler  me.  bokeler:  adapt,  of 
OFR.  bocler  bucler  =  fr.  bouclicr 
(whence  also  du.  beukelaar,  mhg. 
buckeler,  on.  buklart).  Cp'.  buckle. 

buckram  me.  bokeram  hukeram 
^=   OFR.  bouqueran  bouc ar an  (fr. 


buckwheat 


burn 


31 


boiigran^  mhg.  buckeraiii).  Source 
and  liistory  unknown. 

buckwheat  =  du.  boekweit^ 
MLG.  bbkivete,  G.  buchwcizcn,  dan. 
boghvcde'.  lit.  'beech-wheat'  from 
the  resemblance  of  its  seeds  to 
the  mast  of  the  beech-tree.  The 
E.  word  is  of  continental  origin. 
Cp.   beech. 

bud  ME.  biidde\  perh.  akin  to 
FR.  boHto/i,  DU.  bot  'bud'.  History 
and  source  uncertain. 

bugle  'a  buffalo,  a  horn'  me. 
biigle:  borrowed  from  ofr.  bugle 
*a  wild  ox'  (lat.  bucuius,  dimin. 
of  bos  'an  ox').  The  meaning 
'horn'  is   short    for  'bugle-horn'. 

build  vb.  short  forME.  bilde  (pret. 
bilde)  OE.  ^byldan  (pret.  by/de)] 
deriv.  with  vowel  mutation  from 
OE.  bold  'house'  which  goes  back, 
as  shown  by  the  older  OE.  boil 
bodl,  by  metathesis  to  a  teut. 
bo-pla-  {=  ON.  bol  ^  DU.  boedel, 
OSAX.  bodies  plur. ,  ofris.  bodel 
bold.  OE.  byldan  (bytlan)  is  a 
teut.  bupljan.  teut.  bopla-  = 
ARYAN  bhu-tlo-  belongs  to  the 
INDO-TEUT.  sfbha  'dwell,  reside' 
(cp.  be,  bo7e>erand  bool/i).  For 
the  ARYAN  //-  suffix   cp.  needle. 

bull  ME.  bule\  OE.  only  in 
dimin.  bulluc  =  me.  e.  bullock] 
cp,  the  synon.  DU.  bul,  lg.  bulk, 
ON.  boli,  DAN.  boll  'a  castrated  bull'; 
LiTH.  bullus  is  primit.  related. 
Whether  the  e.  bull  is  orig.  a 
SCAND.  loanword,  is  uncertain. 

burden^  'a  load'  me.  birthen 
OE.  by r den  =  osAX.  burihinnia 
'burden';    cp.  the   equival.  ohg. 


burdi  G.  biirde,  on.  byj'dr,  goth. 
baurpci'.  all  deriv.  of  the  teut. 
\f^  ber  in  bear\  cp.  skr.  bhrti 
=  oiR.  brith  'the  carrying'  and 
see  birth. 

burden-  'the  refrain  of  a  song' 
me.  burdouw.  loanword  from  fr. 
bourdon,  orig.  'a  drone-bee'  (= 
SPAN,  bordon,  rr.  bordo7ie  'a  drone' 
from  LAT.  bur  do  'a  drone') ;  cp. 
]\ILG.  bardiin  'tenor;  a  musical 
instrument', 

burgess  me.  burgeis :  loanword 
from  OFR.  burgeis  fr.  bourgeois 
(lat.  type  burgensis  from  burgus 
'town').  —  burgher  borrowed 
from  DU.  burger  =^  AiLCi.  borgere, 
OHG.  burgari  mhg.  burgcere  burger 
G.  biirger :  deriv.  of  teut.  burg- 
cp.  borough. 

burial  me.  buriel  biricl  prop. 
buriels  biriels  OE.  byr^els  'tomb' 
(=  OSAX.  burgisU  'tomb')  :  deriv. 
from  the  OE.  vb.  byrian  (osAX. 
"^burgiaii)',   cp.  btiry. 

burin  'an  engraver's  tool' :  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  burin',  perh.  of 
Teut.  origin;  cp.  ohg.  bora  'a 
borer'   (see  under  bore). 

burly  me.  burli  borli  oe.  "^bur- 
lice.  Akin  to  ohg.  buro-  'very' 
in  biirolang  boralang  'very  long' 
and  perh,  to  skr.  bhiiri  'much*? 

burn  vb.  me.  heme  oe.  bcei-nan 
bernan  tr.  {byrnan  intr.).  Cp. 
synon.  mhg.  brinnen  intr.  and 
its  causative  brennen',  G.  brennen 
intr.  and  tr.,  goth.  brinnan  intr. 
and  brannjan  tr.  Only  one  ;^  be- 
longs to  the  TEUT.  yfbr'en,  as 
shown    by    bryne  'conflagration'. 


^2 


burnish  —   butter 


burnish  vb.  me.  bwnisshe  bur- 
nisse'.  loanword  from  ofr.  bur- 
niss-,  the  stem  of  certain  parts 
of  biirnir   briinir  =  fr.  brunir. 

burr  ME.  bu7'7'e  'a  bur';  cp.  sw. 
kardborre  'a  Inirdock',  dan.  borre, 
N.FRis.  borj  HELGOL.  borren  'bur- 
dock*. OE.  ^burre,  if  for  teut. 
burzon-y  may  be  deriv.  from  the 
TEUT.  \fbors  in  G.  borste\  cp. 
bri  stle. 

burst  vb,  ME.  bei'ste  oe.  berstan\ 
cp.  synon.  osax.  br'estan,  lg.  du. 
bersten,  OHG.  brestan  MHG.  br'esten 
g.  berstejty  on.  b testa.  Cp.  an 
Aryan  \^  bhrest  in  oiR.  brissim 
break'   (^^  for  ^/). 

bury  vb.  jme.  <^?^rz>  /w-/.?  oe. 
byriyin  byrytn  wk.  vb.;  akin  to  oe. 
byrien  'tomb'  —  byrj^els  under 
burial,  teut.  burgjan  belongs 
perh.  with  oe.  beorg  'mound,  place 
of  burial'  to  the  teut-y^/w'^  in 
GOTH,  bairgart,  DU.  G.  bergen,  oe. 
beorgan  'protect,  shelter,  secure'. 

bury  in  place-names  see  bo- 
rough. 

bush  ^\Y.Jmsho\(\Q^  bicsk\  ident. 
with  OHG.  busk  G.  buschy  du. 
bosch  bos  and  a  rom.  bosco  (==; 
FR.  boiSy  IT.  bosco).  Uncertain 
whether  of  Teut.  or  of  Lat.  origin. 

bush  'a  thicket'  me.  busch  busk 
:=  OHG.  busc  G.  buschy  DU.  bosch] 
akin  to  fr.  bois,  it.  bosco.  Orig. 
derived  as  lat.  ^buxicum  from 
LAT.  buxus  =  box} 

busk  vb.  'get  one's  self  ready' 
me.  buske  'prepare  one'self :  of 
Scand.  origin;  cp.  on.  buask  'pre- 
pare'.    Cp.   hound  adj. 


busk  'a  support  for  a  woman's 
stays'  borrowed  from  fr.  busc 
busque  orig.  'the  whole  bodice', 
prob.   a   corruption   of  bust. 

buss'  'a  herring-boat'  me.  busse 
OEv  biitse  (in  butsecarlas)  =  du. 
buis,  OHG.  buzo,  ON.  buza.  The 
Rom.  shows  similar  words:  med.- 
LAT.  bussa  buscia  'a  kind  of  boat', 
OFR.  busse  buse  buce.  Source 
unknov^n. 

buss'-^  'kiss'  ^  G.  dial,  busscf? 
'kiss';  cp.  also  span,  buz  'a  kiss 
of  reverence';  perh.  orig.  a  chil- 
dish onomatopoeia. 

bust  from  FR.  buste  {=  it.  span. 
busto),  whence  also  G.  bi'/ste. 

bustle  vb.  ME.  bustele  'wander 
blindly  or  stupidly';  perh.  akin 
to  G.  (dial.)  pusseln  'bustle',  icel. 
bust  la  'bustle'? 

busy  ME.  bisy  oe.  bisii  =  DU. 
bezigy  "LG.bcsig:  teut.  base  "7w/'^(7-. 

but  ME.  bate  shortened  for  btiteii 
OE.  biUafi  conj.  'except'  —  prep, 
'besides,  without'  =  DU.  buiten 
'except'.  Contr.  from  be-iitan\ 
cp.   G.  ausser  and  e.  otct. 

butcher  me.  hocher  earlier  hou- 
cher\  borrowed  from  fr.  boucher 
'one  who  kills  he-goats'  (deriv. 
of  fr.    bouc  =   buck). 

butler  ME.  buteler  bot{e)ler  fr. 
OFR.  bouteiller'.  deriv.  of  bottle. 

butt  borrowed  from  ofr.  boute^ 
FR.  botte  (=  SPAN,  botay  IT.  botte) 
*a  butt,  cask'.  Akin  to  oe.  bytt 
'hose,  a  leather  bottle',  OHG.  buthi 
G.   butte. 

butter  ME.  butere  oe.  buterc 
butore   =    G.    buttery    DU.    boter. 


buttock  —  caitiff 


33 


LG.  hotter',  source  lat.  biityruvi 
(cp.  FR.  beurre,  it.  Imrro)  =  gr. 
fjOvxvQQv, —  butterfly  ^m. butter- 
file  OE.  butor-fleoge  =  DU.  boter- 
vlieg\  cp.  G.  dial,  buttervogel  'a 
butterfly'  and  the  G.  dial,  syno- 
nyms milchdieb  and  tnolkenstehler , 

buttock  ME.  buttok  with  dimin. 
suffix  (cp.  hillock)  fr.  ofr.  bot 
(fr.  ^^//j/)    an  end';  cp.  butt-end. 

button  ME.  butoun:  borrowed 
FR.  boutoji  'a  bud,   a  button. 

buttress  'a  support'  (in  archi- 
tecture) ME.  buteras  butres'.  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  bouteretSj  prop. 
plur.  of  bouteret  'a  buttress';  cp. 
FR.    boter    bouter    'thrust,    prop . 

buxom   :me.  buxom  older  Ibuh- 


su?n  from  OE.  bugan  =  bow\ 
the  old  meaning  was  'obedient, 
obliging'.  Akin  to  du.  buigzaam, 
G.   biegsam  'submissive'. 

buy  vb.  JVIE.  bie  earlier  bigge 
OE.  by  eg  an  'purchase'  =  OSAX. 
buggian,   goth.  bugjan  'buy'. 

buzzard  me.  biisard  short  for 
bitsard:  loanword  from  fr.  busard 
by-form  of  fr.  buse  'buzzard'  {=^ 
LAT.  <5z?/^^  buzzard'),  whence  also 
DU.  buizerd,   g.  bushart. 

by  me.  OE.  bi  (but  be-  as  prefix) 
=  OSAX.  ohg.  mhg.  bi  G.  bei^ 
DU.  bij\  GOTH,  bi  means  'round, 
round  about'  and  thus  connec- 
tion with  GR.  a/<f/9«,  LAT.  a7nbi- 
becomes   possible. 


cabbage  earlier  cabbache  from 
FR.  dial,  caboclie  =  fr.  cabus  (du. 
kabuis),  IT.  capuccio  y  G.  kappes 
OHG.  kabui^:  orig.  deriv.  of  lat. 
caput  'head'. 

cabin  ^ie.  caban:  borrowed 
from  FR.  cabane  =  it.  med.-lat. 
capanna  'a  cabin.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 

cable  me.  cable  (=  g.  du.  sw. 
DAN.  kabeT)  :  adapt,  of  fr.  cable. 
Source  lat.  capulum  'a  rope' 
(lat.  caper e  'take,   hold'). 

caboose  ident.  with  du.  kabuis, 
G.  kabiise,  dan.  kabys.  Earlier 
E.  form  comboosc  ident.  with  du. 

English  Etymology. 


ko?fibuiSy  FR.  cavibuse.     Prob.  akin 
to  E.  cabin. 

cackle  vb.  me.  kakle  =  du.  lg. 
kakeleny  G.  kakeln^  sw.  kackla, 
DAN.  kagle  'cackle'.  Onomato- 
poetic  formations. 

cage  ME.  cage:  adapt,  of  fr. 
cage  =  IT.  gabbia  gaggia  dial. 
cabbia]  source  lat.  cdvea,  whence 
also  OHG.  chevia  g.  kdpig  'cage'. 

cairn  borrowed  from  GAEL.  IR. 
w.  cam  'a  pile,  rock'? 

caitiff    ME.    caitlf    a    captive': 

loanword    from    oner,    caitif  'a 

wretch'  (whence  also  du.  katijvig 

ODU.  catijf  caitijf)   =  fr.  c/i^ti/ 

•A 


34 


cajole   —   camphor 


'mean,  vile'  (it.  cattivo  =  lat. 
captivus  'captive'). 

cajole  vb.  =  fr.  cajoler  'coax 
(oFR.  cageoler  'chatter  like  a  bird 
in  a  cage,  prate',  deriv.  of  fr. 
cage  ==  E.  cage). 

cake  ME.  cake  oe.  "^caca  (in- 
ferred from  the  dimin.  formation 
oe.  Cecil  cicely  teut.  base  kakila-) 
=  ON.  sw.  kaka,  DAN.  kage  'cake'. 
Akin  to  OSAX.  koko,  du.  koek,  sc. 
cooky  (also  oe.  ccecil  :me.  kechel 
from  the  dimin.  goth.  '^kdkila-)^ 
OHG.  kuocho  G.  kuchen.  The  base 
kakan-  kokan-   is   genuine  teut. 

ca(u)ldron  me.  caudroun:  bor- 
rowed from  AFR.  "^caudroun  = 
FR.  chatidron  (=  it.  calderone  'a 
large  kettle').  Source  lat.  cal- 
daria  'a  kettle  for  hot  water' 
{caldus  calidus  'hot').  The  /  of 
modern  spelling  is  inserted  in 
imitation  ofLAT.  (Scotch  still  caii- 
dron) . 

caW  :siE.  calf  oe.  cealf=  osax. 
uu.  LG.  SW.  calf,  on.  kdlfr,  ohg. 
G.  kalb ;  GOTH,  has  only  a  fern. 
kalhd  'heifer  (ohg.  chalba  g. 
kalbe  f.  'a  calf).  Outside  of 
TEUT.,  there  is  a  series  of  words 
with  the  base  glbh-  in  skr. 
garbha  'the  womb,  an  embryo', 
GR.  dsXcpvg  'womb'  and  its  deriv. 
adsXcpoQ  'brother'  —  deXffat,  a 
young  pig'. 

calf 2  ME.  calf]  perh.  adopt,  of 
ON.  kdlf  =  NORW.  kalve  f  sav. 
kalf  (ben-kalf)  'calf  of  the  leg'. 

ca(u)lk  vb.  ME.  catikc  'tread 
as  a  cock':  borrowed  from  ofr. 


caiiquer  'tread'  (source  lat.  cal- 
care  'tread  down). 

call  vb.  JviE.  calk  oe.  (c.  950) 
callian  (once  misspelled  <:(frt;///i?;/): 
a  SCAND.  loanword  cp.  on.  kalla 
'say,  call,  name'  (sw.  kalla,  dan. 
kalde  'call'):  ident.  with  DU. 
kallen,  ohg.  kalian;  cp.  skr. 
\fgir  'call,  praise'. 

callous  from  LAT.  callosus  'hard- 
skinned'  (lat.  callus  'hard  skin'). 

callow  adj.  me.  calowe  calu  oe. 
calu  {cahv-)  =  du.  kaal,  ohg. 
kalo  (infl.  kalatvh')  G.  kahl'.  an 
early  lat.  loanword  =  lat.  calvus 
(whence  fr.  chauve,  it.  span. 
calvo),  which  is  of  Aryan  origin 
(cp.  SKR.  kulva,  AVEST.  kaoM'va 
'callow'). 

calm  me.  cab?ie  (=  du.  kah?i) 
from  FR.  calme  (=  span.  it. 
calma  'calmness,  still  weather"). 
Source  med.-lat.  caiwia'^h^  heat 
of  the  sun'  =  gr.  y>av/Lia  'great 
heat',  /  being  due  to  association 
w.  LAT.   calor, 

cambric  borrowed  from  fr. 
cambraj,  so  called  from  Cambrai 
(flem.  du.  Kamerijk),  a  town  of 
northern  France  where  it  was 
first  made  (hence  G.  kamvicr- 
tucJi).     See    arras   and   lawn-. 

camp  borrowed  from  fr.  cajnp 
'field,  army'  :=  lat.  campus  'field'. 
—  campaign  from  fr.  ca7n- 
pa(i)gne  'an  open  field,  a  mili- 
tary campaign'. 

camphor  borrowed  from  fr. 
cainphrc  =  it.  canfora,  G.  kampfcr, 
DU.  kaiufcr. 


card 


35 


can  vb.  me.  oe.  can  =  goth. 
kantiy  OSAX.  OHG.  kan  o.  kann. 
The  TEUT.  vb.  kimnan  is  akin  to 
keen',  the  AKs:p^\fgen  see  under 
know. 

can  sb.  :me.  oe.  canrie  =  du.  kan 
*a  pot,  mug',  OHG.  kanna  G.  kanne, 
ON.  kanna,  goth.  "^kanno.  The 
TEUT.  word  passed  into  fr.  (ofr. 
can7ie  fr.  dirain.  canette  'a  jug). 

canary  ^  span,  canario  'bird' 
=  FR.  canari\  cp.  G.  kanarien- 
vogel  'canary-bird',  dan.  canarie- 
fugl,  sw.  canariefogely  du.  kanarie- 
vogel  'canary-bird';  so  named 
after  the  Canary  islands. 

candle  :me.  candle  candel  oe. 
candel'.  early  loanword  fr.  lat. 
candela^  whence  also  it.  candela, 
Cp.  chandelier . 

cane  me.  ca7ie\  borrowed  from 
FR.  canne  ==  it.  canna  'a  reed, 
a  cane',  lat.  canna. 

canker  me.  cancre  late  oe. 
cancer  fr.  onfr.  cancre  (fr. 
c/ia?icre) :  source  lat.  cancer y 
whence  also  G.  du.  kanker  oho. 
kafiktir. 

canon  me.  canoun:  adapt,  of 
FR.  canoti.  Source  lat.  canon 
(gr.  y.avmv)  'a  rule,  standard  of 
right'. 

canvas  me.  can{e)vas  (=  du. 
kanefaSj  G.  cafinroas  kanevaSy  sw. 
kanfasSy  dan.  kannevas)'.  borrow- 
ed from  onfr.  canevas  (lat.  type 
canabacius  y  deriv.  of  cannabis 
'hemp'). 

cap  ME.  cappe  oe.  ccEppe  'cloak' 
(z=:  OHG.  kappa  'cloak'  G.  kappe, 


DU.  kap  'cap').  Source  lat.  cappa] 
ident.  with  cape^  and  cope. 

cape^  MS.,  cape',  borrowed  from 
onfr.  cape  (=  it.  lat.  cappa  'a 
cloak,    cape'):    ident.  with  cap. 

cape^  'a  headland'  borrowed 
from  FR.  cap  'cape,  headland, 
head'  =  G.  kapy  it.  capo.  Source 
LAT.  caput  'head'. 

caper  from  fr.  capre  {=  it. 
capperOy  du.  kappery  G.  kape?-): 
source  lat.  capparis. 

capon  ME.  cdpoun  late  oe.  (c. 
looo)  capun  fr.  ONFR.  capon  (fr. 
chapori)  :  source  lat.  cappo{nem)y 
whence  also  G.  kapaun  and  oho. 
kappo. 

captain  :me.  capita  in  from  fr. 
capitaine  (lat.  type  capitaneus 
capitanusy  deriv.  of  lat.  caput 
'head').    Ident.  w.  chieftain. 

car  me.  cai're  (by-form  charre) : 
borrowed  from  onfr.  carre  (fr. 
char).  Source  lat.-gall.  carrus 
(bret.  ir.  w.  carr)  'chariot', 
whence 'also  it.  carroy  du.  kar, 
OHG.  charra  charro  'cart'  G.  kai-'re 
karren. 

caraway  borrowed  from  fr. 
carvi  =  it.  carviy  lat.  careum 
'caraway';  cj).  t>\j .  kar^vij y  G.karbe. 

carbuncle  me.  carbuclc.  bor- 
rowed from  ONFR.  carbuncle  car- 
boucle  (fr.  escarboucle'y  ident.  with 
IT.  carbonchioy  du.  karbonkely  G. 
karbunkeiy.  lat.  carbunculus  'a 
glowing  coal,  gem,  boil',  dimin. 
of  carbo. 

card  1  iViE.  card:  borrowed  ttom 
FR.  carte    'a    card,    ticket,    bill. 


36 


card  2  —  cashier. 


map,  chart;  ident.  with  du. 
kaariy  g.  karte^  it.  carta.  Source 
LAT.  c{h)arta  *a  card,  paper'. 

card'-^  ME.  carde:  adapt,  from 
FR.  carde]  ident.  with  the  synon. 
DU.  kaarde,  ohg.  charta  o.  karte^ 
SPAN,  car  da  ^  it.  car  do  'a  card'. 
Source  lat.  carduus  'a  thistle'. 

care  me.  cdre  oe.  cam  (cearu) 
'sorrow,  suffering,  grief  =  OSAX. 
OHG.  kara  'lament'  (g.  ka7'-  in 
X'^r/r^/V^^ 'Good  Friday';  mhg.  g. 
karwoche  'Passion  week')  =:  goth. 
kara  'sorrow'.  A  cognate  vb. 
(meaning  'sigh')  is  preserved  in 
OHG.  qu'cran  (goth.  "^q  air  an), 
Cp.  chary. 

carol  ME.  Carole  'dance,  song' 
from  OFR.  Carole  'a  kind  of  dance, 
also  a  carol  or  Christmas  song*. 
Of  CELT,  origin  (bret.  koroll  'a 
dance',  manx  carval  a  carol', 
w.  carol  *a  song',  Gael,  carull 
'melody,  harmony'). 

carp  :me.  carpe  =  du.  karper, 
OHG.  charpho  karfo  G.  karpfen, 
ON.  ka7-fe,  sw.  karpy  dan.  karpe. 
Ident.  with  late  lat.  carpa  =  fr. 
carpe,   it.   span,  carpa. 

carp  vb.  me.  carpe' carp  at,  talk, 
say' :  adapt,  of  on.  karpa  'boast, 
brag'.  The  present  meaning 
is  prob.  an  outgrowth  of  the 
associated  idea  in  lat.  carpere 
'pluck'. 

carpenter  :\ie.  cajpenter:  bor- 
rowed from  ONFR.  carpentier  (fr. 
charpentier).  Source  lat.  car- 
pentum  'carriage'. 

carriage  me.  caridj^e  'burden, 
baggage':    borrowed  from  onfr. 


cariage  (fr.  charriage),  deriv.  of 
carier  =  e.  carry. 

carrion  me.  carion  caroiiie  = 
du.  karonje)  cp.  also  me.  crone, 
ODU.  kronie:  adapt,  of  onfr. 
caroigne  (ofr.  charoigfie  =  fr. 
charogne)\  lat.  type  caro7iia  'a 
carcass'  fr.  caro  'flesh'. 

carry  vb.  ivie.  carie\  adapt,  from 
ONFR.  carier  (fr.  c harrier)',  lat. 
type  carricare  'carry'  (lat.  car r us 
'a  cart,   car';   cp.  car). 

cart  me.  cart  fr.  on.  kartr ;  ident. 
w.  OE.  crcet  plur.  cratu  'chariot' 
=  DU.  krat  'hindpart  of  a  cart': 
of  Celt,  origin;  cp.  oir.  cret 
'a  wain-body. 

cartridge  with  intensive  r  for 
cartidge,  a  corruption  oi cartouche 
=^  FR.  cartouche  (it.  cartoccio 
'cartridge',  deriv.  of  lat.  charta 
'paper'). 

carve  vb.  me.  kerve  oe.  ceorfan 
=  DU.  kerven,  G.  kerben  'notch, 
indent'  (goth.  '^kairfan,  ohg. 
"^k'erban  not  found).  The  \fkerf 
appears  in  gr.  yodcfco  'scratch, 
write'. 

case^  ME.  cds  case:  borrowed 
from  fr.  cas  (span.  it.  caso  'cir- 
cumstance, chance').  -  Source 
LAT.  casus. 

case'-^  ME.  cdce  cdsse:  adapt, 
from  OFR.  casse  fr.  caisse]  source 
LAT.   capsa  'box,   cover'. 

cash  from  fr.  casse.  Hence 
cashier  sb. 

cashier  vb.  dismiss  from  ser- 
vice' (=  G.  kas siren)',  from  fr. 
casser  'discharge'. 


cask 


caution 


37 


cask  borrowed  from  fr.  casque 
'a  cask,  helmet'  (=  it.  casco  'a 
helmet'). 

casket  corrupted  from  fr.  cas- 
sette 'a  small  casket',  dimin.  of 
FR.  casse  'a  chest,  box'. 

cassock:  adapt.fromFR.^^i-^^z^^ 
(it.  casacca  'an  outer  coat',  span. 
casaca  'a  great-coat,   surtout'). 

cast  vb.  ME.  caste',  a  Scand. 
loanword;  cp.  on.  sw.kasta,  dan. 
kaste  'throw'. 

caste  'a  breed,  race'  =  g.  kaste, 
FR.  caste:  borrowed  from  span. 
casta  'breed,  race,   caste'.    . 

castle  :me.  late  oe.  casiei  (also 
ME.  castc'l  =  ODU.  DU.  kasteel) 
'a  castle,  village':  borrowed  (c. 
I  ooo)  fr.  ONFR.  castel  (ofr.  chastel 
=  FR.  chdteati).  Source  lat.  ca- 
stellmn. 

cat  ME.  OE.  cat  {tty.  borrowed 
from  oiR.  CORN,  cat  or  from 
ONFR.  cat  (fr.  chat^  and  ident. 
with  G.  katze,  on.  kgttr,  norw. 
s w.  katta.  The  word  (base  cattu-s) 
is  in  use  in  the  Teut.  Rom.  Celt, 
languages;  cp.  late  lat.  catta 
cattus  'cat'. 

catch  vb.  ME.  cacche  (with  the 
earlier  by-form  cccheti)'.  borrowed 
from  ONFR.  cacher  (=  fr.  chasser, 
SPAN,  cazar,  it.  cacciare),  whence 
also  ODU.  caeisen  'to  chase'  du. 
kaatsen  'play  ball'  and  mlg.  katzen 
*play  ball'.  Source  a  lat.  type 
^captiare  =  captare  'catch'.  — 
Hence  catchpoll  me.  cacchepol 
late  OE.  ccEcepol  prop,  'catcher 
of  poultry'  (cp.  fr.  poule  under 
poult)  =   ONFR.  "^cachepol  (ofr. 


chacepol) ;  cp.  G.  hi'mervogt  title 
of  a  tax-gatherer. 

cater  sb.  W£..catour  acatour  acha- 
tour  'a  buyer  of  provisions,  a 
caterer' :  source  onfr.<7^^/=  fr. 
achat  'a'buying,  purchase',  whence 
FR.  achete?'.  Orig.  lat.  type 
accaptare. 

caterpillar  earlier  form  late  me. 
catefpel  corrupted  from  ofr. 
chatepeleuse  'a  weevil'  lit.. 'a  hairy 
she-cat':  ofr.  chate  'a  she-cat' 
+  peleuse  (lat.  pilosus)  'hairy'.  — 
caterwaul  me.  caterwawe  shows 
the  E.  word  cat  in  an  extended 
form  like  caterpillar]  me.  waive 
'make  a  noise*  is  imitative. 

catkin  dimin.  of  cat\  cp.  g. 
katzche7t  'catkin'. 

cattle  me.  catel  {chatel,  whence 
E.  chattel)  :  borrowed  from  onfr. 
catel  (ofr.  chatel)\  source  med.- 
LAT.  capitale   'capital,   property'. 

caudle  me.  caudel:  borrowed 
from  ONT^R.  caudel  (chaudel  =  fr. 
chaudeaic)  'a  warm  drink' ;  deriv. 
of  FR.  chaud  'hot'  (lat.  caldus 
calidus  'warm*). 

cause  ME.  cause',  adapt,  from 
FR.  cause  (by-form  chose)  'a  cause, 
thing'  =  it.  lat.  causa. 

causeway  causey  corruption 
of  causey  (due  to  confusion  with 
way)  ME.  cause  from  onfr.  cauce 
(whence  also  odu.  casseie)  = 
FR.  chaussh'.  LAT.  type  {vici)  "^cal- 
data  'a  paved  (way)'  fr.  calciare 
'pave'. 

caution  M¥..caucioun:  borrowed 
from  ¥K.  caution  (it.  cauzio7ie)  = 
LAT.  cautio  'caution'. 


38 


cave  —  champion 


cave  ME.  cave',  adapt,  from  fr. 
cave\  cave'  (=it.  cava)]  source 
LAT.   cavus  'hollow'. 

cease  me.  cesse  ccse:  adapt,  of 
FR.  cesser  =  it.  lat.  cessare. 

ceil  ciel  me.  cele  sele  vb.  lit. 
'emboss'  from  an  earlier  syle  cyll 
*a  canopy':  source  fr.  ciel'd.  ca- 
nopy* (fr.  ciely  SPAN.  IT.  cielo 
'heaven,  canopy,  roof  ■=  lat. 
ccelum  'heaven'). 

cerge  ::me.  cer'ge\  adapt,  from 
FR.  cierge  (it.  cerd) ;  source  lat. 
cereus  'a  wax  taper'. 

certain  :me.  certein  certain',  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  certain  (=  it. 
certand)  from  lat.  certanuSy  deriv. 
of  certus. 

chafe  ME.  chaufe\s2ixm\  adapt, 
of  FR.  chaujfer'^  source  a  lat. 
type  caleficare  (=  lat.  calefacere) 
'make  warm'. 

chafer  me.  '^-chafer  oe.  ceafor'. 
teut.  base  kafru-\  cp.  the  synon. 
DU.  kever^  ohg.  ch'evaro  g.  klifer 
(goth.  '^kifra  '^kafrus^.  Perh. 
chaff  is   cognate. 

chaff  ME.  chaf  oe.  ceaf  (=  du. 
LG.  kaf)'y  akin  to  OHG.C/^ifZ^^  'pod, 
husk'  and  perh.   to  chafer. 

chaffer  me.  chaffere  chaffare 
earlier  chap-fare  =  oe.  c6ap  'a 
bargain'  ~\-  faru  'a  journey'  also 
'business';  cp.  on.  kaupfgr  'a 
journey'. 

chaffinch  prop,  'the  chaff- 
finch'. 

chain  ^h.^m,  chaine'.  borrowed 
from  FR.  chaine  ofr.  chdine  (= 
IT.  LAT.  catena)',  ident.  with  DU. 
keten^  ohg.  chetinna  G.  kette. 


chair  jvie.  chaire:  adapt,  from 
FR.  chaire  (ofr.  cha-ere);  source 
LAT.  cathedra  (gr.  yia&EdQa)  'a 
chair,   seat'. 

chalice  me.  c(h)a/ice:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  chalice  {calice  =  fr. 
calicCy  IT.  calice)'.  source  lat. 
cdlic-,  stem  oi  calix  'a  cup'.  From 
the  same  source  also  oe.  cdlicy 
OSAX.  kelik,  DU.  kelk,  ohg.  kelih 
G.  kelch, 

chalk  me.  chalk  oe.  cealc  'chalk, 
lime'  =  DU.  G.  kalky  on.  sav. 
DAN.  kalk:  early  loanword  from 
LAT.  calc-  stem  of  calx  'lime- 
stone, chalk'  (whence  also  fr. 
chaux,  IT.  calce,  ir.  gael.  cailCy 
w.  calch    lime'). 

challenge  sb.  me.  chalenge 
'claim':  adapt,  from  ofr.  chalen- 
gier'y  cp.  IT.  calogna  'accusation* 
^=^^Kii.calu7nnia  'a  slander,  false 
accusation'. 

chamber  me.  chaumbrc.  bor- 
rowed irom.  YK.chafnbre',  cp.  it. 
ca??iera  =  lat.  camera  camara 
'a  vault,  a  (vaulted)  room'; 
ident.  w.  du.  kamer,  ohg.  chamara 
G.  hammer  "chamber,  office'.  — 
chamberlain  me.  chaiimberlein', 
borrowed  from  ofr.  chambrelein 
chambrelenc  (span.  catfiarlengOy 
IT.  camarlingo  ca7nerlengd)  ;  ident. 
w.  AiED.-LAT.  camar-  camerlinguSy 
OHG.  chamarlinc  G.  kdmmerlingy 
formed  with  suffix  line  and  lat. 
ca^nera. 

champion  ME. chaumpioim:  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  champion  (cp.  du. 
kampioe7i).  lat.  type  ca?npio,  it. 
campione  'a    combatant'    {campus 


chance  —   chapter 


39 


'a  battle,  duer).  From  the  same 
S(jurce  OE.  ce?npa,  ohg.  che?nph(i)o 
iiHG.  kempfe,  olg.  kempio,  on. 
kappi  'warrior,  hero'. 

chance  me.  chaunce'.  adapt,  of 
FR.  chance  (whence  also  mhg. 
G.  sckanze ;  but  du.  kans  fr.  onfr. 
cance)\  ofr.  che-ance,  it.  cadenza 
point  to  a  lat.  type  cadentia  'a 
falling,  chance'  (esp.  in  dice- 
playing). 

chancel  me.  chauncel'.  borrowed 
from  ofr.  chancel'^  :med.-lat.^^7;z- 
cclli  plur.  a  grating,  lattice-work', 
whence  ohg.  cancella  chanzella  g. 
/v?;zs<f/  pulpit',  DU.  kansel.  —  chan- 
cellor ME.  chauticeler  chaunseUr: 
borrowed  from  Y^.chancelier  (lat. 
type  cancellarius  'a  chancellor', 
orig.  'an  officer  near  the  screen 
before  the  judge's  bench',  deriv. 
of  LAT.  caticelltis  grating  ) .  Ident. 
w.  ohg.  chancildri  mhg.  kanzelcere 
G.  kanzler,  du.  kanselier^  dan.  sw. 
kansler,  ic£l.  kanzellari.  —  chan- 
cery ME.  chatmcerie  earlier  chaun- 
cellerie'.  adapt,  of  Y^.chancellerie 
(ident.  w.  it.  cancelleria,  du. 
kanseiarij,  g.  kanzlet,  dan.  can- 
cclli,   sw.  kans  It). 

chandelier  from  fr.  chandelier 
=  SPAN,  candelero,  YY.candelliere] 
lat.  type  candelarius  also  in 
DU.  kandelaar'y  cp.  candle.  — 
chandler  me.  chaundeler\  loan- 
word fr.  FR.  chandelier  'a  candle- 
maker,  candle-stick'  =r  it.  cande- 
lajo\  LAT.  type  candelarius. 

change  vh.'^i¥..chautige'.  adapt, 
from  FR.  changer  (^span.  camMar, 


it.  cambiare  cangiare)\  source 
LAT.  cambiare  'change,  exchange'. 

channel  me.  chanelle\  adapt, 
from  OFR.  chanel)  ident.  w.  e. 
canal  (=  fr.  span,  canal ^  it. 
cajiale,  jy\].kanaaly  G.  sw.  hanal). 

chant  vb.  me.  chaunte'.  adapt, 
from  fr.  chanter  {^  span,  cantar, 
•IT.  LAT.   cantare  'sing'). 

chap  vb.  ME.  chappe  'cut,  chop' 
=  :mdu.  DU.  happen^  dan.  kappCy 
sw.  kappa. 

chapel  ME.  chapele'.  borrowed 
from  fr.  chapelle  (=  it.  lat. 
capella^  ohg.  kap'ella  g.  kapelle, 
DU.  dan.  kapel,  sw.  kapell).  lat. 
capella  (dimin.  of  capa)  signified 
'a  cape';  the  chapel  itself  where 
the  cloak  of  St.  Martin  and  other 
relics  were  preserved  first  ob- 
tained the  name  capella^  then 
from  the  7'^  cent,  the  use  of 
the  word  became  general.  Cp. 
cape. 

chaplain  :me.  chapelein :  borrow- 
ed from  FR.  chapelain  (=  span. 
capellan^  it.  capellano,  med.-lat. 
capellamis,  orig.  'the  priest  guard- 
ing the  cloak  of  St.  Martin). 
Cp.  MHG.  kapelldn  G.  kaplan^ 
du.  kapelaan,  dan.  sw.  kapellan. 

chapman  me.  chapman  'a  mer- 
chant' shortened  for  oe.  ccap- 
man  =  du.  koopman,  ohg.  chouf- 
man  G.  kaiifmann.  For  OE.  c^ap 
'bargain,  trade'  cp.  cheap. 

chapter  me.  chapitre'.  adapt, 
of  FR.  chapitre  =  lat.  capitu- 
lum  'a  chapter  of  a  book', 
whence  also  g.  kapitel  'chapter 
of  a  book'. 


40 


cha; 


cheek- 


char  vb.  ME.  cherre  oe.  cyrran 
wk.  vb. 'turn:  teut.  base  karrjan 
or  karzjan'^     See  ajar. 

charge  vb.  me.  charge',  adapt. 
ofFR.  charger  (it.  caricare,  med.- 
I.A.T. car ricare  load  a  car)  ;  deriv. 
of  LAT.  carrus  z=  car.  —  charge 
sb.  ME.  charge:  adapt,  from  fr. 
charge  (it.  car  tea)   *a  load'. 

chariot  me.  chariot:  borrowed 
from  FR.  chariot,  dimin.  of  char 
'a  car'. 

charity  ME.  charite  (cherite):  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  chariti  (it.  carita 
=  LAT.  caritateni). 

charm  me.  charme:  borrowed 
from  FR.  charfne  'an  enchant- 
ment'; source  lat.  carmen  'a 
song,   enchantment'. 

chart  ident.  w.  g.  karte,  du. 
kaart]  borrowed  from  fr.  charte] 
source  lat.  charta.  —  charter 
ME.  chartre  charter:  adapt,  of 
FR.  chartre  'a  charter  (lat. 
char  tula  'a  little  paper'). 

chary  me.  chati  oe.  ceai-ij^ 
'full  of  care  ,  sad'  ^=-  OSAX. 
OHG.  karag  (Heliand  modkarag 
'sad')  'full  of  care'  G.  karg  'slow 
to  give'.      Cp.  care. 

chase  vb.  me.  chdce  chase:  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  chasser  (Picard. 
cachier  see  under  catch);  lat. 
type  captiare.  —  chase  me. 
chdce  chase:  adapt,  from  fr. 
chasse  =  it.  caccia  'chase'. 

chaste  me.  chaste:  borrowed 
from  FR.  chaste  (it.  casto  =  lat. 
castus  chaste').  —  chaste  vb. 
'chastise'  me.  chastie  also  chasty: 
adapt,    of  OFR.  chastier    =    fr. 


chdtier  {=  span,  castigar ,  it. 
LAT.  castigare) ;  ident.  w.  G. 
kasteien,  ODU.  castien.  —  chastise 
vb.  me.  chastise  for  the  shorter 
chastie  'chasten';   see  chaste  vb. 

chattel  me.  chatel  chetel,  ident. 
w.   cattle:   source  ofr.    chatel. 

chatter  vb.  me.  chat{e)re  (chitere) 
'chatter',   an  imitative  word. 

chaudron  'entrails' :  borrowed 
from  OFR.  chaudun cauldun',  ident. 
w.  G.  kaldatmen-  The  synon. 
it.  caldmne ,  Sicilian  quadiwii. 
Cat.  escaldiims  point  to  vulgar 
LAT.  *caldtiffien. 

cheap  ME.  ch(p  'trade,  barter, 
price'  OE.  ccap    'price'  =  osax. 

hop  ,     DU.     koOp  ,       OHG.     kouf     G. 

kauf  \r3.de,  traffic';  source  lat. 
caupo  'huckster'. 

cheat  vb.  me.  chete  short  for 
eschcte  'escheat'.  The  meaning 
'defraud'  was  ushered  in  in  the 
1 6*^  cent,  on  account  of  the 
unscrupulousness  of  the  eschea- 
ters.      Cp.  escheat. 

checker  sb.  me.  cheker  chekkcr{e) 
'a  chess-board'  short  for  eschekcr 
'the  exchequer  :  loanword  from 
OFR.  eschequier  eschakier  'a  chess- 
board, exchequer'  =  fr.  ichiquier 
(=  IT.  scacchiere ,  med.-lat. 
sca(c)cariu7n). 

cheek  me.  cheke  oe.  ceoce:  teut. 
base  keiikoji  also  in  ofris.  tziakc 
'jaw-bone'  {vnod^xxs.  soke)  \  akin  to 
GOTH,  kukjan  =  eastfris.  kilkken 
'kiss'.  But  me.  cheke  ch^ke  oe.  ceace 
'jaw-bone'  may  also  point  to 
Y)^5.kaak  ODU.  cake  'cheek':  teut. 
base    kakofi-    kekofi- ;     cp.    mlg. 


cheer  —  chimney 


kake  (fr.  '^kako)  and  keke  (fr. 
"^keohi)  'gums,  jaw-bone'. 

cheer  sb.  me.  chere:  adapt,  of 
FR.  c/ib'e  (whence  it,  cerd), 

chee^se  me.  chese  oe.  cese  (cys:)  = 
DU.  kaas,  osAX.  ohg.  kdsi  G.  kdse  : 
early  loanword  from  lat.  cdseus 
(whence  also  it.  cascio^  span. 
queso  and  oiR.  caise), 

cherish  vb.  me.  cherisshe:  adapt. 
o^YK.ck^riss-y  stem  of  some  parts 
of  ^///r/r 'hold  dear';  source  fr. 
cher  =  LAT.  cants  'dear'. 

cherry  me.  chery  in  comp. 
cherc'  chiri-  (plur.  chery s  cheries 
chines),  a  new  sing,  developed 
from  the  supposed  plur.  *cheris 
^chiris  oe.  ciris  cyrs  =  ohg. 
kirsa  g.  kirsche.  Source  LAr. 
ccrasus  y  whence  the  corresp. 
Rom.  group  it.  ciriegay  fr.  cerise 
from  a  vulgar  LAT.  type  cercsia. 

chess  me.  ches{s)e\  borrowed 
from  OFR.  eschecs  chess'  prop, 
the  plur.  of  eschcc  'check'  (it. 
scacco,  G.  schachy  i)U.  schaali). 
Source  pers.  shah    'king'. 

chest  ME.  cheste  (chiste)  oe. 
cest  (diste)  =  du.  his/,  ohg.  chista 
G.  kiste ,  ON.  sw.  his  fa ,  dan. 
hisfe.  Source  lat.  cisfa  (gr. 
Y.idTij)   'a   box. 

chestnut  me.  chestein  chastein 
'chestnut':  loanword  from  ofr. 
chastaigne  =  fr.  chdtaigne  and 
ident.  with  OHG.  kesiinna  G. 
hastanie ,  du.  kastanje.  Source 
LAT.  castaitea. 

chew  vb.  :\iE.  chewe  oe.  ceowan 
=  DU.  kauwen,  mlg.  keuwen, 
OHG.  kiuwan  G.  kauen.      A  pre- 


TEUT.  gtw    cp.    in    OSLOV.    zivq 
zivati  'chew'. 

chich  'a  dwarf  pea' me.  <r/^/V/z^: 
borrowed  from  fr.  chiche  'chick- 
pea' (:=  IT.  cece,  SPAN,  chicharo, 
OHG.  hie  hurra  G.  kicher).  Source 
LAT.  cicer. 

chicken  short  for  me.  chike  oe. 
cyceji  plur.  cycnu  =  du.  keuken 
hie  ken  y  g.  dial,  kilchen  kilchlein. 
TEUT.  base  kiukina-  is  perh. 
traceable    to    oe.  cocc   =    cock. 

chicory  ident.  w.  du.  chikorei, 
G.  cichoricy  dan.  cikorie\  adapt, 
of  FR.  chicorie  =  it.  ricorea, 
LAT.  cichorium  ? 

chide  vb.  me.  chide  oe.  cida?i 
'chide,  brawl' :  teut.  base  kidja?i. 

chief  ME.  chef:  borrowed  from 
FR.  chef  =  SPAN,  caboy  it.  capo] 
source  LAT.  caput  'head'.  — 
chieftain  me.  chevctain  cheve- 
tein:  borrowed  from  ofr.  cheve- 
taine  =  med.-lat.  capiidnus ;  ident. 
w.  captain. 

child  ME.  child  (plur.  childre) 
OE.  cild  (i)lur.  cildru) :  teut. 
base  kilpiz-  kelpaz-,  not  found 
elsewhere;  but  perh.  akin  tt) 
GOTH,  inkilpo  'pregnant'. 

chill  ME.  chile  oe.  dyle  cele  fr. 
a  TEUT.  h'A'i^  kali-\  for  the  \^ /&<-?/ 
cp.  cool  and  cold. 

chime  me.  chimb e  orig.  'cymbal', 
short  for  orig.  ciinble  oe.  dim- 
bal(a) :  from  LAT.  cymbalum  *a 
cymbal'. 

chimney  me.  chimnee  earlier  che- 
mene :  loanword  from  FR.  chemince 
=  IT.  camminata,  OKG.chemindta; 


chin 


churl 


akin  to  G.  kamin.     Source  lat. 
caminiis  'hearth'. 

chin  ME.  chin  oe.  cin  =  osax. 
OHG.  /^mm  G.  ktm?,  du.  hn.  The 
older  meaning  'cheek'  cp.  in 
GOTH,  kinnus  'cheek'.  For  a  pre- 
TEUT.  base  genu-  cp.  gr.  yivvq 
'chin,  jaw,  jaw-bone',  ytvEidc  f. 
'chin,  beard';  lat.  gena  'cheek' 
{lientes  genuini  'molar  teeth')  ;  IR. 
gin  'mouth';  skr.  hanus  jaw', 
hanavfa  'jaw-bone'. 

chine  me.  chine :  adapted  from 
ofr.  eschine  =  fr.  ichinCy  which 
with  IT.  schiena  'the  chine,  back- 
bone' is  traced  to  ohg.  skina 
'the  shin-bone'  G.  schiene  'shin, 
shin-bone,  splint';   cp.  shin. 

chip  vb.  ME.  chippe  'cut  into 
small  pieces'  =  du.  g.  kippen 
hatch  out'. 

chirp  vb.  me.  chirpe  {chirke) : 
an  onomatopoetic  word. 

chisel  sb.  me.  chisel',  borrowed 
from  ofr.  cisel  =  fr.  ciseau 
(it.  cesello  =r  med.-lat.  sciselu7ti) 
'a  chisel';  prob.  ult.  connected 
with  scindej-e. 

chivalry  ME.  chivalric.  loanword 
from  FR.  chevalerie  (deriv.  of 
cheval  from  lat.  caballiis  'a 
horse'). 

choice   ME.  chois{e) :    borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  chois  fr.  choix  'a  choice'. 
The  FR.  vb.  choisir  'choose'  points  i 
to   a  TEUT.  kausjan\  cp.  choose. 

choir  earlier  quire  me.  quer: 
borrowed  from  fr.  choeur  'the 
choir  of  a  church,  a  troup  of 
singers':  source  lat.  chorus  'a 
band  of  singers. 


choke  ME.  r^^'/^^;  older  by-form 
ME.  a-cheke  oe.  a-ceocian  ?  Phono- 
logy   and    etymology    doubtful. 

choler  me.  choler:  borrowed 
from  fr.  colere  (=  it.  colleray 
LAT.  cholera  'bile'). 

choose  vb.  older  chi'ise  with 
obscure  phonology ,  but  ME. 
chese  oe.  ceosan  'choose'  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  kiosan  G.  kiese7i,  du. 
kiezen ,  on.  /e/dsa ,  goth.  kiusan : 
TEUT.  \P  kus  fro m  pre-TEUT.  \f  gus 
in  LAT.  gus-tns  —  gus-tare,  gr. 
ytvco  for  ysvow ;  skr.  \^  jus' 
'choose,  like'.  The  teut.  facti- 
tive hausj  an  (^c\i.  chpice)  appears 
in  Slav,  kusiti. 

chop  vb.  ME.  choppc  (chappe) 
'cut  up,  strike  off;  akin  to  du. 
G.  happen  'cut,  lop'. 

chord  cord  fr.   lat.  c/wrda. 

Christmas  shortened  for  me. 
Christesmasse  oe.  CristesmcESse\)XO\). 
the  mass  of  Christ'. 

chronicle  me.  cronicle  with  the 
by-form  cronike  (but  late  oe. 
cranic):  fromYK. ch^'onique '^  ident. 
w.  DU.  kro7tijky  LAT.  chronica. 

church  ME.  chirche  oe.  cyrce  circe 
older  cirice  =  oSAX.  hirika,  du. 
kerk,  ohg.  kiricha  G.  kirchcQ\\vixc\\. 
As  shown  by  the  E.  palatalization 
and  by  the  G.  ch  in  kiricha ^  the 
word  must  have  existed  in  the 
5^^  cent.;  but  a  goth.  "^kyreiko 
'church'  is  unrecorded.  Source 
GR.  v.vQUiY.ov  (not  found  in  lat. 
nor  in  the  Rom.  languages). 

churl  ME.  cherl  oe.  ceorl  'a 
churl'  ^  DU,  kerely  MLG.  kerle  LG. 
G.  kerl\  TEUT.  base  kerla-.    With 


churn   —   clean 


43 


different  vowel  on.  kai'l  'old- 
man',  OHG.  karal  ]\fflG.  karl  'man, 
husband,  lover';  hence  the  G. 
proper  name  Karl  (lat.  KaroluSy 
FR.  E.   Charles). 

churn  sb.  :me.  chime  oe.  cyr7ie ; 
the  corresp.  vb.  churn  is  me. 
chime  oe.  cyrnan  from  a  teut. 
base  kirnjan  =  on.  kirna^  DU. 
LG.  kernen  karnen  'make  butter' 
and  the  Vessel  for  making  butter', 
is  ON.  kirnaj  DU.  karn,  lg.  butter - 
lierne.  Source  a  teut.  base 
kerna-  'cream'  in  G.  (pro v.)  kem, 
icel.  kjarna  'cream'. 

cider  me.  sider  cider',  from  fr. 
cidrc  (=  IT.  r/V/;Y7,  span.  sidra\ 
source  lat.  sicerci). 

cigar  =  FR.  cigarcy  span.  it. 
cigarro. 

cinder  sb.  me.  cinder  sinder  oe. 
sinder  'dross  of  iron'  ^  on.  sindr 
'slag  or  dross  from  a  forge',  DU. 
j/«/^/$- 'cinders,  coke',  onG.stntar 
G.  sinter  'dross    of  iron,    scale'. 

cipher  sb.  :\rE.  ciph7'e  (=  du. 
<^'0/^^'y  G.  ziffer) :  loanword  fr. 
OFR.  a/re  fr.  ciffre,  span,  cifra, 
it.  cif{e)ra. 

cite  borrowed  from  fr.  citer 
=  lat.  ^citare  (deriv.  of  lat. 
citus  'quick'?). 

citizen  me.  citesein  formed  after 
ME.  denizein  (cp.  denizeii)  ;  the 
earlier  me.  citeycn  is  an  adapt,  of 
OFR.  citeien  (fr.  citoyen),  —  city 
me.  cite',  loanword  from  fr.  citi. 
Source  lat.  civitatetn. 

clack  vb.  me.  clacke  =:  du. 
klakken  'clack,  crack';  akin  to 
FR.    claquer   'clap    in    applause'. 


claim  vb.  :\ie.  claim e  cleifne : 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  claimer  clei7?ier 
(source  LAT.  clajnare  =  it.  chia- 
mare  'call,  name,  send  for'). 

clamp  sb.  after  mdu.  klampe  du. 
klavipy  LG.  Jdampc'y  akin  to  MHG. 
kliifipfen  'draw,  press'. 

clan  sb.  borrowed  from  GAEL. 
clann  =  IR.  clan7i  oiR.  cla7id 
'children. 

clap  vb.  ME.  clappe  oe.  cla'ppia7i} 
=r:  DU.  klappen ,  LG.  klappe7t 
(whence  g.  kiappe7i),  ohg.  klaphon 
G.  klapfen. 

clasp  ME.  claspe,  p rob.  akin  to 
clap  and  oe.  clyppanjembrsicc. 

clatter  vb.  me.  clatere  oe. 
'^clatorian  (inferred  from  the 
verbal  noun  clat7'ung  'a  clatter- 
ing); akin  to  du.  klatercn 
'rattle'. 

claw  sb.  :me.  clawe  (by-form  clc) 
oe.  dawn  (by-form  cl^a  did)  = 
OSAX.  klchva,  DU.  klaatiw,  ohg. 
kldwa  chloa  mhg.  klawe  kid',  a 
GOTH,  "^klewa  f.  is  probable, 
though  ON.  klo  seems  to  point 
to  '^'klbwa.     Pre-TEUT.  \f  glu. 

clay  ME.  clai  oe.  clek'^  =  du. 
LG.  klei'^  akin  to  oe.  ddin  'clay' 
E.  (dial.)  cloani  'earthenware , 
OHG.  klei7nen,  scand.  kleitna  kli7ia 
'besmear'.  Outside  of  teut., 
GR.  yXoi  '.  yXi  in  yXoiog  'sticky 
oil'. 

clean  me.  dene  [dene)  oe.  clce7te 
=  OSAX.  kle7ziy  DU.  kleen  kleiny 
ohg.  hleini  'pretty'  G.  klein  'small' 
(gotu.  *hlai-77i-  is  wanting).  The 
nasal  belongs  to  the  suffix.    For 


44 


clear 


cloister 


the  root  syll.  cp.  gr.  yXoiog  'fat 
oil'.  —  Hence  cleanse  for  me. 
dense  OE.  clcBnsian  'make  clean': 
a  causative  vb.  with  formative  -s. 

clear  me.  cler\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  cler  =  FR.  clair  (span,  claro^ 
IT.  chiaro  from  lat.  clarus). 

cleave  ^  vb.  'adhere'  jvie.  cl(ve 
OE.  cleofian  =  osax.  klibon,  du. 
kleven,  ohg.  klebcti  g.  kleben 
adhere';  GOTH,  '^klibon  not 
recorded,      teut.    \f  klib. 

cleave"  vb.  'split'  me.  cleve  oe. 
cleofan  =  osax.  clioban  ^cliiban, 
DU.  k loverly  OHG.  klioban  chliuban 
G.  klieben'.  teut.  \f  klub  :  >^/<?z^(^ 
cogn.  w.  GR.  yXvrp&iv  'hollow  out', 
perh.  also  w.  lat.  gliibere  'peel'. 

cleft  me.  clift  OE.  '^Clyft  =  OHG. 

G.  khift]  from  the  teut.  \(^klub\ 
cp.  cleave'^. 

clergy  me.  clergie:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  clergie  =  fr.  clergi 
(lat.  type  clericatus).  —  clerk 
me.  clei'k  late  oe.  clerc  cleric  (= 
DU.  klerky  FR.  clerc) ;  source  lat. 
clericus. 

clever  not  yet  found  in  Shakesp., 
a  recent  word,  perh.  developed 
from  ME.  deliver  'agile,  nimble, 
lively'  (from  ofr.  delivre  'prompt, 
alert').  Or  cogn.  w.  lg.  kluftig 
'wise,   clever',  du.  kluftig'^ 

clew  sb.  ME.  clezve  oe.  cleowen 
^liwen  'clew'  ==  du.  khtwen'.  teut. 
b.ase  kliujina-'.  dimin.  of  a  shorter 
base  kliujo-  =  ohg.  kliuwa  (g. 
knduet)  'clew'. 

cliff  ME.  clif  (clc've)  OE.  clif 
(plur.  cleofti)  =  ON.  OSAX.  DU. 
klif  'a  cliff,   rock';    cp.  G.  dan. 


klippe,  perh.  akin  to  on.  kli/a  = 
clinibl 

climb  vb.  me.  clirnbe  oe.  climban 
=  DU.  klitnmen,  ohg.  klimban 
G.  klimmen.  The  nasal  was  orig. 
a  formative  of  the  pres.  tense 
as  seen  by  on.  ktifa,  me.  dive 
'climb'.  The  teut.  \/^klib  (cp. 
^^^!//)  i^^y  be  found  in  cleave"^ 
and  cling. 

clinch  vb.  me.  clenche  oe.  '^clen- 
cean  =  ohg.  mhg.  klenken  'knot 
together'. 

cling  vb.  ME.  clinge  oe.  clinga?i\ 
akin  to  sw.  kldnga  'climb',  dan. 
klynge  sig  'adhere  to,  climb'. 
\fkling  =  yfkVwib'^   Cp.  cli^nb, 

clip^  vb.  'embrace'  (Shakesp.) 
me.  clippe  OE.  clyppan.  Akin  to 
OHG.  klaftra    g.  klafter  'fathom'. 

clip 2  vb.  'cut,  shear'  me.  clippe'. 
borrowed  from  ON.  sw.  klippa 
'clip,  cut'. 

cloak  by-form  cloke  me.  clgke'. 
borrowed  from  ofr.  cloke  cloque 
'a  cloak'. 

clock  me.  clokke\  prob.  borrow- 
ed from  o^Y^.clockc  (^v^.  cloche)  \ 
ident.  w.  o^.clugge  {clucce}),  du. 
klok,  OHG.  glocka  G.  glocke,  on. 
klukka.  The  ROM.- teut.  clocca 
is    of    CELT,    origin;    cp.    cymr. 

clock,    OIR.    Cloc     (OCELT.    klukko)  ) 

OE.  clucge. 

clod  me.  clodde]  a  var.  of  clot. 

clog  ME.  clogge  'a  lump,  block'. 

cloister  me.  cloistre:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  cloistre  =  fr.  cloitre 
(span,  claustra  y  it.  chiostro). 
Source      med.  -  lat.     claustrum, 


close 


clutch 


45 


whence  also  ohg.  klbstar  g. 
kloster. 

close  ME.  close :  borrowed  from 
the  OFR.  part,  clos  =  lat.  clausus 
(oFR.  clore  =^  LAT.  claudere).  — 
closet  AiE.  closet  from  fr.  closet 
(dimin.  of  ofr.  clos  *a  close'). 

clot  ME.  clotte  (also  clodde^  see 
clod^  OE.  '^clott  =  MHO.  klotz 
(gen.  klotzes)   g.  klotz. 

clotbur,  clote  me.  clgte  oe.  cldte\ 
TEUT.  base  klaitoii-^  cogn.  w.  the 
equiv.   oe.  elide,  G.  klette. 

cloth  shortened  for  me.  cloth 
OE.  ^/4;5  (oE.  cildcldp  'swaddling 
clothes)  =^  DU.  kleedy  g.  >^/(?///: 
TEUT.  base  klaipa,  —  clothe 
vb.  ME.  clothe  {clcde)  oe.  clddian 
(clcedan). 

cloud  me.  cloude'.  scarcely  ident. 
with  OE.  chid  =  ME.  cloiid  'a 
mass  of  rock,  a  hill';  source  and 
history  quite  unknown. 

clout  ME.  '^cloiit  OE.  cMt  (whence 
ON.  klutr) ,  ident.  with   w.  clwty 

IR.    GAtL.    Cltldf    MANX    clooid? 

clove  ^  ME.  clove  clowe:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  do  fr.  clou  'a  nail'; 
cp.  SPAN,  clavo  'a  nail'  also  'a 
clove'  fr.  LAT.  claims    a  nail'. 

clove  2  ME.  clove  oe.  clufe  'clove' 
(csp.  of  garlic),  in  compounds 
clufpting  'crowfoot'  —  clufivyrt 
'buttercup'  (cp.  ohg.  chlobloiih 
klofolouh  klovolouh  =  g.  knoblauch^ 
DU.  knoflook  'garlic'  with  -n  by 
dissimilation).  The  orig. meaning 
appears  in  ohg.  klobo  g.  kloben 
'a  spHt  stick'. 

clover  me.    clover    {cUver^^  oe. 


cldfre  {clcefre)  =  du.  klaver ;  cp. 
LG.  klever  (and  klaver).  A  shorter 
and  more  primit.  form  is  ohg. 
kleo  (gen.  klewes)  g.  klee\  base 
klaiw-.  The  formation  of  OSAX. 
"^klebara  =  oe.  cldfre  looks  like 
a  compound,  the  second  ele- 
ment of  which  is  unknown. 

clown  borrowed  from  ICEL. 
klimni  'a  clumsy,  boorish  fellow  ; 
sw.  dial,  klimn  'a  log'  —  kluns 
'a  clownish  fellow',  dan.  klimt 
'a  log'? 

club  ME.  cliibbe :  borrowed  from 
ON.  klubbay  by-form  of  on.  kluniba 
'a  club'.  —  The  meaning  'asso- 
ciation of  persons'  is  a  mod. 
application  of  a  clump  of  people. 

cluck  vb.  ME.  clucke  clokke  oe. 
cloccian  (^clucciaii)  =  du.  klokkeUy 
MHG,  klucken  (^gliickeji)  g.  glucken. 
The  TEUT.  group  is  onomato- 
poetic  like  lat.  glocire ,  gr. 
yXLoteiv    cluck  as  a  hen'. 

clumsy  adj.  earlier  clumse  me. 
clumsed  'benumbed':  orig.  part, 
of  me.  clumse  'benumb' :  of  scand. 
origin;  cp.  sw.  (dial.)  kluvimsen 
'benumlied',  akin  to  du.  kleu??isc/i 
'numb  with  cold'. 

cluster  me.  cluster  oe.  cluster 
{clyster')  =  LG.  kluster'.  akin  to 
LG.  (Hannover)  klunder  'cluster 
of  berries  or  fruit'  and  (Dit- 
marsch)  klus  'cluster,  grapes  ^ 
DAN.  klynge  'cluster'. 

clutch  ME.  clucche\  connected 
with  cloche  'a  claw'.  The  older 
ME.  form  is  cUchen'i 


46 


coach 


cole 


coach  borrowed  from  fr.  coche\ 
a  mod.  common  europ.  word 
from  HUNG,  koszi  'wagon  from 
the  Hung,  town  Koszi]  cp.  span. 
cache,  IT.  cocchio,  g.  kutsche, 

coal  ME.  cole  and  col  oe.  col 
=  DU.  hool,  OHG.  ^olo  m.  — 
/^^/  n.  G.  ko/ile,  ON.  Z'(?/  n.  plur.; 
orig.  'a  burning  coal';  cp.  skr. 
Jval  'burn  bright,  flame'.  —  coal- 
mouse,  also  colemouse  me. 
col-mgse  oe.  colmdse  (=  du.  kool- 
mees,  G.  kohlvieise)\  prop,  'coal- 
tit'  on  account  of  its  blackhead; 
from  col  'coal'  +  ^fidse  me.  w^'i^^ 
=r  G.  meise,  on.  7?ieisingr,  whence 
fr.  7nisange  'tit-lark'. 

coast  ^lY..  cgst{e)\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  coste  (whence  also  DU.  kuste 
=  G.  kiiste)  =  FR.  cote  (it.  costa, 
MED.-LAT.  costa  'coast'). 

coat  ME.  cote',  borrowed  from 
OFR.  cote  =  FR.  cotte  (=  SPAN. 
cota,  IT.  cotta  'a  coat').  Source 
a  TEUT.  kotta-  in  ohg.  chozzo 
:mhg.  kotze  'a  coarse  woolen 
mantle'.      Cp.  cot  and  cote. 

cock  ME.  r^^^  OE.  coc  cocc  (perh. 
cogn.  w.  chicketi)  ■=  o^.kokkr, 
DAN.  kok\  ident.  w.  fr.  coq\ 
perh.  of  imitative  origin.  History 
unknown  (earliest  reference  lat. 
cocciLs  in  Lex  Salica). 

cockle  ME.  cokel  cokkcl  oe.  cocel 
coccel  'tares'  borrowed  from  IR. 
cogal  corn-cockle'  (=  GAEL. 
cogall  'tares,   cockle')  ? 

cod  'husk,  shell'  me.  cod  codde 
OE.  codd'h?i^  =  ON.  kodde  'pillow'. 


sw.  kudde  'cushion',  du.  kodde 
'bag'. 

coffee  =  DU.  koffij,  g.  kaffee\ 
borrowed  from  TURK,  qahweh  =^ 
ARAB,  qahweh  'coffee'. 

coffer  ME.  cofre :  borrowed  from 
FR.  coj^re  (whence  du.  g.  koffer). 
Source  lat.  cophinus,  gr.  Aocpivog 
'a  basket'.  From  the  same  source 
also  coffin  me.  cofin:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  co^n  {:=  span,  cojin, 
IT.  co/(7/io). 

cog  ME.  cogge  =  sw.  ciigge; 
prob.  of  CELT,  origin,  cp.  GAEL. 
IR.  cog,  w.   cocas  'a  cog'? 

coif  ME.  col/:  borrowed  from 
FR.  coi^e  from  med.-lat.  co/a 
co/(e)a;  akin  to  mhg.  hife  ohg. 
chiippa  from  ohg.  chuph  g.  kopf. 
Cp.  Clip. 

coil  vb.  borrowed  from  OFR. 
coillir  =  FR.  cueillir  'collect' 
(lat.  colligere  'gather  together). 

coin  me.  coin',  borrowed  from 
FR.  coin  'wedge'  (ofr.  coin  'wedge, 
stamp  upon  a  coin,  a  coin). 
Source  lat.  cuneiis  'wedge'. 

cold  ME.  cold  oe.  cdld  {ceald) 
=  goth.  kalds,  ON.  kaldr,  OSAX. 
kald,  ohg.  g.  halt,  du.  koud:  an  old 
partic.  formation  in  lat.  -tus, 
SKR.  -ta-s  (goth.  d  from  Aryan 
t,  cp.  old,  loud,  dead  etc.). 
A  TEUT.  verbal  \fkal  cp.  in  oe. 
j  calan,  o^.kala  'freeze  ;  a  corresp. 
Aryan  sT  gel  is  seen  in  lat.  gelu 
'the  cold'  and  gelidus  'cold'.  Cp. 
chill  and  cool. 

cole  'cabbage'  me.  col  fr.  onfr. 
col  ^=^  FR.  chow,  the  me.  by-form 


collier  —    cornet 


47 


caul  =  OE.  cdwl  from  lat.  caiilcin 
(caulis).     Cp.   OHG.  kol   G.  kohl. 

collier  me.  coliir:  deriv.  of  coal 
with  'ier  as  in  lawyer. 

coUop  ME.  colopes:  ident.  with 
SWED.  kalops,  G.  klops\  source  lg. 
kloppen  (g.  klopfeti)   'beat'? 

color  :siE.  colour  from  ofr.  coloitr 
=  FR.  couletir  (lat.  color-cm). 

colt  :me.  oe.  colt  'a  young  ass*; 
perh.  akin  to  skr.  gardabha  'ass'? 

comb  sb.  me.  cgvih  oe.  cdmb 
'comb,  crest'  =  G.  kamm,  DU. 
DAN.  sw.  >^^;// :  TEUT.  base  kaviba- 
from  an  Aryan  gombho-  in  gr. 
yo/LKfog  peg'  (yaiKpij  'jaw'),  skr. 
jambJia  'jaw,  teeth'. 

come  vb.  me.  covie  oe.  cuman 
=  DU.  hmien^  OSAX.  Jzuman,  OHG. 
koimin  G.  kojrwien^  ON.  koma\  cp. 
GOTH,  qiinan:  a  common  teut. 
str.  vb.  kwnan  q'eman  fr.  an  Aryan 
\fgem  in  skr.  ^^/«,  or.  (iaivo), 
lat.  z;^«7>  (for  *gz^emw). 

comely  me.  rz/fw//  <:<?;;//>'  oe.  cymlic 
'fine,  handsome';  cogn.  w.  ohg. 
^?/;;/z^ 'deHcate,  weak'  and  o.kaiwi 
'hardly'. 

cony  sb.  me.  coni  earUer  coning 
'rabbit':  adapt,  from  ofr.  connin, 
whence  also  DU.  konijn,  G.  kanin- 
chen.  Source  lat.  cimiculus  (ofr. 
C07iii)   in  a  by-form  cuninus. 

cook  sb.  ME.  cok  OE.  cgc:  loan- 
word fr.  i.A.i:.coquus,  whence  ohg. 
G.  koch  and  it.  cuocOj  ofr.  queux. 
—  The  vb.  cook  me.  coke  is 
derived  from  the  sb.  by  in- 
fluence of  LAT.  coquere  {=^  G. 
kochen,  du.  koken),  whence  also 
FR.  cuire  'cook'. 


cool    ME.  OE.  Cgl  =  LG.  kol,   DU. 

koel,   OHG.  kuoli  G.  kit  hi:    teut. 
base  kohl-  from  the  teut.  \fkal 
kol  under  cold.    Deriv.  keel. 
.coot  'a  bird'  me.  cgtc  oe.  '^cgt{a) 
=  DU.  koel  'coot'. 

cope  vb.  'vie  with,  match'  orig. 
'bargain  or  chaffer  with':  a  loan- 
word fr.  T>\j.koopen  'buy',  cogn.  w. 
OE.  ceapian  'cheapen'  from  oe. 
ceap  'bargain'.     Cp.  cheap. 

copper  ME.  coper  oe.  copor\ 
borrowed  from  vulgar  LAT.  cup- 
rum 'copper'  (orig.  cuprium  aes 
'Cyprian  brass').  From  the  same 
source  ohg.  kupfar  G.  kupfcr, 
DU.  koper  and  fr.  cuivre.  — 
copperas  me.  coperosc  from  ofr. 
coper  OS  c  =  it.  copparosa^  lat. 
cupri  rosa  lit.  'copper-rose'. 

copse  earlier  coppice  contr.  of 
OFR.  coptiz  derived  from  Ofr. 
coper  (fr.  couper)  'cut'. 

cork  =  G.  DAN.  sw.  kork, 
DU.  kurk:  borrowed  from  span. 
corcho  'cork'  =  lat.  corticeni 
(cortex)  'bark'. 

corn^  'grain'  me.  oe.  corn  = 
DU.  koren,  g.  on.  dan.  sw.  korn, 
GOTH,  kaurn:  teut.  korna-  = 
pre-TEUT.  base  grno-  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  grdnum,  Russ.  zerno. 

corn^  'a  hard  excrescence  on 
toe  or  foot':  borrowed  from  fr. 
come  {=  LAT.  cornu  'horn'). 

corner  ivie.  corner:  bort^wed 
fr.  MED. -LAT.  corneria  '^s^er, 
angle'   (lat.  cornu  'horn'). 

cornet  me.  cornet  cornette\  horn' : 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  cornet  cornettc, 
dimin.  of  fr.  come  'a  horn'. 


48 


country 


cornice  a  loanword  from  ofr. 
cornice  fr.  it.  cornice  'a  cornice, 
border,  ledge'  (lat.  type  comix 
'a  border'  contr.  of  MED.  -  LAT. 
coronix    a  square  frame'). 

corps  ME.  corps',  a  loanword 
from  FR.  corps  cors  from  lat. 
corpus. 

corpse  ME.  corps',  borrowed 
from  OFR.  corps  cors  =  lat. 
corpus. 

corset  dimin.  of  me.  cors  'a 
body';  cp.  corpse.  —  corslet 
corselet',  a  loanword  fr.  fr.  corse- 
let ^  dimin.  of  ofr.  cors  with 
suffix  -et. 

cost  vb.  ME.  coste'.  borrowed 
fr.  ofr.  coster  (=:  fr.  cotiter, 
LAT.  cojtstare),  whence  also  du.  g. 
kosten. 

costume  me.  custiime  (and 
custome)'.  adapt,  fr.  OFR.  costume 
FR.  coutwfie  =^  IT.  costume  (med.- 
LAT.  costuma  =  lat.  consuetu- 
dinem).    Cp.  custom. 

cot   AIE.   OE.  cot    =^    LG.   DU.    ON. 

G.  kot  'hut':  teut.  base  kuta-. 

cote  (in  comp.  dove-cote,  sheep- 
cotd)  me.  cote  OE.  cot  =  g.  kote. 
The  TEUT.  word  passed  into 
SLAV.  (osLOV. /^^/2V/*cella).  Akin 
to  cot. 

cottage  ME.  cotdge  fr.  ofr.  co- 
tage'.  deriv.  of  teut.  kota-  under 
cot  and  cote. 

cotton  ME.  cotoun'.  a  loanword 
fr.  FR.  colon  =.  IT.  cotone :  source 
ARAB,  ^oton  'cotton'. 

couch  vb.  ME.  couc/ie:  adapt. 
fr.  FR.  couchcr  (earlier  colcher 
=  IT.  colcare)   fr.  lat.  collocare. 


couch-grass  sb. ;  see  quitch- 
grass. 

cough  :\IE.  coughe  (oe.  cohhettati) 
==  DU.  kugchen,  mhg.  kuchen. 

council  adapt,  fr.  fr.  candle 
'a  council,  an  assembly,  session' 
from  lat.  concilium  'an  assembly 
called  together'.  —  counsel 
ME.  conseil  counseil:  loanword  fr. 
FR.  conseil  (lat.  consilium  'deli- 
beration'). 

count  sb.  (:me.  "^cotmte  is  not 
recorded,  but  inferred  fr.  ME. 
countesse  e.  countess)  loanword  fr. 
FR.  comte  'a  count,  an  earl'. 
Source  lat.  comitem  {comes)  *a 
companion,   a  count'. 

count  vb.  ME.  counte:  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  co7iter  (source  lat.  co77i- 
putare    compute,  reckon). 

countenance  me.  countcjiaunce : 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  contenauce  'be- 
havior, carriage'  (lat.  coiitinentia 
'abstinence'). 

counter  'contrary'  fr.  fr.  co?itre 
=  LAT.   contra  'against'. 

counterfeit  me.  coimtei-feit : 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  contrefait,  part, 
of  contr ef aire  'imitate'. 

counterpane  'a  coverlet  for  a 
bed'  earlier  coimterpoiftt'.  loan- 
word fr.  OFR.  contrepoinct  'the 
quilting  stitch';  prop,  connected 
with  OYK. contr epoittcter  'quilt';  con- 
tr epoiiicti^  a  corruption  oi  contre- 
poinct coutepoint  'a  counterpane' 
(source  lat.  culcita  puncta  'a 
stitched  quilt'). 

country  me.  cuntre  co7itre\ 
loanword  fr.  fr.  contrh  (=  it. 
contr  add).       Source     med.  -  lat. 


county  —  crab 


49 


contrata  derived  fr.  lat.  contra 
(Cp.  G.  g  eg  end  from  gegeti). 

county  ME.  counte:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  cont^  'county'  (deriv.  of 
FR.  comte  =  count  sb.). 

couple  :me.  couple:  adapt,  fr. 
FR.  couple  (=  LAT.  copula)  'a 
bond,  band'. 

courage  me.  cor  age:  adapt,  fr. 
FR.  courage  (lat.  type  cor  a  ti cum). 

court  ME.  curt:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  curt  cort  (source  lat.  cortis 
'a  court-yard,  palace').  —  Hence 
courteous  transformed  fr.  me. 
curteis  ^=  ofr.  corteis  fr.  couriois. 

cousin  ME.  cosin  cousin:  adapt. 
fr.  FR.  cousin  (med.-lat.  cosinus 
for  LAT.   consobrinus   'a  cousin). 

cove  ME.  cove  o^.cofa  'a  chamber, 
cave'  =  ON.  koji  'hut',  goth. 
^ktLban-  is  wanting. 

covenant  ^iY.,convenant  covenant: 
loanword  fr.  FR.  convenant  cove- 
nant \>res,.  part,  of conve nir' agree  . 

cover  vb.  me.  cover e:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  covrir  cueuvrtr  fr.  couvrir. 
Source  lat.  cooperire  'cover. 

covet  vb.  AiE.  cuveite:  adapt, 
fr.  OFR.  cuveiter  covoitcr  =  fr. 
convoiter  (Lat.  type  "^cupiditare 
desire'). 

covey  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  cov^e 
^=  FR.  couvde  *a  covey  of  par- 
tridges', prop.  part,  of  fr.  couver 
'hatch'  (source  lat.  cubare  lie 
down'). 

cow  sb.  me.  cil  (plur.  kie  kye) 
OE.    cu    (plur.    cy)    =    ON.    kyr, 

DU.    koe,  MLG.    ko^    OHG.  MHG.   kuo 

G.    kuh:    TEUT.    base    ko-    *cow' 

English  Etymology. 


from  an  Aryan  stem  ghv-  (go-) 
in  SKR.  gdus  (ace.  gd?n) ,  gr. 
^ovg  (stem  /?o/),  lat.  bos. 

cow  vb.  (me.  ^couzae  earlier 
'^ciigen  are  unrecorded):  loan- 
word fr.  SCAND.  kuga  'cow,  tyran- 
nize over'  =  DAN.  kue  'cow',  sw. 
kufva  'check,  curb'. 

coward  me.  couard  coivard: 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  couard  coart 
coard  =  it.  codardo  (formed 
with  suffix  -ard  and  ofr.  coe  fr. 
queue  =  LAT.  cauda  'tail'). 

cower  vb.  me.  coure:  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  kura  (sw.  kura ,  dan. 
kure)  'lie  quiet,  rest'. 

co^vll  'a  monk's  hood,  a  cap, 
hood'  ME.  couel  earlier  cuwel 
OE.  cugle  'a  cowl'  (=  mhg.  kugel) : 
loanword  fr.  lat.  cucullus  'hood . 

cowl2  "a  vessel  carried  on  a 
pole':  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  cuvel 
=  fr.  cuveau,  prop,  'a  little 
tub'  (source  lat.  cupa  *a  vat, 
butt'). 

cowslip  OE.  cuslyppe  cusloppe. 

coxcomb  corrupted  fr.  cock's 
conib  'cock's  crest'.  Cp.  cock 
and  comb. 

coxswain,  cockswain  'steersman 
of  a  boat'  from  cock  'a  boat' 
and  S7vain  'the  person  in  com- 
mand of  the  boat'. 

coy:  adapted  fr.  OYK.coi  (coit). 
Source  lat.  qtiietus  'quiet,   still'. 

cozen  vb.  'flatter,  beguile': 
adapt.  fr.FR.  cousiner  'call  cousin, 
sponge' fr.  fr. cousin.  Cp.  cous in. 

crab  1  ME.  crabbe  oe.-  crabba 
=  on.  krabbi^  sw.  krabba^  dan. 

S  OF  THK  ' 

UNIVERSITY 


50 


krabbe,  DU.  krab,  mlg.  krabbe 
(whence  G.  krabbe) :  akin  to 
OHG.  kr'eba-^  ^=-  G.  krebs  fr.  crabe 
fr.  TEUT.  —  Ident.  w.  crab^  'a 
kind  of  apple'  me.  crab  be]  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  sw.  krabb- 
dple.  — -  crabbed  'peevish,  cramp- 
ed'; perh.   fr.    crab^. 

crack  vb.  me.  crake  krake  oe. 
cracian  =  du.  kraken^  ohg.  kra- 
chon  chrahhon  G.  krachen  :  teut. 
\(^ krak  fr.  pre-TEUT.  grg\  cp. 
SKR.  grg  'rustle,   crackle'. 

cracknel  formerly  crakenel  cor- 
rupted fr.  FR.  craquelin  'a  crack- 
nel'. 

cradle  me.  era  del  oe.  era  do  I: 
a  Celt,  loanword,  cp.  IR.  craidhal, 
GAEL,  creathairdi  cradle,  a  grate'; 
cp.  crate. 

craft  me.  craft  oe.  <;r^y?  :=  OSAX. 
craft,'  DU.  krachty  g.  -^r <:?//,  on. 
kraptr.  —  crafty  me.  crafti  oe. 
crcefti-^  =  ohg.  chreftig  G.  krliftig, 

crag  ME.  ^r^^:  borrowed  fr.  w. 
craig,  GAEL,  creag, 

crake  'a  bird'  so  named  fr.  its 
cry;  cp.  ME.  crake  'cry  out'  under 
crack. 

cram  vb.  me.  cra?mne  oe.  crant- 
mian  =  on.  krefnja,  sw.  krama, 
DU.  kramme  'squeeze'. 

cramp  inie.  crampe  oe.  '^crg7?ip 
(inferred  fr.  crgmpeht  'full  of 
wrinkles')  =  du.  lg.  kraffip,  G. 
kravipf'.  a  common  west- teut. 
term  for   'spasm,    cramp*. 

crane  me.  crane  oe.  cran  = 
OLG.  krano,  DU.  kraan,  mhg. 
krane ;  with  formative  guttural  oe. 


corfiuc,  OHG.  chranuh  chranihQi)  g. 
kra7iich\  cp.  the  cogn.  gr.  ysoavoc, 
CYMK.  gar  an;  oslov.  zeravi,  lith. 
gerwe.  lat.  ^rz^^  (gen.  gru-is) 
agrees  with  ohg.   chreia  'crane'. 

crank  sb.  me.  cranke.  teut. 
base  /^r^/Zi^ 'twist'  allied  to  cramp. 

cranny  me.  crdny\  formed  by 
adding  e.  -y  to  YK.cran  'a notch'. 

crape  borrowed  fr.  fr.  crepe 
(OFR.   crespe  =  lat.   crispus). 

crash  vb.  a  var.  of  craze  and 
crack',  a  Scand.  loanword;  cp. 
sw.  krasa,  dan.  krase  'crackle'. 
Cp.  crack. 

cratch  M&.cracche  crecche'.  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  creche  (fr.  creche) 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin;  cp. 
OSAX.  kribbia  'crib'    under  crib. 

crate  borrowed  fr.  lat.  crates 
'a  hurdle'. 

cravat  (==  g.  kravatte)  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  cravate  (from  Cra- 
vates  'a  Croation'). 

crave  vb.  me.  crave  oe.  crafian 
=  ON.  krefja  'crave,  demand', 
SW.  kriifva  'demand',  dan.  krave 
'crave,  exact'.  Perh.  the  e.  word 
is  borrowed  from  Scand. 

craven  me.  cravant  'beaten, 
overcome'  shortened  fr.  ofr. 
cravant^  'oppressed*,  partic.  of 
cravanter  (source  a  lat.  type 
"^crepantare  'crack,  break). 

craw  (by-form  crag  'neck, 
crop')  me.  crawe  oe.  '^craga] 
GOTH.  *kraga  is  wanting. 

cream  me.  crcme  from  fr.  creme 
(ofr.  cresme,  lat.  cremoj-). 


creed 


51 


creed  sb.  me.  crede  oe.  creda: 
loanword  fr.  lat.  credo  'I  believe' 
(»credo  in  deum  patrem«  etc.)  ; 
cp.  the  origin  of  dirge. 

creek  :me.  creke  crike  (oe.  '^creoca 
'^cricd)\  perh.  a  Scand.  loanword 
from  ox.   krike  'crack,  nook'. 

creep  vb.  me.  crepe  oe.  creopan 
str.  vb. ;  cp.  DU.  kniipeUy^  LG. 
kriipefi,  ON.  krjupa.  Akin  to  G. 
kriechen  ohg.  kriohhan :  teut. 
\f  krup  kruq.     Cp.  cripple. 

cress  ME.  cresse  earlier  kerse 
oe.  ccrse  ccerse',  ident.  with  g. 
kresse  ohg.  kressa^  du.  kers  and 
¥K.cresson,  it.  crescione.  Phono- 
logy, history  and  origin  quite 
obscure ;  common  base  a  lat. 
type  '^crexo(nem)  ? 

crest  me.  creste  from  ofr.  creste 
FR.  Crete  (lat.  cristci). 

crib  ME.  crihbe  oe.  cribb  crybb 
=  osax.  kribbia,  DU.  krib,  G. 
krippe  OHG.  krippa'.  teut.  base 
ir/^/'^  (krubjo)  akin  to  ohg.  kr'eba. 
Cp.  cratch. 

crimson  me.  crimosin  from  ofr. 
cra7noisin  =  fr.  cramoisi. 

cringe  vb.  me.  crcnge  oe.  ^r(?/2- 
/^;^:  teut.  base  i^r^^^y^//,  deriv. 
from  OE.  cringafi  'sink,  fall  in 
battle',  cogn.  w.  g.  krank  'sick'. 

cripple  ME.  cripel  oe.  crypel  = 
DU.  >^r^?^^/ 'cripple';  prop,  'a  man 
who  creeps';  teut.  base  krupila-y 
deriv.   fr.  \f  krUp  in  creep. 

crisp  :me.  oe.  crisp  =  ohg. 
krisp :  an  early  loanword  fr.  lat. 
crispus  'curled'. 

croak  vb.  me.  crgke  oe.  *crdcian 
(inferred     from     OE.     crcecetung 


'croaking):  teut.  base  krekbn 
krdkdn]   akin  to   crack} 

crock  me.  crocke  oe.  crocca\ 
borrowed  fr.  OIR.  croccan-^  perh. 
cogn.  with  G.  krug  ohg.  kruog, 
LG.  krtike,  OE.  crph  crog. 

croft  ME.  OE.  croft  'small  field' 
=  ODU.  krochte  high  and  dry 
land'  DU.  kroft  'hillock'. 

crook  sb.  me.  crgk  oe.  '^crgc 
=  ON.  krokr  krdkr  'hook,  ODU. 
croeCy  DAN.  krog  'hook'.  Akin  to 
OHG.  krako  'hook'  (as  e.  hook 
is  to  G.  ha  ken). 

crop  ME.  cropp  oe.   cropp. 

crosier  me.  croser  croiser.. 

cross  ME.  cross  (whence  scand. 
krossy  sw.-DAN.  kors^'.  borrowed 
from  oiR.  cross  (cymr.  croes).^ 
Source  lat.  cri1.x  whence  also 
FR.  croix  (:siE.crois  from  ofr.  crois) ; 
OIR.  croch  and  ohg.  osax.  krihi 
G.  kreuz  i)oint  to  the  infl.  lat. 
criicem. 

cro"W  vb.  ME.  crihve  oe.  craw  an 
=  DU.  kraaieny  G.  kriihcn  ohg. 
krdcn :  teut.  base  a  str.  vb. 
kr^Jan,  but  orig.  not  restricted 
to  the  cock's  crowing  as  shown 
by  the  sb.  crow  me.  crpwc  oe. 
crd7C>e    =    g.   krdhe    ohg.   krdia. 

crowd  vb.  me.  croiide  oe. 
crddan  str.  vb.  'crowd,  press'  = 
ODU.  crtldcft  'push,  thrust'  (du. 
kruiefi),  mlg.  kruden  kroden  vb. 
'molest':  teut.  \f  kriid. 

crown  ME.   crune  (whence  ok. 

kruna,  cp.  odu.  criine   DU.  kruiti) 

earlier    by-form    coroune  conme: 

borrowed    during    the    reign    of 

4* 


52 


cruel  —  curb 


William  the  Conqueror  fr.  ofr. 
corone  =  fr.  couronne  'crown'. 
Source  lat.  corona  'crown', 
whence  also  oe.  corenbeag  'crown' 
and  OHG.  korona  G.  krone. 

cruel  ME.  crilel  {creivcf)  fr.  fr. 
cruel  =  LAT.  crudelis  'severe'  in 
a  vulgar  form  crudalis, 

crumb  =  me.  crombe  short  for 
croume  oe.  crtlma  (cp.  ihu?nb 
OE.  piimci)  =  DU.  kruim  ODU. 
crime,  lg.  g.  krume  (osax.  ^^kriinid). 
The  m  is  derivative;  cp.  the 
TEUT.  y"  kru  in  g.  krauen  ohg. 
krouwbn  vb.  'scratch'. 

cruse  :\IE.  crouse  oe.  cruse  (cp. 
E.  roovi  oe.  rz/w)  =  odu.  knnSy 
MHG.  ^r/zi-*?  G.  krause\  akin  to 
ODU.  DU.  /v't;^.?,    ME.  crps. 

crust  ME.  ^r«i/^  fr.  ofr.  crusie 
FR.  ^r^z//^  =r  LAT.  crusia  'crust 
of  bread'. 

crutch  ME.  crucche  oe.  crycc  = 
DU.  /^r/z^,  OHG.  cruccha  G.  krilcke 
'crutch':  TEUT.  base  krukjd-\ 
ident.  w.  it.  ^rr^^a^r  .'.crutch',  fr. 
crosse  y  which  rest  on  a  lat. 
criicea ,  deriv.  of  crux  crucis 
'cross'.  Therefore  crutch  krukja 
crucea  meant  originally  'stick 
having  a  cross'. 

cry  vb.  me.  crie:  adapted  fr. 
FR.   crier  'cry'. 

cuckold  ME.  cukewold'.  trans- 
formation of  FR.  coucou  'cuckoo', 
whence  also  e.  cuckoo  me. 
cuckou, 

cudgel  OE.  cycgel'.  dimin.  of 
a  lost  primitive  oe.  "^cycg'.  base 
kugja-  ? 


cufF  sb.  ME.  cuffe  coffe  'sleeve'; 
perh.  ident.  w.  late  OE.  cuffie 
'coif  under  coif, 

cull  vb.  ME.  culle  {cole  coille) 
vb.  'gather,  select'  fr.  ofr.  coillir 
=  FR.  ciieillir  'collect'  (source 
LAT.  colligere). 

culver  ME.  culver  (colver)  oe. 
culfre  culufre  'dove' ;  not  found 
in  the  other  teut.  languages, 
prob.  of  LAT.  origin :  lat.  columba 
'dove'  in  a  vulgar  form  ^colubra  ? 

cumber  vb.  me.  cumbre  vb. 
'annoy'  fr.  ofr.  combrer,  whence 
also  G.  kummer  mhg.  kumber ;  the 
base  MED.-LAT.  cotnbrus  'rubbish, 
bank  of  earth,  ruins'  rests  on  a 
GALL.-LAT.  co7nbero-  'that  whicli 
is  carried  together'. 

cummin  :me.  comin  late  oe. 
cumi7i  (=  DU.  komijn)  fr.  OFR. 
comin  =-  fr.  cumin.  Source 
LAT.  cuminum,  whence  also  a 
TEUT.  kitmin  in  oe.  cymen,  ohg. 
kumm  kumil  G.  kum?nel. 

cunning  me.  cunninge:  deriv. 
of  oe.  cunnan  =  kfiow. 

cup  me.  oe.  cuppe  'cup'  =  mhg. 
kopf,  ODU.  kop  'beaker,  cup': 
loanword  fr.  lat.  cuppa  (ctipa), 
whence  also  OE.  iviE.  cop  (copp) 
'summit,    head',    G.  kopf  'head'. 

cur  ]\IE.  curre  corre  =  odu. 
korre  'watch-dog',  swed.  (dial.) 
kurra  'a  dog';  cp.  lg.  g.  (dial.) 
kurren  vb.  growl'.  Therefore  cur 
prop,  'a  growler'? 

curate  see  cure. 

curb  vb.  ME.  curbe  'to  bend' 
fr.  FR.  courber  'bend'. 


curd 


dagger 


53 


curd  vb.  w.  metathesis  fr.  me. 
crudde  vb.:  a  celt,  loanword, 
deriv.  fr.  jr.  gruth  'curds'?  or 
cogn.  with  crowd}  cp.  lat.  coagn- 
hwi  fr.  cogere'} 

cure  ME.  cure  fr.  fr.  cure  = 
LAT.  cur  a,  —  curate  ]me.  ciirdt 
=  MED. -LAT.  curdtus  (in  FR. 
pronunciation;  cp.  curious  me. 
curious  fr.  LAT.  curiosus}). 

curfew  ME.  curfeu  (curfeni)  fr. 
OFR.  covrefeu-  (cp.  poor  fr.  ofr. 
povre):  prop,  the  sign  for  put- 
ting out  fires. 

curious  see  cure. 

curl  yb.  deriv.  fr.  me.  crul  (II) 
adj.  'curly'  =  du.  krul\  west- 
TEUT.  krull-  for  kruzl-  krusl-  h 
cogn.  with  ODU.  kruis ,  G.  kraus 
MHG.  kriis  'curly'  (aso  ME.  crous 
'curly'). 

curlew  ME.  curlew  {corlew) 
fr.  OFR.  cor  lieu  =  fr.  c  our  lieu 
*a  bird's  name'  ('scolopax  ar- 
quata'),  composed  of  ofr.  corre 
'to  leap'  and  lieu  'lightly'. 

curry  vb.  me.  curr^e  curraie 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  coiireier)  lat.  type 
con-reddre} 

curse  vb.  me.  curse  oe.  ctlrsian 
'to  curse';  cogn.  with  oiR.  cursa- 
chaim  'I  curse'.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 


curtain  sb.  me.  cur  tin  cor  tin  fr. 
OFR.  cor  tine  =  lat.  (also  it. 
SPAN.)   cortiua  'curtain'. 

curve  adj.  fr.  lat.  curvus 
'crooked'. 

cushion  me.  cusshin  {cussheii  — 
cusshoii)  cussin  quissin  (quisshoi) 
fr.  OFR.  coissin  =  fr.  cotissin 
'cushion';  cp.  span,  coxin ,  it. 
cuscino  and  ident.  w.  du.  kusscn 
ODU.  cussin,  G.  kiissen  kissen  ohg. 
kussin  'cushion'.  Source  a  med.- 
LAT.  coximwi  prop,  deriv.  of  lat. 
coxa  hip,  haunch'  =  fr.  cuisse 
'thigh',  whence  e.  (Shakesp.) 
cuisse  'piece  of  armor  for  the 
thighs'. 

custom  ME.  custoine  earlier  form 
(c.  iioo)  custiime  fr.  ofr.  custuj?ie 
(fr.  coutume^  =  it.  prov.  costunia : 
source  a  lat.  type  "^consuetihncn. 
instead  of  lat.  constietiido, 

cut  vb.  ME.  cutte  (by-form  with 
umlaut  kitte)  :  a  me.  vb.  of  celt. 
origin;  cp.  CYMR.  cwtan  vb. 
'shorten'   —  C7vta  adj.  'short'. 

cutlas  fr.  FR.  coutelas  =  it. 
coltellaccio  prop,  'a  large  knife' : 
ROM.  deriv.  of  lat.  culter  'knife'. 
Cp.  FR.  couteau  =  ofr.  c  out  el 
'knife'  fr.  lat.  culiellus.  Hence 
fr.  coutelier  -=-  me.  cuteler  e. 
cutler  'maker  of  knives'. 


D 


dace     from    me.    darce    darse :  |  called  from  its   swiftness).    See 
from  ofr.  dars,  nom.  also  spelled  ;  dart. 
dart   'a   dart',    also    *a   fish'    (so  j    dagger  me.  dagger  =  on.  dag- 


54 


dainty   —  dandelion 


gardr,  du.  daggert'.  of  Celt,  origin, 
borrowed  from  w.  dagr  =  ir. 
daigear\  bret.  dag  =  GAEL,  daga  : 
all  synon. 

dainty  me.  deintr.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deinte  'dignity,  im- 
portance, value'  (the  me.  by- 
form  dainUth  is  an  anglo-norman 
deinted  'pleasure').  Source  lat. 
dignitatem  {liainty  and  dig?iity  are 
doublets). 

dairy  me.  deierie  'room  for  a 
milk-woman';  ME. ^/d"/*? 'milk-woman' 
(hence  day -worn  an  'dairy-wo- 
man' Shakesp.)  is  borrowed  from 
ON.  deigja  'milk- wo  man'  (sw.deja), 
which  is  supposed  to  be  a  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  daiga-  (under  dough) 
and  to  mean  prop,  'the  bread- 
maker,  kneader  of  dough'.  Cp. 
dj)ugh  and  lady. 

dais  ME.  deis\  borrowed  from 
OFR.  dcis  later  dais  'a  high  table 
in  a  hair  =  fr.  dais  'a  canopy' 
(base  MED. -LAT.  discus  'a  table' 
=  LAT.  discus  'plate,  platter'  see 
under  dish). 

daisy  me.^  daies-ie  daies-eie  oe. 
dcEges-eage:  prop,  'the  eye  of  the 
day';   cp.  day  and  eye. 

dale  ME.  dcile  oe.  dcel  plur.  dalu 
(me.  e.  e  in  dale  is  derived  from 
the  oe.  plur.  dalu  or  from  the  sing, 
infl.  dceles^dcele).  The  teut.  base 
dxla-  cp.  also  in  the  synon.  goth. 
dals^  ON.  dairy  OSAX.  dal,  ohg. 
MHG.   tal  (mod.  that). 

dally  vb.  me.  dalye  points  to 
GOTH,  '^dalon  oe.  "^dalian  (=  G. 
dahleti).      The    ending   j>^    is    a 


southern  continuation  of  the  oe. 
infinit.  in  -ian  (r=  ohg.  "^'taldiil). 

dam  me.  dam{7ne)  oe.  *dam{fnm) 
=  G.  damm,  du.  dam,  on.  dam7tir 
(goth.  fatirdam7njan  =  oe.  for- 
de7}i7?ian  'dam  up). 

damage  ME.  ^^^?w^^<?:  borrowed 
from  OFR.  da7nage  do77iage  fr. 
dof7i77iage  'harm' (it.  da7t7tajo),  lat. 
type  da?7i7taticu77t  harm'  (lat.  da7n- 
nutn  'loss,  injury'  under  da7?i7i). 

dame  ism.dd7ne\  borrowed  from 
FR.  dame,  whence  also  G.  du. 
da7ne.  Source  lat.  do7nina  'lady' 
{=  IT.  do7ind)\  cp.  da7>isel. 

damn  vb.  me.  dam{p)7ie :  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  dafrmer  da7)ipner 
FR.  da7n7ter  (=  span,  datiar,  it. 
dannare)  =  lat.  dam7ta7^e  'con- 
demn, fine'  (lat.  da7n7iu7n  'injury, 
loss). 

damp  me.  '^da7)ip  =  du.  lg. 
da7/ij>  'vapor',  g.  damp/  'vapor, 
steam'. 

damsel  me.  da7nesek.  da77iiscle'. 
borrowed  from  OFK.^da7/iisele 
dameisele  =  fr.  depioiselle.  The 
source  is  med.-lat.  do77iicella  'a 
young  lady',  lat.  type  do}}i{i)ni- 
cella,  dimin.   of  do77iina   'a  lady'. 

dance  vb.  me  daunce  datmse: 
borrowed  from  fr.  danser,  whence 
also  DU.  dansetiy  G.  tanzen,  dan. 
daTtdse,  sw.  daTtsa.  The  ofr.  dansei' 
is  traced  to  an  ohg.  daiisoti 
'draw,  trail'. 

dandelion :  borrowed  from  fr. 
dent  de  lion  (=  span,  diente  de  Icon, 
IT.  dente  di  leone):  prop,  'lion's 
tooth',  so  called  from  the  jagged 


danger  —  day 


55 


leaves    of   the    plant    (g.    lowen- 
zahri) . 

danger  me.  daunger'.   borrowed 
from  FR.  danger  'danger.  Source  | 
a  LAT.  type  "^dotniniarium  'power' 
from  LAT.  dominium  'sovereignty'. 

dank  'damp' me.  ^.s'^^:  borrow- 
ed from  the  Scand.  ?  cp.  sw. 
dial.  da7ik.  'a  marshy  piece  of 
ground'  ^  icel.  dgkk  for  "^danku 
'pit,  pool'. 

dapper  me.  daper  'pretty,  neat'; 
cp.  ON.  dapr  'sad,    dreary',    DU. 
dapper    'brave' ,     ohg.    Uipfar  G. ' 
tapfer  'valiant,  brave'.  ! 

dapple  'a  spot,  dot'  a  dap- 
pled horse'  me.  in  dappel-gray. 
peril.  Scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  depill  'a  spot,  dot'  {ciapi  'a 
pool'). 

dare  me.  dar  oe.  dear  1  dare' 
=  GOTH,  darsy  ohg.  tar.  The 
teut.  y/^dars  darz  is  akin  to  gr. 
x)ga6HV  'be  bold'  —  dgaovg 
'bold'  and  skr.  dhrs  'dare': 
Aryan  \f  dhers. 

dark  ivie.  derk  oe.  dcorc\  perh. 
akin  to  oiR.  dcrg  'red' :  common 
base  dhcrgO'  (cp.  also  oir.  dorche 
'dark'?). 

darling  me.  dcrling  shortened 
from  OE.  dear  ling  *a  favorite': 
deriv.   of  dear  =  oe.  deore. 

dart  me.  dart  from  ofr.  dart 
FR.  dard  (=  span.  rr.  dar  do)', 
of  teut.  origin:  oe.  darod,  on. 
darradr  also  shorter  darr. 

dash  vb.  me.  dasshe]  corre- 
sponding to  DAN.  daske  (=  sw. 
daskd)  'slap,  strike'.  Scand. 
origin  of  the  E.  word  (oe.  ^'das- 


cian  '^daxiari)  is  improbable, 
e.  sh  pointing  to  a  hereditary 
word. 

date^  'an  epoch,  given  point 
of  time'  me.  date  from  the  synon. 
FR.  date  (med.-lat.  datiLvi,  whence 
G.  datii??i). 

date^  'fruit  of  the  palm'  me, 
date:  borrowed  from  ofr.  date 
=  FR.  datte:  source  lat.-gr. 
dactyliiSy  whence  also  G.  dattel, 
DU.  dadel. 

daub  vb.  me.  daube'.  borrowed 
from  OFR.  dauber  'whiten'  from 
"^dalber  =  lat.  dealbare  'whiten, 
plaster'   (lat.  albus  'white'). 

daughter  me.  daughter  o^.dohtor 
=  DU.  dochter,  OSAX.  dohtar,  ohg. 
:mhg.  tohter  g.  tochter,  on.  dottir, 
GOTH,  datihtar:  ident.  with  the 
synon.  lith.  duktly  oslov.  dusti: 
ATysmhase  dAukter;  an  Aryan  base 
dhugater  appears  in  gr.  dvya- 
Trjg,  SKR.  duhitdry  avesT.  duydar 
'daughter',  skr.  ^«>fe'/rt'r 'daughter' 
is  traced  to  the  skr.  \f  duh 
'milk'  and  is  interpreted  as  'the 
milk   maid'. 

daunt  vb.  me.  datrnte:  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  donter  fr.  dompter 
=  IT.  domitare'subdue,  tame' :  the 
source  is  lat.  domitare  (frequent, 
of  domare). 

day  ME.  day  dai  oe.  da^^  ==^ 
GOTH,  dags,  OHG.  MHG.  tae(g)  6. 
tag,  DU.  OSAX.  dag,  on.  dagr; 
by-forms  oe.  dogor,  on.  dcegr  (fr. 
dogaz  dbgiz) :  all  connected  with 
the  skr.  \[^dah  (for  Aryan  dhegh: 
dhogJi)  'burn'.  This  root  appears 
also     in    lith.    degti    'burn'    — 


56 


dawn 


dear 


dagas  daga  'harvest',  pruss.  dagas 
'summer',  skr.  niddgha-  'heat, 
summer'  (also  skr.  dhar  'day'?). 
The  base  dhogho-s  common  to 
our  day  and  to  lith.  dagas  signi- 
fied 'the  time  of  the  burning  of 
the  sun,  the  hot  part  of  the 
day  or  year. 

dawn  vb.  late  me.  daime  earlier 
dawe  OE.  dagian  -=  on.  daga, 
OHG.  tagen  G.  tagcn  become  day'; 
cp.  E.  dawning  me.  dawinge: 
deriv.  of  teut.  daga-  under  day.  | 

daze  vb.  me.  dase  'stupefy' 
from  ON.  "^dasa,  refl.  dasask  (^sk 
represents  the  refl.  'oneself') 
'daze  oneself  =  dan.  dase,  sw. 
dasa  'lie  idle'.  From  daze  is 
deriv.  the  dimin.  dazzle  vb. 
'overpower  with  light'. 

deacon  me.  dcken  from  oe. 
'^deacon  for  diacon  (=•  DU.  dekeUy  G. 
diakon,  on.  djdk?i,  ofr.  diacne 
FR.  diacre,  span.  it.  diacond) : 
source  lat,  diaconus  (gr.  J/a'xo- 
voq)    a  servant,   a  deacon'. 

dead  adj.  me.  ded  oe.  dead  = 

GOTH.    daupS,    OHG.     MHG.     tot     G. 

to{d)ty  ON.  daudr,  OSAX.  dod,  du. 
dood.  The  common  base  daii-da  is 
prop,  partic.  (dhau-to-)  belonging 
to  the  teut.  verbal  yfdau  dis- 
cussed under  die.  Cp.  death. 
deaf  me.  def  oe.  d^af  =  osax. 

dofy    DU.    doof,    OHG.  MHG.    t0Up{b) 

'hearing  or  feeling  nothing,  dull, 
foolish'  G.  tauby  goth.  daufs{b) 
'deaf,  O'^.daufr.  The  meanings 
of  OHG.  MHG.  toup{b)  bordering 
on  those  of  ohg.  mhg.  timtp  g. 
dumniy  connection  of  both  groups 


is  sure ;  prob.  akin  to  gr.  rv(fk6g 
'blind'.      Cp.  du7nb. 

deal  vb.  'divide,  distribute, 
negotiate  in'  me.  dele  oe.  ddlan 
=  osax.  deliaUj  du.  deelen,  lg. 
dilen,  G.  ieilen,  goth.  dailja7i :  de- 
nominatives of  daili-  (cp.  deal) 
like  OSLOV.  deliti  'divide'. 

deal!  sb. 'part,  portion,  indefinite 
quantity,  degree  or  extent,  bar- 
gain etc'  me.  d^l  OE.  ddl  {ddl) 
=  OSAX.  dS/,  DU.  dee/,  lg.  dee/, 
OHG.  MHG.  G.  /ei/,  GOTH,  dai/s 
m.  dai/a  f.  teut.  dai-/t(/a-)  seems 
to  point  to  an  aryan  \^d/ia/, 
proved  by  oSLOV.    de/ii  part. 

deal2  sb.  'a  board,  plank' 
borrowed  from  DU.  dee/ 'a  board, 
threshing  floor  =  MLG.  de/e 
'board  LG.  de/e  'a  board,  floor, 
a  room'.  The  corresponding 
OHG.  di7z  G.  die/c  'boarded  floor' 
corresponds  to  on.  pi/ja,  oe. 
p'e/  'board',  lith.  ////  'plank  in 
the  boat',  oslov.  tilo  'bottom', 
SKR.  ta/a-m  'surface'  are  cog- 
nate. 

dean  me.  d(n  (contr.  of  ^deic'ti) 
borrowed  from  ofr.  deien  = 
FR.  doye7z :  source  lat.  dccdnus 
'the  chief  of  ten  soldiers  or 
monks'  (=  it.  dccano ,  ohg. 
t'echdn  G.  dechani). 

dear^  me.  dere  oe.  //e-'^r^'beloved, 
precious,  of  great  value'  = 
OSAX.  diuri,  DU.  diei',  ohg.  tiuri 
'dear,  beloved,  esteemed,  costly' 
G.  ieuer. 

dear^  (in  Shakesp.)  'fierce, 
ferocious'  ^i¥...der  oe.  deor\s'Ad^ '. 


dearth   —   deep 


57 


different  from  dear^.  Ident.  with 
E.    deer,    G.   tie?-\  cp.  deer. 

dearth  me.  dcrihe  'scarcity, 
dearness'  (=  OSAX.  diurida,  ohg. 
iiurida,  on.  dyrd,  olg.  diiirthd) : 
deriv.  of  dear  ^  +  -//^  formative 
of  abstract  nouns. 

death  me.  de'f/i  oe.  dca/  = 
GOTH,  daupus,  OSAX.  doth,  ohg. 
iod  MHG.  tdt{d)  G.  tod,  DU.  dood, 
ON.  daudr :  a  verbal  abstr.  noun 
of  a  sfdatL  (cp.  ^//^)  with  the 
abstract  suffix  teut.  pit  ==  lat. 
SKR.  in-   (Aryan  base  dhau-tu-s). 

debate  vb.  me.  debate:  borrow- 
ed from  OFR.  debatrc  'fight, 
contend ,  debate  fr.  dibattre 
'contend ,  debate'  (=  span. 
debatir,  it.   dibattere), 

debt  sb.  earlier  det  ME.  dette'. 
from  OFR.  debte  dcttc  fr.  dette 
(it.  dettd)  =  lat.  debita  f.  sing., 
orig    neut.  plur.  of  lat.  debitiwi. 

debtor  me.  dettur  from  ofr. 
ddor  deteur  fr.  detteur  (ir. 
debitore)  =  lat.  debitorc7?i  ace. 
of  debitor  'debtor'. 

decay  vb.  from  ofr.  decaer 
(span,  decaer,  it.  decadere)  = 
lat.  type  "^decadere  (instead  of 
decidere)  'fall  away,  perish'. 

decease  sb.  me.  ^/<?^/^  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deces  fr.  dices  ^  lat. 
decessus  prop,  'departure'. 

deceit  me.  deceit',  borrowed 
from  OFR.  deceit  =  lat.  deceptus 
'deceit'  {decipere  'deceive  under 
deceive^. 

deceive  vb.  earlier  deceave  me. 
deceive :  borrowed  from  ofr.  de- 


cever  deceveir  fr.  dicaioir  =  lat. 
decipere  'entrap'.    Cp.  deceit. 

deck  vb.  borrowed  fr.DU.//^i^)^m 
'cover';  cp.  oe.  peccean  under 
thatch. 

declension  from  ofr.  decli- 
7iaison  (fr.  diclinaisoii)  beside 
FR.  dicliiiation,  E.  declination  from 
LAT.  declinatio7ieni. 

decrease  vb.  me.  decr(se  bor- 
rowed from  OFR.  decresser  decrestre 
decreistre  decroistre  FR.  dicroitre 
(lat.  discrete  ere)  =  LAT.  decres- 
ccre  'decrease'. 

decree  sb.  me.  decre  borrowed 
from  OFR.  decre  decret  fr.  decret 
(span.  it.  decretd)  =  lat.  decre- 
tum  'a  decree'. 

deed  me.  ded  dede  oe.  deddced  = 
OSAX.  dad,  DU.  daad,  ohg.  mhg; 
tat  G.  t{h)at,  ON.  dad,  goth.  in 
ga-deds  'deed',  teut.  base  de-di- 
from  dhe-ti-  from  the  TEUT.y"^*?  : 
do  from  Aryan  dhe  :  dho]  cp.  do. 

deem  vb.  me.  dane  oe.  deman 
(=  OSAX.  domian  in  a- ,  du. 
doemen,  Mlg.  domen,  ohg.  tuomen 
MHG.  tiievien,  on.  ddma,  goth. 
ga-ddfnjan  'judge,  deem') :  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  dd?na-  see  doo?n. 

deep  adj.  me.  ^/(?/>  oe.  //e"'*^  = 
OSAX.  diop,  DU.  ^//^/,  OHG.  tiof 
till/  MHG.  G.  tief ,  ON.  ^^i?^/>r, 
GOTH,  diups.  The  common  teut. 
adj.  deupa-  belongs  to  a  teut. 
Y"  dtip  whose  by-form  dub 
appears  in  oe.  dyfan  e.  dive 
and  in  e.  dub.  Cp.  cymr.  dwfn, 
OIR.  domun  fu-do7nain,  LITH.  ^/2<j/^ji" 
'deep,  hollow',  oslov.  diipli'hoX- 
low'  from  an  Aryan  V"^/^/V/ :  ^//^///. 


58 


deer 


derrick 


deer  me.  der  oe.  deor  'wild 
animal'  =  on.  dyi'  'wild  animal', 
OSAX.  dior,,  ohg.  tior  mhg.  g. 
tier  'animal'  ('stag,  roe'  in  the 
language  of  hunters).  teut. 
deuza-  is  prob.  an  adj.  used  as 
sb^  signifying  'wild  animal';  cp. 
OE.  deor  'bold,  wild'  (c}).  dear). 

defeat  vb.  me.  defe'le:  from 
OFR.  defeter  'annul  (ofr.  defait 
desfeit  part,  of  defaire  fr.  dd- 
faire\  ]\ied.-lat.  defacere  'annul, 
undo').     See  feat. 

defile  vb.  'make  unclean,  sully' 
a  fusion  of  me.  file  OE.  dfylan 
'defile'  and  me.  defotde  'defile': 
ME.  foule  (oE.  fiilian)  wk.  vb. 
'make  foul'  with  parallel  form 
file  (oE.  fylati)  has  taken  the 
LAT.-FR.  prefix  de-. 

defy  vb.  me.  defie\  from  fr. 
difier  (=-- med.-lat.  it.  disfidare 
diffidare  'renounce  faith,  repu- 
diate).     Cp.  faith. 

delay  vb.  me.  delaie  delay e: 
from  fr.  delayer  (=  med.-lat. 
IT.  dilatare). 

delight  sb.  (orig.  delite)  me. 
delite  delit'.  from  ofr.  delit.  With 
the  vb.  delight  me.  delite  from 
OFR.  deliter  (it.  delettare  dilettarc) 
==  LAT.  delectare  'please'. 

dell  ME.  delk  oe.  dell  a  dimin. 
derivative  of  teut.  dala-  (under 
dale),  pointing  to  a  goth.  ^dalja 
f.  and  corresponding  to  ohg. 
tellia  mhg.  telle  'ravine'  G.  (dial.) 
delle. 

deluge  sb.  me.  deliige:  from 
FR.  deluge  {=  SPAN.  it.  diluvio, 
LAT.  diluvium  'a  flood'). 


delve  vb.  me.  delve  oe.  d'clfan 
str.  vb.  ^=  i)u;  delven,  osAX.  M- 
d'elt)a?i,  OHG.  hi't'elban  'bury'.  The 
TEUT.\r^<?//;  (KxydLD-dhelbh  dhelpT) 
is  unknown  elsewhere. 

demijohn  from  the  synon.  fr. 
datne-jeanne  =  Arab.  da?»agau 
(orig.  the  town  Damghan  in 
northern  Persia,  once  famous 
for  its  glass- works). 

den  short  for  ihe.  dpie  oe.  denu 
dene   'valley';    akin  to   mdu.   dan 
'woods,   wilderness'  and   G.  tann 
j  'woods'? 

I  denizen  jnie.  deneseyn  de?iesei?i: 
'  source  anglo-fr.  ofr.  densein 
deinsein :  deriv.  of  ofr.  deiuz  (= 
FR.  dans)  'within'  and  suffix  -ein 
{=  LAT.  -anus);  cp.  eitizen. 
The  FR.  word  means  *a  trader 
within  the  privilege  of  the  city- 
franchise  as  opposed  to  foreign  . 

deny  vb.  me.  denie\  from  F'R. 
denier  (span,  denegar,  it.  dene- 
gar  e    =    LAT.    denegare    'deny'). 

depaint  vb.  me.  depeinte'.  from 
FR.  dipeindre.      Cp.  paint. 

depict  vb.  me.  only  in  part. 
depict  =  LAT.  depictus ,  whence 
also  OFR.  depicter  'depict'. 

deploy  vb.  from  fr.  dcployer 
(ofr.  despleyer  despleier,  whence 
E.  display).  Source  lat.  dis- 
plicare. 

depth  ME.  depthe:  an  abstract 
sb.  from  the  me.  adj.  dep]  DU. 
diepte ,  on.  dypt,  goth.  diupipa 
point  to  an  oe.  "^dypf ;  cp. 
deep. 

derrick  'a  kind  of  crane'  from 
DU.    Dierryk,    short    Dirk,    also 


descry  —  dike 


59 


Diederik  corresp.  to  G.  Dietrich^ 
OE.  piodric  'chief  of  the  people'. 
Orig.  derrick  signified  gallows' 
named  from  a  Dutch  hangman. 

descry  vb.  me.  descrie  discrye 
'discern'  from  ofr.  descrier  (des- 
crive  descrivre  fr.  dicrire)  'de- 
scribe'. 

desire  vb.  me.  desire  from  fr. 
dhirer  (it.  de sir  are  =  lat. 
desiderare  'long  for). 

desk  from  fr.  disque  (it.  desco 
'a  table'  =  med.-lat.  discus  'a 
table'  sec  under  dish). 

despair  vb.  m^e.  despeire  from 
OFR.  desperer  fr.  dhespirer  (^ 
LAT.  IT.    desperare)    'lose    hope'. 

despatch,  dispatch  vb.  (rom 
OFR.  despecher  '  (fr.  depec/ier) 
'discharge,   expedite'. 

despise  vb.  me.  despise  from 
OFR.  despiser  despicer  'despise' 
(lat.  despicere  look  down  upon, 
despise). 

despite  sb.  by  apheresis  spite 
ME.  despit  from  ofr.  despit  despeit 
FR.  dipit  (it.  dispetto  =  lat. 
despectus  'contempt'  see  despise). 
Despite  prep,  abbrev.  for  in 
despite  of. 

despoil  vb.  me.  despoile  from 
OFR.  dcsp oilier  (fr.  dipouiller,  it. 
despogliare,  span,  despojar  'de- 
spoil') :  source  lat.  despoliare 
'plunder,  rob'.     See  spoil. 

destiny  destenye  destinee'.  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  destinie  (it.  lat. 
destinatd). 

deuce  'a  two  at  cards  or  dice' 
early  mod.  also  dcwce  dius  = 
FR.  deux. 


devil  me.  devel  oe.  deofol  = 
OSAX.  diut)al,  du.  duivel,  ohg. 
tiuval  tioval  mhg.  tiuvel  (tievel) 
G.  tcufel\  GOTH,  diabaulus  points 
to  LAT.   (gr.)   diabolus. 

dew  ME.  dew  oe.  dcaw  = 
OSAX.  dau,  ohg.  mhg.  tou  (gen. 
touwes)  G.  tau,  du.  dauw^  on. 
dggg  (goth.  ^'^daggwa-  is  wanting). 
Perh.  cogn.  with  the  ^KK.\/^dhm' 
'to  flow'. 

die  sb.  (plur.  dice)]  the  sing,  is 
developed  from  the  plur.  dice. 
me.  dis  usually  des  'dice*  which  is 
borrowed  from  ofr.  dez  plur.  of 
det  'die'  fr.  d^  {=  span.  it. 
dado  'a  die')  from  lat.  datuvi 
'that  which  is  given  and  'that 
which  is  cast'.     Sec  date. 

die  vb.  me.  de-^e  die-  dye',  ge- 
nerally considered  as  a  scand. 
loanword  from  ON.  deyja  (=  osax. 
doian,  ohg.  mhg.  touiven  'die'). 
An  oe.  dyyin  dci^an  (from  daujaii) 
is  not  recorded  before  looo  after 
Chr. ,  hence  scand.  origin  is 
prob.  For  the  '^Y.\5T.\P dau  cp. 
deadf  death.  In  other  Aryan 
languages,  osi.o\.  daz^iti  'strangle' 
and  lith.  dovytl  'torment'  are 
compared  as  related  (indo-eur. 
\fdhew  dhow). 

diet  ME.  dtete  diite:  from  fr. 
diete  (span.  it.  ^zV/iZ=  lat.  dicctd). 

dig  vb.  ME.  digge  earlier  dikie 
OE.  dlcian  'dig':  derivative  of  OE. 
^/^7 'a  ditch'.  See  dike  BXid  ditch. 

dike  ME.  dik(e)  oe.  die  'a  ditch, 
channel,  dike,  wall'  =  mhg. 
tlch    G.    teich    'fishpond,     pond'. 


6o 


dill  —  dissever 


E.  dike  and  ditch  are  doub- 
lets. 

dill  'the  two-seeded  tare'  me. 
dille  OE.  dile  =-  du.  dille,  ohg. 
/////  MHG.  iille  G.  dill.  Of  obscure 
origin. 

dim  ME.  OE.  dim  {imii)  =  ofris. 
diviy  o^.diyiunr'.  perh.  by-form  of 
the  synon.  OSAX.  thirn  {mm).  A 
TEUT.  \f  pem  (whence  G.  ddm- 
merri)  corresponds  to  skr.  tamas 
'gloom',  LAT.  ienebrae  (for  temesrd) 
'darkness'.  For  the  initial  gram, 
change  from  th  —  ^/see  doughty. 
A  PRE -TEUT.  \'"  dhem  may  be 
found  in   oiR.  deme   'darkness'. 

dime  me.  dime  'tithe'  from  fr. 
dime    (=  LAT.  deci^na  'tenth'). 

dimple  me.  dimpel  =-  G.  ti'mipel 
OHG.  tumfilo  m.  'whirlpool':  deriv. 
with  nasalization  from  the  teut. 
\fdup  'be  depressed'  in  deep 
and  dip\  cp.  lith.  dtwibu  'be- 
come  hollow'. 

din  sb.  ME.  dine  oe.  dyne  {^=  on. 
dynt-)  *a  din'.  Cp.  oe.  dynnan 
^=  DU.  deunen,  oSAX.  dunnian, 
ON.  dynja  and  the  skr.  \f  dhvan 
dhim  'rush'. 

dine  vb.  me.  dine',  from  fr. 
diner  (=  it.  disinare)  'dine'.  See 
dinner. 

dinner  ME.  diner:  fromFR.  diner  \ 
ident.  with  dine:  the  infinitive 
is  used  as  sb.     See  dine. 

dint  ME.  dint  oe.  dynt  'a  blow' 
=  ON.  dyntr  dyttr  'a  dint,  stroke'. 

dip  vb.  ME.  dippe  oe.  dyppan) 
cp.  G.  taiifen  ohg.  iouffan  (from 
*toufja)i)  'baptize'  and  deep. 


dirge  me.  dirige  oe.  (i  i'''  cent.) 
dirige  watches'  (cp.  »dirige  for 
ford-farenum«  =  vigilia  pro  de- 
functis).  » dirige,  Dominus  mens; 
in  conspectu  tuo  vitam  meam« 
Psalm  5^  was  used  in  the  office 
for  the  dead  in  medieval  service. 

dirt  ME.  drit  'excrement'  fr.  oe. 
ydritan  str.  vb.  =  on.  drita^ 
DU.  drijten  'to  void  excrement : 
i:^\5T.\fdrit. 

dish  ME.  dish  disch  oe.  disc  'a 
dish,  plate'  =  osAX.  disk  'table', 
DU.  disch,  OHG.  tisc  G.  tisch  'table'. 
LAT.  discus,  the  source  of  teut. 
diskuz,  has  the  meaning  'dish 
only  post-class. '  (prop,  'disk')  ; 
cp.  also  IT.  dcico,  OFR.  dois  'table' 
(fr.  dais  'a  canopy,  dais'  see 
under  dais  and  desk). 

dismay  vb.  me.  dismaie  desmaie 
{liemaie  esmaie  'dishearten,  lose 
courage') :  from  ofr.  desmayer 
esmayer  (it.  smagare  from  dis- 
mag ar e  "^omi^  to  goth.  7nagan\ 
see  tnay). 

dispense  vb.  me.  dispense:  from 
OFR.  despenser  fr.  dispenser  (=  it. 
spensare  =  lat.  dispensare  'weigh 
out,   distribute'). 

display  vb.  me.  displeie:  from 
N^^.  despleier  =^  fr.  diployer 
'deploy'  (:=  iT.spiegare,  med.-lat. 
displicare  'unfold',  whence  also 
fr.  deploy er  =  e.  deploy). 

dispute  vb.  me.  dispute:  from 
FR.  disp liter  (^  LAT.  IT.  disputare). 

dissever  vb.  me.  disseverc  dese- 
vere:  from  ofr.  dessevrer  (it.  dis- 
c  ever  are  fr.  a  lat.  type  disseparare 
'sever'). 


distafY 


dole 


6i 


distaff  ME.  distaf  orig.  dis-staf] 
OE.  *dis-stcef  'staff  bedizened  with 
flax'  points  to  a  teut.  diso-  in 
MLG.  dhe  f.  'distaff,  the  bunch 
of  flax  on  the  distaff'.  Cp.  lat. 
fiisus  'spindle'  for  an  Aryan  | 
\l^ dhis  dhois  pointing  to  a  pre-  ! 
LAT.  dhoiso'. 

distinguish  vb.  me.  distingwe 
disti?tge\  borrowed  from  fr. 
distinguer  (lat.  distinguere). 

distrain  vb.  me.  distreine  q,o\w^€\., 
constrain':  borrowed  from  ofr. 
desb'aindi'e  (lat.  distringere  'pull 
asunder'). 

distress  me.  distresse  desiressc. 
from  OFR.  destrece  'distress'  = 
FR.  ditresse. 

disturb  vb.  me.  disturbe  desturbc. 
from  OFR.  destourbe7'  (span. 
disiurba/'y  it.  disturbare  =^  lat. 
disturbare  'disturb'). 

ditch  'a  dike'  me.  dicJie  oe.  dld\ 
equiv.  to  OSAX.  dik  'dam*,  whence 
G.  deich:  related  to  OR.  rsT/og 
'wall'  ? 

ditty  me.  dif(^;  borrowed  from 
OFR.  di^J  'a  story,  poem'  (lat. 
dictatuvi). 

dive  vb.  me.  dive  oe.  dyfan  = 
ON.  dyfa^  DU.  bedidven^  lg.  beditven : 
teut.  spdtib  (a  by- form  of  the 
TEUT.    sfdup)   under  deep, 

dizzy  adj.  me.  disy  oe.  dysi^ 
'foolish,  stupid'  =  ohg.  ^usig, 
MDU.  duysigh'.  \P  dus  {dhas). 
Another  form  of  the  \fdus 
appears  in  oe.  dwds  (=  mdu. 
dwaes  du.  dwaas)  'foolish'  and 
in  G.  tor  OHG.  toro  (teut.  base 
dauza-^ . 


do  vb.  me.  oe.  dan  =  du.  doe?iy 
OSAX.  dtian,  ohg.  mhg.  tuon 
G.  t/iun.  For  the  teut.  \fdd  :  de 
cp.  also  deed  and  the  suffix 
-do7n.  The  PRE-TEUT.\r^/z(5:  ^/z/ 
has  a  wide  ramification  within  the 
other  Aryan  languages ;  cp.the  GR. 
\/^d7] :  S^s  in  Ttd^tjui  'place,  put', 
SKR.  \fdha  {dadhami  and  dhami) 
'place,  put,  do'  {lihatr  'creator), 
OSLOV.  dcjq  (and  dezdii)  'do, 
make',  lat.  facio.  The  meaning 
'place,  put'  seems  to  be  the  ori- 
ginal one  and  the  teut.  meaning 
secondary. 

dock  sb.  origin  uncertain;  from 
the  e.  word  are  borrowed  G. 
dock,  DU.  doky  svv.  dockay  dan. 
dok(ke)y  FR.  dock. 

doe  me.  do  oe.  da]  cp.  dan. 
daa.  The  oe.  word  —  generally 
considered  a  loanword  from  lat. 
ddma  —  points  to  a  weak  stem 
dd?i  nom.  sing,  da  from  a  teut. 
base  dam,  which  is  evidently 
connected  with  ofr.  dain  m.  fr. 
daine  f.  Perh.  a  lat.  base  ^damis 
(assimilated  for  '^dmnus)  may  be 
assumed.  The  phonology  of 
the  Engl,  word  may  have  been 
affected  by  roe  oe.  rd, 

doff  vb.  ME.  doffcy  orig.  imper. 
dof  contr.  of  do  of  *put  off';  cp. 
don  contr.   of  do  on  'put  on'. 

dog  ME.  dogge  OE.  doggay  whence 

DU.  dogy    SW.    doggy    G.     doggCy    FR. 

dogue.  OE.  dogga  (recorded  about 
1050)   is  a  WEST-TEUT.  duggan-, 
dole  'portion,  share,  lot,  fortune' 
ME.  dpl(e)  OE.  ddl\   equiv.  w.  dea 
(oe.  dcsi). 


62 


dollar 


dove 


dollar  sb.  a  modern  loanword 
from  the  continent:  du.  daalder] 
the  source  is  G.  ihaler  which  is 
short  for  Joachimsthaler  'gulden 
from  Joachimsthal'  (Bohemia) 
where  the  coin  was  first  struck 
in    1519. 

-dom  ME.  -do7n  oe.  -dgjn  = 
OSAX.  -dom,  DU.  -dom,  ohg.  mho. 
-^uom  G.  -^iim:  an  abstract  noun 
suffix,  orig.  a  sb.  meaning  'juris- 
diction' preserved  in  doom  (and 
its  deriv.  dee?n). 

domain  (poet,  by-form  devia'ui) 
from  FR.  domaine  (lat.  dotrmimvi)^ 
whence  also  du.  domcin, 

don  see  doff. 

donkey  not  found  in  me.  oe., 
appar.  a  deriv.  of  diiti.  Suffix 
key  of  donkey  is  dimin.  as  in 
monkey.  The  orig.  meaning  of 
donkey  is  'the  little  gray  one' 
(Shakesp.  uses  dtm  'a  gray  horse). 

doom  sb.  'judgment,  sentence, 
decree,  law'  me.  oe.  dom  =^ 
OSAX.  dofn^  OHG.  tuoniy  ON.  domr^ 
GOTH,  doms  'judgment';  derived 
from  the  teut.  \f  do  in  do\  for 
the  w-suffix  cp.  SKR.  dhdvian 
'sacred  custom'    and  gr.   d^ef.ug* 

door  ME.  dpre  oe.  dor  =  osax. 
dor^  GJor,  goth.  dmir  'gate';  ident. 
with  oe.  duru  ■=  osax.  dura\  on. 
dyrr  plur.  corresponds  to  osax. 
diiri  plur.,  OHG.  turi  plur.  'door' 
G.tiir.  The  teut.  bases  ^^/(C'r^/-  and 
dur-  (cons,  stem)  cp.  also  in 
GOTH,  dmirons  'door'.  To  the 
Aryan  base  dhur  belong  also  lat. 
foresy  GR.  ^t'(3«,  lith.  diirys  and 
SKR.  diir  (for  dhui-)  'door,  gate'. 


dot  OE.  dott  'speck'  =  du.  fris. 
doi\  cp.  LG.  doit  doite  'the  yellow 
of  the  Q.^^  and  osax.  dodro,  du. 
dooier,  oe.  dydring,  ohg.  totoro 
tutar-ei  G.  dotter:  prim,  term  for 
'the  yellow  of  the  ^^Z\  ^he 
orig.  meaning  of  dydring  is  prob. 
'spot,  point  in  the   o^'^^' 

dote  vb.  xME.  dgte  dotie  =  odu. 
doien  'mope' ;  peirh.  akin  to  mhg. 
fuz(e)  'quiet'  —  /t2zen  'be  quiet' 
from  a  teut.    \f  ddt. 

double  adj.  me.  duble\  borrowed 
from  FR.  double  (it.  doppio  = 
LAT.  duplus)\  from  the  fr.  source 
also  G.  doppelty  DU.  dubbel. 

doubt  ME.  doufe:  borrowed  from 
FR.  dou^e  (it.  dotta  =  lat.  diibi- 
turn), 

dough  sb.  ME.  dough  oe.  ddh(g) 
=  DU.  LG.  deegy  OHG.  MHG.  teic(g) 
G.  teigy  ON.  deig  J  goth.  daigs 
'dough':  deriv.  from  a  teut.  dig 
'knead'  in  goth.  dcigan  'mould, 
form';  an  Aryan  \f  dhtgh  cp.  in 
SKR.  dih  'stroke,  smear',  lat. 
fngere  'shape,  form'  {fgura 
'form')  and  gr.  rsT/og  roT/og 
'wall'.      Cp.  /o^dy. 

doughty  adj.  me.  dou(g)hty  dohti 
OE.  dohtij^ ;  the  by-form  oe.  dyhtii 
corresponds  .to  mhg.  g.  tilchtig 
deriv.  from  ohg.  mhg.  tuht  an 
abstract  noun  of  the  verb  re- 
.presented  by  ohg.  tugan  =  oe. 
dugaji.  The  OE.  by-form /j'Mj  (cp. 
dim  =  OSAX.  thimni)  points  to 
a  primitive  teut.  \f  pug* 

dove  short  for  me.  douve  oe. 
dufe\  corresponding  to  goth. 
diiboy  OSAX.  dubciy  ohg.  tilba  G.  iaubc. 


down 


dream 


6.3 


The  ^K{jT.dubd?i-  'dove'  is  based 
on  a  pre-TEUT.  adj.  dhnbho-  'black' 
in  oiR.  dub  'black'. 

down  sb.  'soft  plumage':  a 
Scand.  loanword  of  the  me.  period 
(me.  do2i?i),  borrowed  from  ox. 
diinn  =  sw.  dnUy  dan.  diinny 
whence  also  G.  daime^  du.  dons, 

dow^n    prep,    and    adv.,    orig^ 
adowji  (cp.  back  for  aback) :  short- 
ened  for   ME.  adoiine   adoiui   OE.  | 
ofdune'.  OE.  dun^is    hill'  and  of-  | 
dune    'off   the  hill,    downwards'.  | 
A  TEUT.  dilna-  'hill'  (in  mod.  lg. 
ddl  is  'dale'  and  'down'),  oe.  diin 
survives   in   the   Kentish  iiowns\ 
cp.  DU.  dtiin,   Perh.  the  word  is 
a  Celt,  loanword,  cp.  IR.  diln  'a 
fortified  hill',  GAEL,  diin^  w.  din 
and  the   Celt,  place-names  such 
as  Tarodununiy  for  which  cp.  also 
towti, 

doze  vb.  prob.  borrowed  from 
ON.  dilsa  'doze'. 

dozen  me.  dozeine  dusain  =  fr. 
douzaine    (ofr.    dosaine),  whence 
also  G.  dutzend^  du.  dozijn.    The  i 
Fr.   word    is   deriv.    from    douze  \ 
(ofr.  doze  =  LAT.  duodecini). 

draff  me.  draf  oe.  drcpf\  cp. 
OHG.  "^trab  in  the  plur.  trcbir  G. 
triiber  'grains,  husks'  and  du. 
ON.  sw.  draf.  Cogn.  w.  i.\T.f races : 
KKY.\.^\fdhrak\  cp.  also  dregs. 

dragon  me.  dragon  drago{u)n\ 
from  fr.  dragon  'dragon,  stand- 
ard' =  IT.  dragone,  lat.  draco(n-) 
'dragon'.    See  drake. 

drain  vb.  me,  drcine  oe.  drcag- 
nian\  a  teut.  \fdratt^  appears 
in    NORTH -FRis.    druugJie   'sieve, 


strainer'  and  druicgin  vb.  'strain, 
sieve'  (nfris.  m  from  teut.  aii) 
and  in  ditmarsh  dorchdroven 
'drain',  hess.  draiien  'drain'. 

drake  ^  in  drakefy  oe.  draca 
'dragon';  cp.  synon.  ohg.  trahho 
G.  dracJie  =  oe.  draca  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  draco.    Cp.  dragon. 

drake-  'male  of  the  duck'  me. 
drake  oe.  ^draca  =  lg.  (dial.) 
drake  mlg.  anf-drake,  which  points 
to  identity  with  icel.  andriki^ 
GERiVL  enterich  ohg.  antr'ehJio  an- 
trahho  (orig.  '"^anut  ■\-  trahho). 
The  TEUT.  drakon-  occurs  only 
in  this  compound  and  in  the  sub- 
stituted simple  form  (the  Teut. 
word  for  'duck'  was  oe.  a^ned^ 
OHG.  anut  G.  ente). 

draw  vb.  me.  drawe  oe.  dragan 
=  ON.  draga]  perh.  ident.  with 
GOTH,  dragan  'bear,  carry',  OSAX. 
dragan y  du.  dragen^  ohg.  iragan 
G.  tragen  'carry,  bear'.  The  teut. 
sfdrag  'bear'  (aryan  dhragJi)  has 
been  compared  with  oslov.  drii- 
zati  'hold'. 

dream  'vision'  me.  drejn\  an 
equiv.  oe.  dr{am  is  not  recorded 
(the  synonym  is  swefn),  but  is 
to  be  inferred  from  osAX.  drbm, 
DU.  drooMy  ON.  draufnr,  ohg. 
MHG.  tromn  G.  traum  'dream'. 
The  meaning  'dream,  vision' 
attaching  to  these  forms  may 
be  deduced  from  'deception, 
vision'  so  that  teut.  drau7na-  (for 
'^draugma-  or  *dhroughwmd-  ?) 
would  belong  to  the  teut. 
\fdrug,  seen  in  osAX.  bidriogan 
^=OYiG.  trioga?i  G.  triigen  'deceive'. 


64 


dreary   —   drop 


dre^y  adj.  me.  dreri  oe.  dreorii 
'sad':  corresponding  to  mhg. 
iru7'ec  G.  traurig\  ohg.  truren 
G.  trauern  'mourn  belongs  perh. 
to  OE.  driisian  e.  drowse  drowze 
'be   sluggish'. 

dregs  'lees'  a  Scand.  loanword 
of  the  ME.  period  (me.  dregges) 
borrowed  with  the  plur.  form  fr. 
the  equiv.  on.  dregg.  The  teut. 
base  dragjb-  may  be  a  pre-TEUT. 
dhraki-  which  is  also  possible 
of  LAT.  /races  'dregs'  (i.at.  f  = 
ARYAN  ^//^  as  under  dis/a//);  cp. 
also  PRUSS.  dragios  'dregs'  (perh. 
Teut.   loanword?). 

dress  vb.  me.  dresse  borrowed 
from  FR.  dresser  (ofr.  drescer 
drecier\  lat.  type  directiare). 

drift  sb.  'driving,  impulse'  me. 
drift  'act  of  driving,  drove,  im- 
pulse': deriv.  from  drive  with  /- 
suffix;  cp.  DU.  drift  'drove,  flock, 
course,  current,  ardor',  G.  irift 
'pasture',  on.  diift  dript  'snow- 
drift'.     See  drive y  drove, 

drink  vb.  me.  drinke  oe.  drincan 
=^  o.sAX.  drinkauj  du.  lg.  drirrken^ 
ohg.  trinchan  mhg.  g.  trinken^ 
on.  drekka  y  goth.  drigkan:  a 
common  teut.  str.  vb.  From 
TEUT.  comes  the  Roman  group 
IT.  trincarey  fr.  trinquer  'hobnob'. 
The  TEUT.  sfdr'cnk  (Aryan  dhreng) 
does  not  appear  outside  of 
Teut. 

drip  vb.  ME.  drippc  OE.dtyppafi'. 
associated  with  OE.  '^dreopan 
ME.  drepe  'drop,  fall'  =  osax. 
driopauy  DU.  druipen,   ohg.  triufan 


mhg.  g.  triefetiy  on.  drjiipa  'drop, 
drip'. 

drive  ME.  drive  o^.drifan  str.  vb. 
=^  OSAX.  dritum  'drive,  banish, 
perform',  DU.  drijven  drive,  do, 
fly,  swim',  on.  drifa  'hasten', 
GOTH,  dreibaii  'drive',  ohg.  ti'lhan. 
MHG.  triben  G.  trcihen.  For  the  teut. 
\fdrib  (aryan  dhribhl  dhrip}) 
cp.  also  drift. 

droll  adj.  perh.  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  drole  'odd,  queer,  funny'.  Cp. 
G.  drollig  from  lg.  drulligy  du. 
drollig'y  not  found  in  the  older 
languages. 

drone  sb.  we..drpno^.  drdn  (plur. 
drcen).  The  synon.  ohg.  ti'dno 
MHG.  trene  G.  drohne,  osax.  dran 
T^lnx.  draui  (dan.  drone  is  a  con- 
tinental loanword)  are  evidently 
related,  but  not  phonetically 
identical;  oe.  drd7i  points  to 
GOTH.  '^drainifSj  while  ohg.  tr'aio 
points  to  GOTH,  '^dri/ia.  An 
Aryan  \f  dhreii  cp.  in  gr.  tuv- 
&()ijvt]  'a  species  of  wasp'  — 
also  dvdQTJvjj  'woodbee'  —  Laco- 
nian  d-gc5va^  'drone'. 

drop  vb.  iME.  droppe  OE.  droppian 
also  dropian  and  droppetian  (= 
DU.  droppeiiy  G.  tropfen)\  afrequent. 
deriv.  of  the  orig.  str.  vb.  OE. 
dreopan  me.  drepe  =  osax.  drio- 
pan,  DU.  druipcfiy  ohg.  triiifaii 
MHG.  G.  triefeiiy  on.  drjupa  'drop'. 
See  drip  and  drop. 

drop  sb.  'a  globule'  me.  drope 
OE.  dropa  =  osax.  dropOy  DU. 
dropy  ON.  dropey  ohg.  troffo\  the 
OHG.  by-form  tropfo  (g.  tropferi) 
points  to  a  teut.  base  druppon-. 


dropsy  —  dung 


AH     derivatives      of    the    teut. 
\Pdriip.     See  drop^. 

dropsy  me.  dropsy  dropesie  short 
for  idropsie  hydropsie',  borrowed 
from  FR.  hydropisie  (lat.  hydro- 
pisis). 

drought  ME.  drought  older 
drougth  dr tight  OE.  drugod  'dry- 
ness' :  deriv.  from  oe.  drugian 
become  dry'  and  teut.  adj. 
driigi  in  dry. 

d rouse  {drowze)  vb.  me.  '^droiise 
OE.  drus{i)aii  'become  slow  or 
sluggish'  ^^  MDU.  droosen  'doze'; 
cp.  \.G.driinsc{l)n  'slumber'  drunsen 
'low'  (of  cattle) ;  akin  to  oe. 
drfosan  =  goth.  driusan  'fall'. 
See  dreary. 

drove  sb.  'herd,  road  for 
sheep  or  cattle  in  droves'  me. 
dr&i'e  earlier  drof  oe.  dr(i/''dYOve' : 
deriv.  from  ihey/^drtb  in  drive. 

drown  vb.  me.  droune\  short 
for  ME.  druncne  (also  dissimil. 
drimkle)  oe.  druncnian  'sink':  a 
passive  formation  of  the  teut. 
verb  drink. 

dry  me.  dric  drye  oe.  dryie 
from  teut.  drugi-,  as  shown  by 
OE.  drugod  =  mod.  E.  drought. 
A  TEUT.  by -form  draugi-  (or 
draugu-^  is  seen  in  OE.  dr^j^e 
ME.  dreic  and  in  DU.  droog, 
LG.  drcPge  (by  the  side  of  lg. 
dryge^  north-fris.  druilgh).  All 
with  the  same  meaning,  which 
appears  also  in  the  related  G. 
trocken  (ohg.  trucka?i).  Cp.  on. 
draugr  'a  dry  log';  ohg.  proper 
nouns  e.  g.  Druhi-klinga  prove 
a  TEUT.   driVii   'dry'.     An   Aryan 

English  Etymology. 


y/^dhruk  is  probable  and  ohg. 
truckan  would  point  to  a  by- 
form  Aryan  dhrfig. 

duck  sb.  ME.  douke  oe.  diice'. 
akin  to  oe.  "^dilcan  under  duck 
vb.;  hence  duck  prop,  'the  diving 
one,  diver';  cp.  hk^.  diikand  'se^di- 
duck',  G.  tauchente. 

duck  vb.  me.  douke]  an  oe. 
^dtican  may  be  inferred  fr.  du. 
duiken,  OHG.  tiihhan  mhg.  tilchen 
G.   tauchcfi. 

due  adj.  me.  due  from  fr.  -du 
m.  due  f.  ofr.  deu  m.  deue  f.  (== 
IT.  debutd) ;  cp.  med.-lat.  ^dedu- 
turn  debuta  for  debitum. 

\    duke  ME.    diike   from    fr.  duc\ 

\  with    the    deriv.     duchess    me. 

'  diichesse  short  for  diichesse  =  fr. 
duchesse.  —  duchy  (cp.  me. 
ducherle  instead  of  *duchte)  from 
FR.  due  hi. 

dumb  adj.  me.  domb  du7nh  oe. 
dumb',  GOTH,  dumbs,  on.  dumbr 
have  essentially  the  same  meaning 
while  the  corresponding  g.  dumm 

\  (ohg.  mhg.  tu7np^  signifies  'stupid, 
foohsh'.  Perh.  deaf  without 
nasal  (=  oe.  deaf,  goth.  daufs') 
belongs  to  the  same  Aryan 
\fdhubh,  which  may  be  found 
also  in  gr.  rvcpXog  'blind'. 

dun  adj.  'dark,  swarthy'  me. 
dou  donne  oe.  dun  (nn)  :  an  'early 
Celtic  loanword  (oir.  Gael. 
donn,  GALL,  donnos^',  therefore 
not  found  in  other  teut.  lan- 
guages. 

dung  me.  dung  dong\  cp.  ohg. 
tunga     'dung'     g.     dung.      ohg. 


5 


66 


dungeon 


room'.  If  'cave,  underground 
room'  is  the  orig.  meaning,  gr. 
TCiifog  from  an  Aryan  dJmghwos 
may  be  allied. 

dungeon  sb.  ivie.  dongeon  don- 
joun\  loanword  from  ofr.  don- 
geon dongon  doiijon  fr.  donjon 
(med.-lat.  do7nnionem  'a  com- 
manding tower  fr.  a  lat.  type 
dominionem]  cp.  lat.  dominiwn 
under  domain). 

dusk  ME.  dosk  OE.  dose  (of 
rare  occurrence,  but  also  seen 
in  the  deriv.  vb.  dusciaft).  Akin  to 
the  SAV.  dial,  duskug  'misty'. 
A  TEUT.  base  dtiska-  admits  of 
relation  to  lat.  fiiscus  'blackish, 
dark'  (base  dhiisko-l). 

Dutch  orig.  meant  German 
including  Dutch]  for  down  to 
1600,    Dutch    was     considered 


a  dialect  of  Germany.  Dutch 
corresponds  to  G.  deutsch  =--  mlg. 
dudeschj  MHG.  diutsch  tiutsch  tiusch 
OHG.  diutisk  (osAX.  ihiudisce  liudi 
'Germania'). 

dwarf  ME.  dwergh  dweriigh 
OE.  dweorh{g)  =  du.  dwergh 
OHG.  MHG.  tw'crc(g)  getw'crc  G. 
zwergy  ON.  dwergr  m.,  sw.  dan. 
dvei'g.  TEUT.  base  dwerga- 
belongs  prob.  to  the  T^^3T.\f  drug 
'deceive',  hence  dwarf  prop, 
'deception,  vision'. 

dwell  vb.  ME.  dwellc  late  oe. 
dwelian :  scand.  loanword  from 
ON.  dvelja  'delay,  stay'  =:  ohg. 
twellan   (and  twaleri)  'linger'. 

dye  vb.  me.  die  deie  de^e  oe. 
dc'agian :  derived  from  oe.  d(ah{g) ; 
a  TEUT.  dauga  is  not  found 
elsewhere. 


each  ME.  cch  earlier  clch  oe. 
cklc  orig.  d-gilic  =  ohg.  iogilih 
MHG.  iegelidh  G.  jeglich\  cp.  ohg. 
7nanno-gilih  'every  man'  —  wibo- 
gilih    every  woman'  etc. 

eager  me.  egre\  adapted  from 
OFR.  eigre  'keen,  sharp'.  Source 
lat.  acre  {acer). 

eagle  me.  (gle\  loanword  from 
FR.     aigle\    source     lat.     aquila. 

eanling'lamb'  (Shakesp.)  points 
to  an  OE.   can  'lamb' ;   cp.  yean. 

ear^  sb.  me.  ere  oe.  rrt-r^^TEUT. 


base  auzbfi-  in  goth.  auso^  osax. 
OHG.  bra  G.  ohr,  du.  oor.  An 
Aryan  base  aus-  cp.  in  lat. 
auris,  gr.  ovg,  RUSS.  slov.  ucho 
'ear' ;  perh.  cogn.  with  hear.  — 
Hence  earwig  me.  ^r-wigge  oe. 
ear-wigga. 

ear'^  sb.  (of  corn)  me.  er  oe.  car 
contr.  from  ^eahor  (Northumbr. 
M//^r)^TEUT.  base  ahaz-\  ident. 
w.  ohg.  ahir  G.  dhre^  goth.  ahSy 
ON.  ax.     Perh.    akin    to    awns. 

ear   vb.    me.    ere   oe.   e7-ia?i   =^ 


earl   —   eisht 


67 


GOTH,  arjan,  OHG.  ej'ian  'plough'; 
cogn.  with  LAT.  arare,  or.  dgoeiv, 
oiR.  anmn  *I  plough':  Aryan 
\l^ ar  in  lat.  arvum  'field'  and 
in  earth. 

earl  me.  erl  oe.  eorl  ^=  on. 
Jarl,  OSAX.  erl.  Perh.  ident. 
with  the  TEUT.  tribe-name  Heruli. 

early  me.  ^rli  0¥..cerlice',  cp.  ere. 

earn  vb.  me.  ^'rne  oe.  earnian 
■=--  OHG.  arnon.  Perh.  traceable 
to  the  Aryan v^/7r  in  GR.ti^vvjLiai. 

earnest  me.  ernest  oe.  eornust 
=  OHG.  ernust  G.  du.  ^/v/j"/  'serious- 
ness'; perh.  akin  to  goth. 
arniba  adv.  'surely'? 

earth  me.  erthe  oe.  eorde  = 
OSAX.  erf/ia,  ohg.  m/c?  G.  ^r^/*?, 
GOTH.  airpUy  ON.  /(^r^;  cognate 
with  OHG.  era  'earth'  =  ON. 
jgrvi  ground',  lat.  arvum  'field', 
GR.   5(?«tf  'to   the  ground'. 


earwig  cp.  ear 


ease  me.  ese  earlier  else  from 
FR.  aise  'ease'. 

east  me.  ejt  oe.  (ast\  ident. 
with  DU.  oost,  G.  ostcn ;  the  teut. 
base  aust-  is  traced  to  the 
Aryan  name  of  the  aurora  lat. 
aurora,  GR.  tJw^,  skr.  usas:  Aryan 
base  ausos.   "Cp.  Easier. 

Easter  me.  (ster  oe.  ('astro  = 
OHG.  bstarun  G.  Ostern.  Accord- 
ing to  Beda  Venerabilis,  in 
heathen  times  the  Anglo-Saxons 
called  the  feast  in  April  after 
their  goddess  Eostre,  which  is 
elsewhere  quite  unrecorded.  The 
west-teut.  word  (base  austron-) 
is  prob.  of  the  same  origin  as 
east)    cp.    LiTH.   auszra   'aurora'. 


eat  vb.  me.  cte  oe.  etipi.  =  du. 
ete?iy  OSAX.  'eta?i,  on.'  eta,  goth. 
itan, »0UG.  e'yifin  G.  esse7i.  Cp. 
the  Aryan  \fed  in  lat.  edo,  gr. 
sdo/Liai,  SKR.  ad,  LiTH.  edmi  'eat' 
(see  also   tootli). 

eaves  me.  eves  oe.  efes  'eaves'; 
the  e.  dial,  form  oaves  (Essex) 
points  to  an  oe.  ^^ofes  =  ohg. 
obasa  'porch,  hall',  goth.  ubiziva 
'porch',  ON.  ups  'eaves'. 

ebb  sb.  ME.  ebbeO¥..  ebba  =  ofris. 
ebba,  DU.  eb  ebbe,  G.  dan.  ebbe, 
SWED.  ebb.  Source  and  history 
unknown. 

edge  ME.  egge  oe.  ecg  (infl. 
ecge)  =  DU.  egge,  osax.  eggia, 
ON.  egg,  OHG.  ecka  G.  ecke.  Cogn. 
with  LAT.  acies  'point',  GR.  «x/g; 
cp.  skr.  a(ri  'corner',  gr.  ay.goc 
'pointed',  lith.  aszru-s  'sharp': 
Aryan  \P  ak. 

eel  me.  oe.  el  oe.  eel  =  ohg. 
al,  G.  DU.  DAN.  aal,  on.  all',  teut. 
base  ela-  elu-  ? 

egg  sb.  ME.  egg  from  on.  egg. 
OE.  (El  (plur.  (Byii)  —  ME.  ei  (plur. 
eire)  '^'^^  were  supplanted  by  the 
SCAND.  loanword  egg.  oe.  cbi  and 
ON.  egg  correspond  to  osax. 
OHG.  ei,  DU.  G.  ei'.  teut.  base 
aia-    (ajjiz-   ajjaz)    perh.    related 

to    lat.    0VU771,    GR.    f.t/o'j^     Cgg'- 

egg  vb.  'instigate'  me.  egge 
from  ON.  eggja  ''q.%^^  on';  akin 
to  edge. 

eight  ME.  ^?]^<^/^  OE.  '^ehte  mostly 
eahta  =  goth.  a/itau,  osax.  ohg. 
rt'i^/^  G.  DU.  aeAt:  Aryan  base 
oktSu  okto  in  GR.  ov.x(6,  lat.  octo, 
skr.    i7.f/^//,    OIR.    ocht. 

b* 


68 


eisel  —   emmet 


eisel  ME.  aisil  late  oe.  aisil  (= 
ODU.  aisijt)  fr.  ofr.  aisil.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  acetuliim\  cp.  oe. 
eced  'vinegar'  fr.  lat.  acidum 
'sharp.' 

either  me.  either  oe.  ceider 
shortened  for  ceihwcEder  orig. 
a  4-  -yLhwcEder  \  cp.  ohg.  io-giw'e- 
dar  'each  of  two'  and  whether. 

eke  ME.  ek  oe.  ec  earlier  cac  fr.  a 
TEUT.  auk  =  GOTH,  aii^,  ohg. 
02ih  G.  ^z^^y^.  Prop,  imperative 
of  the  str.  vb.  goth.  aiikan  'add' 
{^  LAT.  auger e^.    . 

elbow  ME.  elbowe  oe.  elboga 
earlier  eln-hoga  =^  ohg.  elinbogo 
G.  elhogen,  du.  elleboog,  on.  <?//7- 
/^^^/:  a  GOTH,  compound  "^aleina- 
buga  'the  bow  of  the  cubit'  is 
wanting.      Cp.  ell  and  /'<?z£/. 

eld  'old  age,  antiquity'(Shakesp.) 
me.  elde  oe.  eldo  yldo  'antiquity' : 
abstract  of  old  ==  oe.  did.  — 
elder  adj.  me.  elder  oe.  eldra: 
compar.   of  old. 

elder  sb.  (a  tree)  me.  eldre  eller 
oe.  ellarn. 

eleven  me.  enlevene  oe.  infl. 
cndleofane  cEulifane)  oe.  endlufon 
corresponds  to  ON.  ellifu,  osax. 
clleban\  cp.  goth.  ainlif,  ohg. 
einlif  G.  du.  elf  'eleven'.  The 
TEUT.  numeral  ain-lif-  is  a  com- 
pound of  ain  ■==-  one  and  lif 
=  pre-TEUT.  -lika  in  lith.  ?/<?>/<?- 
//'/^^  'eleven'  (cp.  twelve).  The 
orig.  meaning  of  the  numeral 
was  perh.  'ten  +  one'. 

elf  (with  the  older  by-form 
ouphe  Shakesp.)  me.  elf  oe.  celf'. 
TEUT.  base  alba-  also  in  on.  dlfr\ 


the  word  occurs  in  proper  names 
as  OE.  u^lf-rid  =  ohg.  Alp-rat. 
An  Aryan  albhu-  is  found  in 
SKR.  rbhu  'the  name  of  a  certain 
kind  of  deity'. 

ell  ME.  elle  earlier  elite  oe.  cln 
=  OHG.  elina  G.  du.  elle,  on. 
rtt/m,  GOTH,  aleina  *ell,  cubit'.  A 
pre-TEUT.  olend-  is  found  in  lat. 
ulna,  GR.  (nXsvrj,  OIR.  ////<?  'cubit'. 
Cp.  elbow. 

elm  ME.  OE.  ^/;^/;  akin  to  on. 
dlmr  and  lat.  ?^/w2^.y  (g.  ulme  is 
a  LAT.  loanword,  du.  ohn  is  ofr. 
olme) . 

else  ME.  OE.  elks  adv.  'other- 
wise*: genet,  of  the  pron.  goth. 
aljis  *an  other'  (=  lat.  alius, 
OR.  aXKoQ,  OIR.  rt-//*?,  ARMEN.  ait) ; 
cp.  OE.  ele-lende  'a  foreign  land , 
OHG.  eli-lenti  'being  abroad'  and 
OHG.  dies  'elsewhere',  lat.  alias 
'otherwise'. 

ember-days  me.  imbri-dawes  oe. 
ymbren-dagas  prop,  'days  of  pro- 
cession'? 

embers  'ashes'  me.  einvieres 
emeres  plur.  oe.  (Etnyrian  plur. 
=  OHG.  eimuria ,  on.  eiinyrja 
'embers'.  Prob.  a  compound  of 
a  TEUT.  type  aiin-u^jon ;  cp.  on. 
eimr  'steam,  vapor*  and  iisli  a 
conflagration' ,  mhg.  usel  iisel 
'ashes,  embers'  fr.  an  Aryan  \'^us 
in  LAT.  urere  vb.  'burn'  (cp.  on. 
ysja  'fire'). 

emmet  'ant'  me.  einet  oe.  cevifte: 
TEUT.  base  amaitjon-  =  ohg. 
ameiyi  G.  ameise:  prob.  cogn. 
with  OHG.  emiyf  G.  ■einsig  'in- 
dustrious*. 


emperor 


69 


emperor  me.  emperour  fr.  afr. 
e7fipcricr  =■-  lat.  i7nperator-€7n  (but 
OE.  Cdsere  'emperor  =  G.  kaiser 
fr.  LAT.  Caesar)]  cp.  empire  me. 
empire  fr.  fr.  empire  =  lat. 
imperium  and  empress  me.  em- 
peresse  earlier  form  emperice  fr. 
OFR.  emperice  ^^i.kT.  ifnper  air  teem. 

empty  me.  empti  emii  short  for 
OE.  cemtii  'empty'. 

enchant  vb.  me.  enchaunte  fr. 
FR.    enchanter   =    lat.  incantare. 

end  ME.  OE.  ende  =  goth.  andeis, 
OHG.  enti  G.  ende,  du.  ^/«^/(?,  on. 
<?«^i:  TEUT.  base  andja-,  pre-TEUT. 
antyd-\  cp.  SKR.  dnta  'end,  limit' 
and  oiR.  H. 

engage  cogn.  w.  gage, 

enough  me.  inough  (Jnowe)  oe. 
lenph  {jfnpg  earlier  linpg)  :  teut. 
base  ga-noga-  in  du.  genoeg^ 
OSAX.  ginbg ,  OHG.  ginuog  G. 
^'•^««^ 'enough';  cp.  goth.  ganohs 
and  the  goth.  vb.  ganauhan  'to 
suffice'  —  ganauha  'sufficiency': 
AR\ki^\f  ndk  (n^k). 

enter  vb.  me.  entre  vb.  fr.  fr.  en- 
trer  =  lat,  intrare   vb.    'enter'. 

entire  adj.  me.  entire  fr.  fr. 
entier  =  lat.  integrum  {integer). 

envy  sb.  me.  enz'ie  fr.  fr.  <?«^'2V  = 
LAT.  itwidia. 

ere  'before'  me.  ir{e)  oe.  ^r 
(fr.  ceri  dri  teut.  ^m)  'before'; 
ident.  w.  goth.  air^  ohg.  osax. 
^r  G.  ^/^r. 

ermine  sb.  me.  er?nine  fr.  ofr. 
erfnine  fr,  hcrmine,  which  is  of 
Teut.  origin;  cp.  ohg.  harmin 
mhg,  her7tiin  'fur*.     The  primitive 


ohg.  harmo  (corresp.  to  lith. 
cza7-77iu)   means  'weasel'. 

err  vb.  me.  errc  vb.  fr.  fr. 
e7'rer  =  lat.  crrare;  hence 
errant  fr.   crra7it. 

errand  .me.  e7'nde  erende  short 
for  OE.  ckre7ide  =  osax.  drundi.^ 
OHG.  drunti  'message';  uncertain 
whether  cogn.  w.  QOivi.  aims ^  on. 
drr,   OE.  dr,  osax.  er  'messenger'. 

escape  vb.  me.  escdpe  vb.  fr. 
ONFR.  escaper  ■==  fr.  ichapper.  lat. 
type  ex-cappare  deriv.  from  cappa 
'cloak'. 

evening  MK.eve7iinge  OE.cef7iu7ig'. 
deriv.  of  eve  me.  eve(7t)  oe.  dfen 
efen\  cp.  ohg.  dbund  G.  abend , 
OSAX.  dband  y  du.  avond\  on. 
aptann  (swed.  afton,  dan.  a/ten) 
and  OE.  ^/^/2  'evening'  belong 
to  the  same  group :  teut.  base 
ebnd'}  eftfi-7 

ever  me.  ever  earlier  cvre  oe. 
^/r^  (earlier  dbre)',  the  word  is 
orig.  compounded,  but  only 
the  i^*  element  is  evident;  cp. 
OE.  ^  'ever'  =  goth.  aiiv  under 
aye'^.  —  every  me.  everi  earlier 
form  everich  late  oe.  ce/rcelc. 

everywhere  me.  ez'er  iivhire  oe. 
(efre-ieh7acer. 

evil  adj.  me.  evel  prop,  ivel  oe. 
yfel:  teut.  base  tibila-  in  goth. 
ubils,  OSAX.  ubil ,  OHG.  ubil  G. 
ilbel,  DU.  (fz^z^*?/;  cogn.  w.  ohg. 
uppi  G.  Uppig  and  perhaps  w.  teut. 
ttber  =  over. 

ewe  me.  (we  oe.  ^^7£'//  (not 
ioivu,  which  would  be  me.  ^ewe)  : 
teut.  base  awi-  'sheep'  in  du. 
(?<?/,  ON.  (Z-r  'sheep'  and  cp.  goth. 


70 


niir 


aivcpi  'flock  of  sheep'  and  awistr 
*a  sheepfold';  cp.  Ohg.  ou  (plur. 
ouwt)  fr.  a  TEUT.  base  awwi-. 
A  base  owi-  occurs  in  other 
Aryan  languages:  skr.  dvi^  lat. 
ovis^  GR.  ot'c  i^'^oJ^ig),  LITH.  «m 
'sheep',  OSLOV.  <9{'-'z'<;^,  oir.  ^V'sheep'. 

ewer  me.  ewer  fr.  afr.  ^ewiere 
VR.aigiiiere :  source  lat.  aqum-ium 
Vessel  for  water',  whence  also 
OHG.  ahhdriy  du.  lg.  aker  'pitcher, 
bucket'. 

expound  me.  expounc  vb.  fr. 
OFR.espondre'.  source  lat.  exponere, 
whence  also  ohg.  spunon  /inter- 
pret, expound'. 

eye  me.  eie  earlier  e^e  oe.  e'age : 
TEUT.  base  augon-  in  goth.  augo. 


ohg.  otiga  G.  auge  y  OS  ax.  oga, 
DU.  oogy  ON.  miga  (under  win- 
dou^.  As  shown  by  the  teut.  vb. 
"^^aujan  pret.  "^awida  {=  oe.  ywan 
eowde)  for  ^agwjan  '^'agivida  'to 
show',  TEUT.  augon-  is  transformed 
(by  the  influence  of  teut.  auzon- 
^=  ear)  from  an  earlier  agwon-'. 
ARYAN  base  okon-  fr.  a  primitive 
stem   ok  'eye';    cp.  lat.  oc-uluSy 

OSLOV.     okOy     LITH.    akJS,    GR.     OfTtff 

'the  eyes'  (for  ^^okje)  ;  skr.  aksi. 
eyot  sb.  me.  ^/>/  oe.  iiot  com- 
monly /j^^:  deriv.  of  oe.  /j  ^3 
'island',  which  answers  to  on.  eyy 
OHG.  ouwa  'island'  (teut.  aiijo- 
fr.  agwjo-  deriv.  of  goth.  ahwa 
=  LAT.  aqtm  'water'). 


fable  ME.  /dl?/e  fr.  fr.  /a^/e  = 
LAT.  fabula. 

face  ME.  fd^e  fds  fr.  fr.  face  = 
LAT.  fades. 

fade  (Shakesp.  z^^^/^)  vb.  me. 
fade  vb.  fr.  the  fr.  adj.  fade 
(whence  also  o.fade,  odu.  vadde). 
Source  a  lat.  type  ^fatidtis  in- 
stead oi  fatuus  'foolish'. 

fail  vb.  ME.  faile  vb.  fr.  fr. 
faillir  (source  lat.  fallere)y 
whence  also  du.  veilen,  mhg. 
velen  G.  fehlen. 

fain  adj.  me.  fain  oe.  f^ien 
'glad*  =  OSAX.  fagan,  ON.  fegimi 
adj. 'glad';  cp.  goth.  faginbn  'to 
enjoy'  and  faheps  'joy',  which  is 


ident.  w.  OHG.  gifeho  'joy'  or 
more  accurately  w.  oe.  '^efca 
(contracted  fr.  '^gifeaha  =  *gi- 
fa/io) :  teut.  \ffe/i  (Aryan  pek) 
in  OE.  lefeon  (pret.  yfeah)  = 
OHG.  gifehan  'to   enjoy'. 

faint  adj.  me.  feint  fr.  ovr.  feint 
partic.   oi  feindre'y    cp.  feign. 

fair  adj.  me.  fair  oe.  feeder  = 
=  GOTH./rt'^rj-'fit',OHG.  OS  AX.  f agar  y 
on.  /<2:^^.  According  to  goth. 
gafahrjan  'to  prepare  ,  the,re 
exists  a  teut.  \ffeh  also  in  G. 
fegen  ohg.  f^<f;^(?;^  vb.  'cleanse'; 
cp.  on.  /<^^^  and  ohg.  fuogan 
G.  /7/^<?«,  oe.  lef^ian. 

fair    sb.   'market,   festival'    me. 


T 


fairy- 


fast 


71 


feire  fr.  afr.  fcire  =  fr.  foire', 
source  lat.  feria  'a  holiday', 
whence  also  ohg.  fira  G.  feicr 
'ceremony'  (J'eiertag  'holiday'). 

fairy  me.  fairie  fr.  ofr.  faerie 
'enchantment';  cp.  fay- 

faith  sb.  ME.  faith  fcith  (with 
the  by-form  fai  fci)  fr.  afr.  feid 
feid  (with  the  by-form /"<?/  =  fr. 
foi).     Source  lat.  fides  — fidevi. 

falcon  sb.  me.  fiukoun  fr.  fr. 
fattco7i.  Source  late  lat.  falco- 
?zem,  whence  also  ohg.  falko  G. 
falke,  o^.falke,  du.  valk  Yalcon'. 

fall  vb.  ME.  falle  oe.  falla/t 
{feallati)  =  ohg.  osax.  fallaiiy 
ON.  falla  str.  vb.  'fall':  teut. 
\ffall  =  Aryan  \^pa/  in  lith. 
/?>///  (pres.  pVihc)  'to  fall';  cp. 
also  GR.  G(pdXXof.iai  'to  fall'? 

fallow  adj.  me.  fa /we  OE.fea/o 
gen.fea/zaes  =^  teut.  base  fahca- 
in  ON.fp/r,  DU.  vaa/,  ohg.  fa/p 
G.  fa/i/  'pale,  fallow'.  Cogn. 
w.  lat.  pallidus  'pale'  —  pullus 
'dark',  gr.  nohog  gray',  skr. 
palita  'gray';  the  teut.  adj.  has 
the  same  suffix  as  oslov.  plavii, 
lith.  palvas  'fallow'. 

false  adj.  me.  late  oe.  fals  fr. 
OFR.  fals  =:.  FR.  faux]  source 
lat.  falstis  'false'. 

fame  me.  fame  fr.  fr.  fmne  = 
lAt.  fama  'report'. 

famine  me.  fa?fun{e)  fr.  fr. 
famine:  deriv.  fr.  lat.  fames 
'hunger'. 

fan  me.  oe.  fan  (nn) :  borrowed 
during  anglo-sax.  times  fr.  lat. 
van7tus  (in  the  vulgar  pro- 
nunciation yi^^z/^z^tj-;  cp.  G.  vers  = 


'  LAT.  versus^ ;  G.  wanne  is  an 
earlier  loanword  fr.  lat.  vannus, 

fancy  short  for  me.  fantasie  = 
ofr.  fantasie  (lat.  phantasia). 

far  adv.  me.  fer  ferre  oe. 
fcor  feorran\  cp.  Goth,  fairra 
adv.,  OHG.  ferro  g.  fern,  du. 
ver,  O'S.f j'arri  'iar:  cogn.  w.  gr. 
TisQuv  'beyond',  skr. para  'distant', 
armen.  /leri  'far'. 

fardel  me.  fardel  fr.  ofr.  fardel 
=    fr.  fardeau   'burden,    load. 

fare  vb.  me.  fare  oe.  far  an 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH. /<7nz//,  o^.  fara, 
OHG.  OSAX.  faran  mhg.  varn  G. 
fahren,  du.    varen:    teut.    \^far 

=   ARYAN  \^pOr  in  GR.  TTOQtVOj-iai 

I   travel,  I  go'. 

farm  ME.ferme  Vepast,  banquet, 
rent,  farm'  oe.  feorm  'banquet, 
food,  subsistence';  cp.  OE.feor?ftian 
vb.  'sustain,  feed,  support'  bor- 
rowed fr.  lat.  frmare  'to  make 
strong'  (firmare  alqm.  cibo  atque 
potione). 

farrow  me.  farh  'young  pig' 
oe.  fearh  'pig'  =  OHG.  farah 
(g.  ferkel,  du.  varkefi) :  teut.  base 
farha-  =  pre-teut.  porko-  in  GR. 
n6()y.og,  lat.  porcits,  lith.  pdrszas, 
oslov.  prase  J  oir.   ore  'pig'-. 

farthing  ^\e.  fer  thing  short  for 
fer  thing  oe.  feordung  {/e  or  ding 
feordling)  'the  fourth  part,  farth- 
ing': deriv.  of  OE.feorda  'fourth', 
cp.  four  and  ohg.  for  dung. 

fashion  me.  fafioun  (fassoun) 
fr.   fr.  facon  =  lat.  factio{nem). 

fast  adj.  ME.  fast  oe.  fcest  ^ 
os.fastr,  DU.  vast,  ohg.  festi  ad], 
{fasto  adv.)   G.  fest  'fast':  teut. 


72 


fast 


feeblt 


fastii-,  Kry 2i^  post u  in  armen.  hast 
'fast'. —  fastvb.  UE./aste  OE.fcsstan 
=  GOTH,  fastan^  G.  fasten^  du. 
vasten,  ON.  fasta\  prop,  derived 
from  the  adj.  with  the  orig.  mean- 
ing 'make  firm,   observe'. 

fat  adj.  ME. /<?/  (tt)  short  for  oe. 
fcktt  prop,  fceted  =  teut.  base 
faitida-  in  OHG.  /(fz^//  G.  feist, 
OSAX.  /(?/zV/  LG.  G.  fett  'fat',  du.  z/*?/: 
prop,  partic.  of  a  teut,  vb. 
"^faitjan.  The  base  is  a  teut.  adj. 
faita-  'fat'  in  mhg.  veiy  on.  /<?//r : 
Aryan  \[^pid  cogn.  w.  sfpi  in 
GR.  77/ViJi'  TTiapog  -fat'  =  skr. 
pivaji  — pivara  'fat'  (skr.  yf  pya). 

fatal  me.  /^7/rtr/  fr.  fr.  fatal', 
cp.  fate  ME.  /^?/<?  =  OFR.  fate. 
Source  lat.  fatmn   —  fatalis. 

father  me.  fader  oe.  feeder  ^=- 
GOTh.  fadar  (commonly  attd), 
OHG.  fater  G.  vater,  osax.  fadar, 
DU.  vader,  on.  fadir:  teut.  base 
fader-  =  Aryan  base  pater-  in 
lat.  pater,  gr.  narijg,  skr.  //V^r 
and  oiR.  rt-M/r,  armen.  /z^/r:  all 
equivalent. 

fathom  ME.  fdthem  oe.  fcedm 
'embrace,  extended  arms,  fathom, 
cubit':  ident.  w.  on.  fad??tr,  du. 
vadevi  'a  fathom'  =  ohg.  fadum 
G.  faden  'a  fathom,  a  thread': 
teut.  base  fap77ia-  fr.  an  Aryan 
\fpet  in  GOTH.  y^/<2;  'hedge'  ^ 
MHG.  vade  'fence'  and  in  gr. 
nsTOLvvv{.Li  'I  extend'. 

fault    ME.   faute    fr.    fr.    faute. 

favor  ME.  favour  ^  fr.  faveiir. 

fawn  sb.  me.  faun  ^ro\).fa'Oun 
fr.  FR.  faon  'a  fawn':  source  a 
LAT.  iy"^^  fo^ tonus,  deriv.  oifcetus. 


fay  fr.  fr.  //^;  cp.  mhg.  feic 
fr.  OFR.  feie :  source  a  lat.  fata 
=  fa  turn. 

fear  me.  f^re  oe.  /rir  'a  sudden 
peril,  fear'  =-  osax.  far,  ohg. 
fdra  'treason,  danger'  G.  gefahr 
'danger';  GOTH.  "^fera  is  the  source 
oi  ferja  'a  spy' :  Aryan  \fper  also- 
in  lat.  periculum  'danger',  gr.  ' 
nsTon  'trial'. 

feast  me.  fc'ste  fr.  ofr.  feste  =- 
FR.  fete:   source  lat.  festa. 

feat  me.  fct  by-form  feit  fait 
fr.   FR.  fait  -=  lat.  factum. 

feather  short  for  me.  fcther 
oe.  feder  =  du.  vcder ,  osax. 
fethara,  ohg.  fedara  G.  feder, 
on.  ^"^^r  'feather':  teut.  base 
fepro-,  Aryan  petrd-',  cogn.  w. 
GR.  nxtQOV  'feather,  wing',  skr. 
pdtatram  'wing'  —  patra  'feather' : 
Aryan  \fpet  in  skr.  \fpat  'to 
fly',  also  in  lat.  penna  (prop. 
"^petsna)   'feather. 

feature  Vi^.fctilre  fr.  oyr.  fiiture 
=^  LAT.  factura. 

fee  sb.  ME.  Z"^'  OE.feoh  {^en.feos 
dat.  feo)  prop,  'cattle,  property 
in  cattle' ;  ident.  w.  goth.  faihu, 
ON.  fi  'cattle,  property',  ohg. 
fihu  G.  vieh  'cattle':  teut.  fehu 
Aryan  piku  neut.  in  skr.  pd(it 
neut.  'cattle';  cp.  skr.  pa(u 
masc,  LAT.  pecus  'cattle'  (hence 
pedinia  'money'). 

feed  vb.  me.  fedc  oe.  fedan 
fidan'.  TEUT.  hdiSG  fodj an  under 
food. 

feeble  adj.  me.  feble  fr.  ofr. 
feilde  foible  =   fr.  faiblc. 


feel   —  fetlock 


73 


feel  vb.  ME.  /ek  oe.  /e'/a^i  fcclan 
wk.  vb.  fr.  a  teut.  base  foljan  in 
OSAX.  gi/oljan,  DU.  voelen,  ofris. 
y^y^,  MHG.  vilelen  G.  filhlen  vb. 
'feel'.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  iat.  palma, 
OSAX.  OE.  /^/;^/;  'hand':  yfpal. 

feign  vb.  me.  /"m/^  fr.  fr.  feindre 
*to  feign' :  source  lat.  fitigere. 
'  fell  sb.  ME.  OE.  /d-Zf//) :  teut. 
base  fella-  in  goth.  fill^  on. 
/<?//,  OHG.  felQl)  G.  /^//,  DU.  ?W. 
Cogn.  w.  lat.  pellis  skin' :  \fpel 
also  in  film. 

fello\v  sb.  ME.  felawc  late  oe. 
feolaga'.  borrowed  fr.  ON.fSlage) 
cp.  ON.  fi-lag  'companionship, 
association,  lit.  'a  laying  to- 
gether of  property'  (on.  f6  'pro- 
perty'  =1   E.  /"^^). 

felly  (felloe)  me.  /^//V  (felwc) 
OE.  /t'/g^  ■  ifelgan)  =:  OHG.  /^/^^ 
G.  felge,  DU.  radvelge.  skr.  parfu 
*rib'  is  compared. 

felon  ME.  feloun    borrowed   fr. 
FR.  y<?/(^«  'a  traitor    fr.   med.-lat. 
fello{ne7n)  felo{nem). 
felt  ME.  OE. /(?//;  cp.  the  synon. 

OHG.     G.  filz    MHG.     Z'//s,     DU.    vUt, 

sw.  DAN.  yf//:  TEUT.  feltaz  '^^filiiz 
from  a  pre-TEUT.  "^peldos.  Felt 
is  prob,  related  to  o?>loy.  plitstl 
'felt.  The  synon.  Rom.  words 
IT.  fellrOj  FR.  feuire  (med.  -  lat. 
Jiltriwi)  'felt'  are  of  teut.  origin. 

fen  me.  OE.fen(nn):  teut.  base 
fanja-  'morass'  in  the  synon. 
GOTH,  fa  HI,  DU.  veen,  ON.  /<?//, 
OHG.  fenni. 

fence  sb.  short  for  defence.  — 


fend  vb.  me.  fende\  also  abbre- 
viation of  defend. 

fennel  me.  fenel  oe.  finul\ 
borrowed  fr.  i.m:.  fcniculufnfenu- 
cidum  (whence  also  fr.  fenouil, 
IT.  finocchid)  ;  du.  venkel  ^  ohg. 
fmahhal  fenihhal  G.  fenchel  are 
earlier  loanwords. 

fern  shortened  for  me.  fern 
OE.  fca7'n  fearn  ^:=-  G.  farn,  du. 
varen.  The  teut.  base  farna- 
'fern'  is  ident.  w.  skr.  parria 
'wing,  feather,  leaf;  cp.  GR. 
nrsQOv  'feather   —  nrffjig  'fern. 

ferret  borrowed  fr.  fr.  furet 
(=  IT.  fure/ld),  which  is  a  deri- 
vative of  LAT.  fur  'thief,  fr. 
furel  is  also  the  source  of  du. 
frel,  G.  fre/l  usually  frettchen. 

ferry  sb.  me.  ferie:  it  is  un- 
certain whether  it  is  a  genuine 
e.  word  (oE.  ^ferie)  or  a  Scand. 
loanword  (on.  ferjd)\  cp.  G. 
fdhre^  du.  veer.  Source  the 
verbal  Y^yrttr  in  fare. 

ferry  vb.  me.  ferie  oe.  ferian 
'carry'  =  on.  ferja  'carry',  goth. 
farjan  'travel;   cp.  fare. 

fetch  vb.  u^.fecche  with  the  by- 
form  f^'te  (pret.  feite)  oe.  feccan 
fetjan  eaulier  felian  (preLfelode); 
e.  -Ic/i  me.  cc/i  is  developed  fr. 
OE.  IJ  (feljan  earlier  felian,  west- 
TEUT.  felSJan).  There  exists  a 
TEUT.  \ffetm  OE.  sidfcet  'journey', 
on.  fet  'step,  pace';  E.  foot 
belongs  to  the  same  Aryan 
\fped, 

fetlock  orig.'the  tuft  of  hair  be- 
hind a  horse's  pastern-joint'. 
ME.  fitlock  fetlack'. .  a    genuine  e. 


74 


fetter  —   fight 


word  ident.  w.  mhg.  fiy.ach  fi'y- 
hch,  deriv.  of  mhg.  f'e'2;^el  g. 
fessel  'pastern  of  a  horse'  which 
seems  to  be  cogn.  w.  teut. 
fot  =  E.  /oof;  cp.  LAT.  pes 
pede7n  'foot'. 

fetter  sb.  me.  feter  oe.  fetor 
=  OSAX.  fctuVy  ON.  fjgturr,  du. 
veter^  ohg.  fej^yira  mhg.  vej^T^er] 
cogn.  \v.  LAT.  pedica,  gr.  nl^rj 
'a  fetter  and  perh.  w.  G.  fassen 
'catch':   k.xy6X\.  \f ped  pod. 

fever  me.  fez^er  fefre  oe.  fefor 
{=  OHG.  fiebar  o.fiel?er)  :  borrow- 
ed fr.  LAT.  febris  febrevi^  whence 
also   Pi^.  fiev7-e  (=  it.  febbre). 

few  adj.  ME.  fewe  oe.  fcawe 
plur.  represents  a  teut.  *fau7vai 
arid  is  ident.  with  ohg.  fohe 
plur.  of  a  teut.  '^fauh{w)a- :  Aryan 
adj.  pauqo-  in  lat.  paucus.  Cp. 
also  GOTH,  faivai  plur.  with 
ON.  fd-r  (dan.  faa  sw.  y^?;  me. 
/J9  is  Scand.  loanword) ;  osax. 
fahe  'few',  indo-eur.  \f  pau  in 
GR.  noLVix)    cease'? 

fey  (SC.)  'doomed  to  die'  xME. 
feie  OE.  fdj^e  =  on.  feigr,  osax. 
fegi  'doomed  to  die';  du.  veeg 
'about  to  die'  (ohg.  feigi  'daring, 
petulant'  G.  feige  'cowardly') : 
TEUT.  base  faigi-, 

fickle  ME.  fikel  OE.  ficol  from 
OE.  lefic  'fraud';  cp.  oe.  fdcen 
'fraud,  deception',  o^.\^.fekan  ^= 
OHG.  feihJian  'deception' :  teut. 
\^fik  faik,  prop,  faih  in  goth. 
bifaihon  vb.  'defraud'  and  faih 
sb.     deception,    fraud'.      There 


I  exists  an  Aryan  \fpik  in  skr. 
\piguna  'treacherous'. 
'  fiddle  ME.  fthel  oe.  fidele  = 
synon.  ohg.  fdiila  mhg.  videle  g. 
fiedely  ON.  fidla^  du.  vedel:  the 
whole  group  is  based  on  a 
westteut.  fpula  =  fr.  t'wIc^  it. 
SPAN,  viola.  Source  a  vulgar 
LAT.  vitula  (in  a  late  pronun- 
ciation fidulaT). 

field  ME.  OE.  feld\  e  stands  for 
TEUT.  <-  before  ld\  cp.  ohg.  osax. 
feld  G.  feld,  DU.  veld.  The  teut. 
stem  "^felpu-  is  related  to  oe. 
foLUy  OSAX.  folda  'earth'.  A  pre- 
teut.  adj.  plthu-  is  found  in 
SKR.  prthu  'broad'  and  prthivt 
'earth';  cp.  gr.  nXavvg,  oir.  lel/ian 
'broad",  lith.  platus.  Perh.  flat 
is  cognate. 

fiend  ME.  fend  oe.  feond  = 
GOTH,  fjands,  on,  fjdndi,  osax. 
fiund,  OHG.  MHG.  ?7?^z;^/  G.  find. 
The  sb.  is  prop,  a  pres.  partic. 
of  the  vb.  GOTH,  fjan  (oe.  feo^an^ 
OHG.  //^/z  'hate').  A  correspond- 
ing verbal  yf  P'^y  hate'  occurs 
in  skr.;  therefore  fe?id  orig. 
meant  'the  hater'.     C^.  friend. 

fierce  me.  fers:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  fers  fers,  regular  forms 
fer  fier  =  fr.  fier  (lat.  ferus 
'wild'). 

fifth  OE.  fifta  cp.  five. 

fig  ME.  fig  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
figue  =  LAT.  ficus,  whence  also 
OE.  fic-treo  'fig-tree'. 

fight  vb.  ME.  fighte  OE.  feohtan 
str.  vb.  =:  DU.  2'echtcn,  ohg. 
fehtan    G.  fechten'.    teut.  \ffehtl 


filei   _  fire 


75 


file^  'a  string,  list,  order'; 
borrowed  from  fr.  Ji/e  *a  line, 
rank,  row';  source  lat. /////;//  'a 
thread'. 

file^  'a  steel  rasp'  me.  /i7e  oe. 
///  usually  /e'o/  (contracted  from 
"^/i/ii/) ;  cp.  OHG.  fihala  MHG.  vile 
G.  feiky  DU.  ?'z/7.  Connection 
with  ON.  pd  pel  'file'  is  uncer- 
tain. 

fill  vb.  ME.  file  OE.  fyllan  wk. 
vb.  =  OSAX.  fuUiaiiy  du.  vullen^ 
OHG.  fullen  G.  filllen,  on.  fylla: 
GOTH.  TEUT.  fulljan  'fill'  is  deriv. 
fr.  the   TEUT.    adj.  fulla-   =    e. 

filly  loanword  fr.  on.  Z)'^^  '^^ 
filly',  which  is  a  dimin.  of  on. 
y;?//  =  "£..  foal. 

film  w^.filvie  OE.  filmen  fylmen 
=  OFRis.  filmeii  from  a  teut. 
dimin.  hdi^Kt  filmina-  which  points 
to  a  more  primitive  teut.  fehna-y 
cogn.   w.  E.  fell. 

filter  vb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
filtrer  'strain  through  a  felt'  fr. 
MV.D. -L\'i\ filh'um  feltmm  'felt';  cp. 
felt. 

filth  ME.  flt/ie  short  for  OE. 
fyld:  abstract  formation  of  oe. 
ful  =  E.  fotil'y  cp.  OHG.  fiilida 
=   GOTH,   '^fiilipa. 

fin  sb.  ME.  oE.  yf;/ f;^;7);  cp.  du. 
vifiy  sw.  /(?;^rtr  'a  fin' ;  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  penna  pinna  'feather'. 

finch  ME.  finch  oe.  fine  fr.  a 
TEUT.  base  finki-\  cp.  du.  7^/;?>^, 
OHG.  vinko  G.  y?;?/'.  Observe  the 
similarity  of  sound  of  the  Rom. 
words     for    'finch':     it.  pineione, 


FR.  pimo7i    and    e.    dialect,  pink 
pinch. 
find  M^E-flnde  o^.  fin  dan  str.  vb. 

=     synon.      goth.    finpan ,     on. 
finna,    OS  ax.   findan  fithan ,    du. 

vinden,    oho.    finda?i    g.    finden'. 

TEUT.  \ffenpfinp  ox  by  Verner's. 

law  /J?;/^  y?«^   is    pre-TEUT.  /^;?/ 

in    the    synon.    ir.    vb.    <^/<7/;;/    'I 

find'. 
fine  adj.  xME.  fine  borrowed  fr. 

FR.  fin    (whence    also    mhg.    vin 

g.  fein,  DU.  fijfi).      Source  lat. 
finire  vb.  'complete'. 

fine  sb.  ME.  fine  from  lat. 
finis  'a  fine',  lit.  'a  final  pay- 
ment'. 

finger  me.  oe.  finger  =  goth. 
figgrSf  os.fing?',  DU.  vinger^  OHG. 
fingar  c^.  finger :  teut.  hdiSQfijtgra-y 

perh.      allied     to    five     (Aryan 
penqe^ . 

finish  vb.  me.  finisshe    fr.  ofr. 

finiss-  base  of  some  forms  of  fr. 

finir    (lat.  finire)    'end,    finish'. 

fir    ME.  firre\    perh.    a   Scand. 

loanword :  on.  fyra  rare  by-form 

oi  fura  'fir.      There  is  a  teut. 

name     of    the    tree  ficrh-'.    oe. 
fnrhy    OHG.  /£?r//^    G.  fdhre\    cp. 

pre-TEUT.  /^r>^  qerq  in  lat.  qucr-' 

cits  'oak', 
fire  iME.  //r  OE.  fyr :    contr.   of 

westteut.  fuir    ==    osax.     ohg. 
fi/ir  commonly    osax.    ohg.  fiur 

mhg.    viur   G.  fener  y     du.    ?7/7^r. 

The  ir  of  osax.    ohg.  //?/r  (cp. 

ON.  firr  fyrr)    is  suffix;  fii  fr. 

pre-TEUT.  ///-  is    the    root ;    ON. 
fth'-r,    GR.    71V-Q,    Umbrian  //-r, 

armen.  hu-r  point  to  a  common 


76 


first  —  fleam 


base  pu-r\  skr.  \fpit  'flame', 
whence  pavakd  'fire'. 

first  ME.  first  OE.  fyrst  fr. 
"^fyrest  =  TEUT.  f arista-  in  ohg. 
fur  is  t  (cp.  G.  fiirsty  du.  f^^rj/ 
'prince'),  on.  fyrstr  'first';  the 
original  word  for  'first'  is  osax. 
/or mo  =  OE.  forma  with  //z^- 
suffix  (goth.  fru-ma^  from  indo- 
EUR.  //-;  cp.  GR.  npofiog ,  SKR. 
pUrva-Sy  O'S>L0v.priivii^  litu.  pirmas 
'first'.      Cp.  former. 

fish  ME.  y^j-/^  OE.  ^V  (and  y^^t-) 

=  GOTH,  y?^/^^,  ON.  fiskr  y  OHG. 
OSAX.  y?^-^    G.  fisch.       TEUT.  fiska-z 

from  pre-TEUT.  pisko-s  agrees 
with  hM:.piscis',  the  corresponding 
OIR.  /f?.f<:  points  to  pre -historic 
"^peiskos. 

fist  ME.  /jt/  short  for  fist  OE. 
/>'i-/  fr.  TEUT.  ^fthti(z)  =  OHG. 
fist  G.  faust,  DU.  f/«/j-/  'fist'.  If 
connected  with  synon.  hkT.pug- 
nus  and  gr.  -nvyf-iTji  westteut. 
fusti-  stands  for  fiihsti-  =  pre- 
I'EUT.  puk-sti  pug-sti-  ? 

five  ME.  five  OE.  fife]  without 
inflection  oe.  fif  from  teut.  fimf 

^=  GOTYi.fimfy  OSkX.ftf  DU.  vijf, 
OHG.  yf«/  MHG.  vi'inf  G.  /?^/?/, 
on.  fimm  (dan.  sw.  y^?;^) :  pre- 
TEUT.  phnpe pinqe  (for  the  shifting 
of  indo-eur.  q  io  /  see  fir^ 
four^  wolf)',  cp.  skr.  pancdy 
GR.  nsvre  (jibi^ms  ns/iinvog),  lat. 
quinque  (for  ^^pinque),  lith.  penki, 
OIR.   r<?/V,  cymr.  pimp. 

flag  sb.  'an  ensign'  =  ^-f^^gg^i 
DU.  eV(2^,  dan.  y?^^,  sw.  fiagg:  a 
modern  word,  not  found  in  the 
OTEUT.   periods. 


flail  ME.  fail  fieil  oe.  '^fleiel 
(once  recorded  as  fiiyl)  = 
OHG.  fiegil  G.  fiegel,  du.  vlegel:  a 
westteut.  loanword  from  lat. 
flagellwn  'whip,  flail',  whence  also 
FR.  fiiau  (also  OIR.  sraigclt). 

flask  OE.  flasce  r=  on.  fiaska, 
DU.  flesch,  OHG.  yf^^Yi?  g.  fiasche ; 
corresponding  to  the  synon.  it. 
fiasco,  OFR.  fiasche  fr.  fiacon  (med.- 
LAT.  fiasco  fr.  LAT.  vasciUimiT). 

flat  ME.  y?<:?/:  borrowed  fr.  ox. 
y?(2/r  =  sw.  y/<;//,  DAN.  yZ^;^/;  cp. 
0HG.yZ:^5  'flat';  cp.  oe.  fiet,  osax. 
yf^//^'  'floor'  and  ohg.  fiaz^yi  'palm 
of  the   hand'. 

flatter  vl).  me.  fiatere :  borrow- 
ed fr.   OFR.  fiater  =  fr.  fiatter. 

flax  ME.  fiax  OE.  fieax  =  ohg. 
fia/is  G.  fiac/is,  DU.  z^/as;  prob. 
cogn.  w.  the  vb.  ohg.  fi'ehtan  G. 
fiechten  and  goth.  fiaihtan  'braid' ; 
the  s  in  teut.  '^fiahsa-  would  be 
derivative;  cp.  the  Aryan  \fplek 
'braid'  in  i.Mi\plectere,  gr.  nlhyjo 
'weave'. 

flay  vb.  ME.  fie  oe.  fi§an  contr. 
fr.  a  teut.  str.  \h.fiahan  =  on. 
fid. 

flea  me.  fie  oe.  y?/<'?;^  =  ohg. 
fidh  G.  y7<9/^,  DU.  vloo,  ON.  y?<?: 
TEUT.  base  fiauh-  for  piauh- 
meant  orig.  'a  fugitive',  so  that 
the  root  under  flee  =  GOTH. 
pliuhan  is  the  source  o^Y^.flea^ 
G.  fioh. 

fleam  'a  kind  of  lancet'  fr.  fr. 
fiamme.  Source  lat.  fieboto7>mm^ 
whence  also  oe.  fiyt7ne,  du.  vUfiriy 


fleck  —  flood 


11 


OHG.  fiietuma  mhg.  vliete(n)  G. 
Jliete. 

fleck  a  Scand.  loanword:   on. 

fiekkr,  sw.  flcick  =  du.  vleky    G. 

y?^r/^'spot'.  Cp.  ME,yf<?r/^^//'spotted'. 

fledged  adj.  me.  flegge  OE.J!ycge 

=  xMDU.  vlugghcy  LG.  flilggey  G. 
fliigge  from  a  west-teut.  base 
fiuggj-    (oHG.  flucchi   MHG.  vUicke 

from    WEST-TEUT.  JlukkJ-).     The 

source  is  the  teut.  yffug  in  e. 

flee  vb.  ME.  y?/  oe.  y?^'^-^  contr. 
of  "^JieoJian  =  osax.  ohg.  Jliohan 
MHG.  vlieheii  g.  Jiiehen\  goth. 
pliuhiifi  str.  vb.  'flee'  points  to 
an  ARYAN  \ftluk-\   c\).flea  and 

fleece  (the  ending  ^^"^  for  j) 
ME.fes  OE.Jieos  (and  with  vowel- 
mutation  y^.f)  from  TEUT.  Jleusaz 
(Jfiusis)  ;  cp.  du.  7///Vj-,  mhg.  eV/>i- 
(^Uius)   G.  fV?m. 

fleet  ^  *a  number  of  ships'  me. 
flete  OE.  fleot  'a  ship'.  —  fleet ^ 
a  creek,  bay'  me.  fiet  oe.  flcot 
'a  bay  of  the  sea*.  Both  belong 
to  the  vb.  fleet  me.  flete  'float, 
swim'  QE.  fleotati  'float,  swim'  = 
O'^.fjota,  o?,\x.J^iotany  \y\].vlieten, 
OHG.  filo'-an  G.  fiiessen.  teut. 
\Pfleut  flat  fr.  aryan  pleud-plud. 
cp.  //zV  and  float. 

flesh  me.  fiesch  <:m.fiasc  shows 
umlaut  and  palatalization  of  the 
base  *Jldski(z)  '^Jiaiski{z)  =:  ohg. 
fleisk  G.  fieischy  du.  vleesch ;  on. 
yf*?^/^  means  only  'pork',  more 
esp.  'ham  and  bacon';  perh. 
cogn.  w.  flitch. 


I  flicker  vb.  me.  flikere  oe.  fli- 
corian  =  du.  flikkeren  'sparkle, 
glitter';    a  frequent,    of   a    base 

flik  flak  in  UE.flakere,  G.flackern  ? 
flight  ^    'the    act  of  flying'  me. 

flight  OE.flyht  from  oe.  fleoga?i  = 

flight  -  prop,  'the  act  of  fleeing' 
ME.  flight  OE.  flyht  (=z  du.  vlugty 
OHG.  OSAX.  fluhty  G.  flucht)  from 
fleon'^^Q.  E.  flight  OE.  flyht,  du. 
f'//<^/    have     both     meanings    of 

//:^M  Cp. //^^. 

flint  'a  hard  stone'  me.  oe. 
flint  'a  rock' ;  cp.  dan,  fli7tty  G. 
flinte  'musket,  flint-lock',  sw. 
flintay  dan.  flint  'flint*:  perh.  re- 
lated to    GR.  TiXivd^OQ   'a  brick'. 

flit  vb.  ME.  fliite  oe.  "^flyttan  = 
on.  flytja  (sw.  flyttay  dan.  flytte) : 
cp.   the  root  under  fleet  vb. 

flitch  siE-flicche  oe.  flic ce  ^=t.  on. 
flikki'.  TEUT.  base  flikkja-y  perh. 
akin     to  fleck}     or    cogn.    w. 

float  vb.  me.  flpte  oe.  flotian; 
cp.  me.  y^^7^  'a  boat,  a  fleet'  oe. 
flota  'a  boat,  ship,  a  fleet': 
deriv.  of  the  TEUT.\^fl?it  under 
fleet  vb. 
flock  1    'herd,    flock'    me.   flok 

OE.  floCC  =  on.  flokkry    DAN.  y?b>(', 

sw.  yf^r/^. 

flock  2  'a  lock  of  wool'  fr.  ofr. 
floe  =  'LKV.  floccuSy  whence  also 
OHG.  floccho    G.   flockCy    du.    vlok. 

flood  me.  oe.  flpd  =  osAX.flSdy 
DU.  eV^^<'/,  OHG.  fluot  G.  yfz//,  on. 
flody  GOTH,  flodus'.  a  common 
Teut.  word.  goth.  flodiis  from 
ARYAN  plotu-s   is    bascd    on   the 


78 


floor  —  foe 


TEUT.  v^y/f?-    from    pre-TEUT.  plo- 
in  floic. 

floor  ME.  OE.  Jlpr  =  DU.  vloer, 
.MLG.  vlor,  MHG.  vluor  (g.  Jlur) 
'field,  surface,  hall',  on.  flor  'the 
floor  of  a  cow-house':  teut. 
jloru-s  from  pre-TEUT.  plorus 
plants  closely  related  to  oiR. 
id?-  for  '"^pldr  'floor,  paved  floor'. 
florin  ME.  Jiorin :  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  florin  (it.  fiorino  so  named 
because  it  bore  a  lily,  from  it. 
fiore  'a  flower'). 

flounce  changed  fr.  ^m./roimce 
'a  plait':  loanword  fr.  fr.  froncer 
'plait ,  wrinkle"  (prob.  from  a 
lat.  type  '^frontiare  'wrinkle  the 
forehead'). 

flounder  sb.  borrowed  fr.  scand. 
sw.  flundra,  dan.  flynder  ^  on. 
flydra. 

flour  ident.  w.  floiver  from 
FR.  fleur  'flower'. 

flourish  vb.  me.  flourisshe : 
adapt,  fr.  ofr.  fleuriss-  stem  of 
fleurir  'flourish'  (lat.  floi-escere 
inceptive  o{  florere  'bloom*). 

flow  vb.  ME.  fl&ive  OE.  flgwan 
str.  vb.  =  ON.  floa^  du.  vloeien'. 
TEUT.y^flS-  m//(?(?d=  pre-TEUT. 
p/S-  in  gr.  71  h6-(o  *I  swim,  sail', 
nXfOTog  'swimming,   sailing'. 

flower  ME.  flour :  borrowed  fr. 
afr.  flour  flor  =  fr.  jkur  (lat. 
flos).     Ident.  w.  //our. 

fluke  'a  flounder'  ME.flo'ke  oe. 
flp'c  =  ON.  floki;  cogn.  w.  ohg. 
fla/i  G.flacAy  DU.  Tj/ak  adj.  'plain . 
Cp.  the  ARYANy/p/ak  in  lat. 
placenta  'cake'  and  pldfius  (for 
plac?tus7)  'plain'. 


'    flute     borrowed    fr.     fr.   flute, 

I  whence  also  du.  fluit\   cp.  mhg. 

vloite    G.  flote    'flute'    and     ofr. 

flaute,    iT.flauto.     Chaucer    uses 

the  vb.  floute  'play  on  the  flute'. 

flutter  vb.  ME.flotere  oe.  flotorian 
ix.\fflut  under  float.  Cp.  G. 
flatter?!} 

fly  vb.  ME.  flie  earher  fleien 
OE.  fleogan  str.  vb.  =  ohg. fliogan 
G.  fliegen,  du.  vliegen,  on.  fljiiga. 
GOTH,  "^fliugan  is  inferred  from 
the  factitive  flaugjan  'carry  away 
in  flight'  and  shows  that  the 
common  Teut.  vb.  "was  fleugan] 
cp.  LAT.  plmna  (for  "^pliVunaT) 
'feather'.  —  fly  sb.  me.  flie 
earlier  fleie  oe.  flepge  =:  ohg. 
flioga  g.  fliege^  du.  vUeg  (on.  with 
ablaut  flu'ga  'fly') :  evidently  fly 
means  'the  flyer'    from  fly    vb. 

foal  me.  fjle  oe.  fola  ~~  synon. 
ON.  foli,  ohg.  folo  G.  fohleny 
GOTH.  />//(r?:  a  common  Teut. 
term  for  'the  young  of  a  horse 
or  an  ass*  from  pre-TEUT.  p9l6?i- ; 
allied  to  gr.  7T(okog  'colt,  young 
animal ,  lat.  pullus  a  young  ani- 
mal' esp.  'a  chicken'. 

foam  sb.  me.  fgme  oe.  f dm  = 
OHG.  feini :  base  fainia-  for  an 
earlier  '^fai?ia-  ■=-  skr.  ph^na, 
osLOV.  pe?ia  'foam'. 

fodder  me.  fodder  oe.  foddor 
=  DU.  voeder,  ohg.  fuotar  G. 
flutter,  ON.  /^^r:  cp.  oe.  /<?Wrt' 
under  food. 

foe  ME.  /(i*  OE.  j^/2  contr.  fr. 
an  earlier  gifdha  =  west-teut. 
gafaiho{}t)-\  cp.  the  abstract  oe. 
fckhd    (ohg.    gifehida    G.  f elide): 


fog  —f  forbid 


79 


OE.  lefd  sb.  and  fdhd  sb.  are 
based  on  the  adj.  oe.  lefdh  = 
OHG.    gifeh\    OE.   fdh    =    teut. 

faiha-  from  a  prc-TEUT.  paiko- 
adj. 

fog:  a  Dan.  loanword,  dan. /J?^'' 
in  sneefog  'a  snow-storm' ;  cp. 
ON.  fok  'spray,  snow-drift',  fjuk 
'snow-storm'  from  fjuka  str.  vb. 
'drift'. 
fold    vb.    ME.   fplde   OE.  fdldan 

■  {/(aldmi)  str.'  vb.  =r  goth.  f alp  an  ^ 
ON.  falda,  OHG.  faltan  G.  falten'. 
TEUT.  sf'falp  =  pre-TEUT.  ///  cp. 
in  OSLOV.  //^/^  //^i'//  'braid',  gr. 
dinXa6tO(;  for  ^dinXdnog  'two- 
fold', ^KR.puta  'fold'  (for  '^pultd). 
—  -fold  ME.  -/"^Z^:/  OE.  -fdld 
{-/cald)  =  OSAX,  -/a/d,  du.  -z/^/v^/, 
g.  -/<2'//',  ON.  -faldr,  goth.  -f alps'. 
a  common  Tout,  suffix  for 
the  formation  of  multiplicatives 
corresponding  to  GR.  nkdoiog  in 
dinkdoiog  (also  dinaXrog  'two- 
fold'). 
folk  ME.  folk  OE.  /<:;/<:  =  OSAX. 

/oik,    DU.    ZW>^,    OHG.  /^/^    G.    VOlkf 

ON.  /<:i//^.  The  primit.  meaning 
is  perh.  'a  crowd  of  people', 
whence  lith.  pulkas  'a  crowd', 
OSLOV.  pluku  'an  army'. 

follow  vb.  ME.  folwcfolowe  oe. 
folgiaii  (by-form  fyly.iii)  =  ON. 
fylgja,  DU.  volgen,  ohg.  folgen  G. 
folgen:  the  common  west-teut. 
and  Norse  vb.  for  'follow'; 
possibly  a  compound  verbal 
stem,  the  first  member  of  which 
is  full;  cp.  OE.  full-eode  'he 
followed',  OE.  OLG.  fulgangan, 
OHG.  fola-gdn    'follow'.      Go    fr. 


OE.  gdn  would  be  the  second 
member. 

fond  ME.  fond  prop,  fonn-ed 
partic  oi  fonne  'be  foolish';  cp. 
ME.  &h.  fon(nn)'2i  fool':  borrowed 
fr.  sw.  fane  'a  fool';  icel.  fdni 
'a  buoyant  person'. 

food  ME.  fode'oY^.fpda'.  teut. 
\ffdd  fad  (cp.  OHG.  fatunga 
'food')  fr.  k^Yk^  pat  in  nartiad^at 
'eat'.  Cp.  also  feed,  fodder, 
foster. 

fool  ME.  fpl:  adopt,  fr.  ofr.  fol 
(=  FR.  fou  fol)  'a  fool'. 

foot  ME.  OE.  fpt  (plur.  fet)   = 

OSAX.  foty  DU.  VOet,  OHG.  fuOT^  G. 
fuss,    ON.  fotr,    SW.  /c?/,    DAN.  fod, 

GOTH.  fStus:  TEUT.  base /^/-  from 
ARYAN  pod-  changing  with  aryan 
pod-  ped-  in  the  declension;  cp. 
GR.  nod-  in. TTo'Ja,  nom.  sing,  novg 
(aeol.  ttcdc)  ;  LAT.  ped-em  (nom. 
sing,  pes) ;  GR.  nsSiXov  'sole'  — 
nsLog  (for  *TT&(^j6g)  'pedestrian', 
SKR.  pad  'foot'  and  pada  'step, 
print'. 

fop  vb.  borrowed  fr.  DU.  foppen 
'prate,  cheat'  (^fopper  'a  wag', 
fopperij  'cheating')  :  orig.  a  word 
of  G.   slang. 

for  ME.  OE.  for  prep.  =  goth. 
failra  'before, .  for',  OHG.  fora  g. 
vor  'before',  du.  voor',  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  pro  'before',  gr.  nQO  'be- 
fore'. 

forbear  me.  forbore  oe.  forbcran 
str.   vb.;   cp.   bear  vb. 

forbid  me.  forbede  oe.  forbeodan 
confounded  with  m^.forbidde  oe. 
forbiddan;   cp.  bid. 


8o 


force 


foul 


force  sb.  me.  foi-ce  fors:  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  force  (lat.  type 
fortia  'strength'  derived  ix.fortis 
'strong'). 

ford  ME.  OE.  ford  (me.  also 
forth)  =  DU.  voerty  osax.  '^ford 
in  Heriford  (prop,  'ford  of  an 
army*),  ohg.  vurt  q.  fur t  {Frank-, 
Er-,  Schwein-^  \  cp.  oe.  Oxenaford 
(lit.  'ford  of  the  oxen')  =  Oxford. 
TEUT.  '^fordu-  forpii-  from  the 
TEUT.  sffar  in  fa  r  e ;  hence  ford 
prop,  'passable,  practicable  pass- 
age'; cp.  A  VEST,  peretu  'bridge', 
LAT.  portus  'haven',  on.  fjordr 
'bay';  also  celt. -lat.  -rititm  (for 
'■•prtofti)  in  Augtistoritiim,  cymr. 
rhyd  'ford'. 

foreign  me.  foreine:  adapted 
{v.OFK.foraifi'.  lat.  iy\iQ  foratieus 
derived  fr.  foras  adv.  'out  of 
door'. 

forfeit  sb.  M'e.forfete:  borrowed 
fr.  om.  forfait  'a  fine'  part,  of 
forf aire  forsf aire  'trespass'  (med.- 
LAT.  forisf actum  part,  of  foris- 
facere  'trespass',  lit.  'do  beyond'). 

forge  me.  forge  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  forge  from  lat.  fabrica  'a 
workshop'. 

forget  vb.  ME.  forgete  oe.  for- 
gitan  str.  vb.  =  o?>AX.fargetany  du. 
vergeten,  mlg.  z>orgeten,  ohg.  Jir- 
gej^T^an  G.  vergessen.  The  comp. 
v^b.  is  the  remnant  of  a  str. 
verbal Y"^t'/,  whence  ^-  get  'ob- 
tain, reach';  cp.  goth.  bigitan 
find',  ON.  geta  'obtain'.  Cp.  g et 
and  the  aryan  \f  ghed :  ghend  in 
lat.  prae-hendere j  gr.  /avdatoj 
'seize'. 


fork  ME.  forke  oy..  forca  =  du. 
7'ork,  OHG .  furc/ia  firka  G.furkcy 
ON.  forka:  borrowed  fr.  lat. 
firca  'a  fork',  whence  also  fr.' 
fourche,  span,  horca,  it.  forca. 

forlorn  'quite  lost'  me.  forlorn 
oe.  forloren  part,  of  oe.  forleosan 
'lose  utterly';  cp.  lose  and  G. 
DU.  verloren,  dan.  forloren. 

former  formed  by  adding  the 
compar.  suffix  -er  to  me.  for?nc 
OE.  forma  =r-  osAX."  forma  'first' ; 
cp.  first. 

forsake  vb.  me.  forsake  oe. 
forsacan    str.    vb.  'oppose' ;    cp. 

forth  UTi..  forth  OE.  ford  =  osax. 
/<?r//z,  OHG.  "^ford  g.  /^7;7,  gotil 
compar.  failrpis  adv.  earlier'. 
oteut,  /<?r/  from  older  frpo  prtj 
is  allied  to  before  2.-^6.  further. 

iovXnightUE.fourtenightfmrtcn- 
7iight  from  me.  fourtene  'fourteen' 
and  night  (old  plur.)  'nights'; 
cp.  OE.  feowertyne  niht  and  also 
E.  sennight  =  seven  night.  It 
was  usual  to  reckon  by  nights  in 
pre-hist.  periods.  —  forty  me. 
fourty  OE.  feowerti-^  =  du.  veer  tig, 
G.vierzig,  Goni.fidwortigjus;  cp. 
OE.  feower  =  fotir  and  oe.  fr^ 
=  ten. 

foster  vb.  me.  fostre  short  for 
OE.  fostrian  iroTnfpstor  'nourish- 
ment'; di\im  to  food:  teut.  \'^fod. 

foul  ME.  foul  OE.  ////  :=  DU. 
Vuil,    OHG.  ful   G.  fiul,     ON.  fully 

GOTH.  fi}ls\  la-  is  suffix,  and  the 
TEUT.  y^fu  is  inferred  fr.  on. 
fucnn  'rotten'  and  from  the  fac- 
titive   vb.    ON.   feyja    'cause    to 


VERSITY  ) 


found  —  freeze 


8i 


rot'.  An  Aryan  verbal  \^  pit 
appears  in  skr.  puy  'rot,  stink'; 
cp.  LAT.  />u/eo  'stink'  —  puter-  'de- 
cayed',    GR.    7Tv-i)^Lo     'cause    to 

rot',    GR.   TTVOV  LAT.  pt/S    'puss'. 

found  ^  vb.  'lay  the  foundation 
of  ME.  founde :  adapted  fr.  fr. 
fonder  from  lat.  fundare  'found'. 

found  2  vb.  'cast  metals'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  fondre  from  lat. 
fundere  'cast  metals'. 

fount  ME.  fount  fr.  ofr.  font  =^ 
LAT.  font-em, 

four  u^.  four  fo7aer  oe.  feower 
{/eowcrl^  =  osAX./iwar,  du.  g.  mer 
OHG.  for,  ON.  fjorir.  The  oe.  by- 
form  fyder-  (in  comp.  disfyder- 
fete  'four-footed')  and  goth.  fid- 
wor  (^Jidur-^  point  to  a  pre-TEUT. 
hdiSQ peiwor petur  for  qetwor  qetur\ 
ident.  w.  skr.  catur,  L3.T.  quattuor, 
GR.  xsoaaQSQ  {7iiffv(jsc)f  oslov. 
eetyrt  'four'. 

fowl  ME.  fou/  earlier  fuwel  oe. 
fugol  ==  OSAX.  fugal,  DU.  vogel, 
OUG.  fogal  MHG.  G.  z^ogel,  ON.  fug/, 
GOTH,  fugls:  teut.   base  fug  la-. 

fox     ME.     OE.  fox    =    OHG.  fu/lS 

G.  fuc/is,  DU.  vos,  ON.  fox ;  the 
s  of  the  TEUT.  base  fuh-s-  is 
suffix  as  is  shown  by  gotu. fauho, 
ON.  foa  'fox'  =  OHG.  foha  mhg. 
vohe  'she-fox'  (and  o^.focge  'she- 
fox'?).    Cp.  vixen. 

frail  (me.  frile)  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  fraile  (fr.  frele)  'brittle'  = 
LAT.  fragilis. 

frame  vb.  me.  f rente  oe.  fr  em- 
man  'promote,  do'  (=  o^.fremja, 
OHG.  fremman  ,    oSAX.  fremmian 

English  Etymology. 


'perform'):  derived  fr.  oe. fram 
strong,  good',    ident.  w.  from. 

franchise  me.  fraunchise'.  bor- 
rowed from  YR.  franchise  'privi- 
leged liberty'  from  FK.franchiss-, 
stem  of  some  forms  o^  franc hir 
'free'  from  fr.  franc  'free'. 

fraught  part,  of  me.  fraughte 
vb.=  DU.  bevrachten,  G.  befrachten\ 
cp.  G.fracht  oylg.  freht  'earnings, 
gain.  Properly  a  compound ; 
cp.  OE.  (Bhty  OHG.  eht  'property' 
under  own. 

freak  'a  whim,  caprice'  me.  frek 
'quick,  vigorous'  oe.  fra  'bold, 
rash'  =  ON.  fr'ekr,  oho.  fr'eh 
'greedy'  o.  frech  'pert',  GOTH. 
faihu'friks  'avaricious' :  teut. 
base  fr'eka-. 

freckle  from  on.  freknur  plur. 
'freckles';  cp.  sw.  frdkne  plur. 
frdhiar,  fris.  (Am  run)  friakan 
'freckles'.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  GR. 
TTfpxvo'c  'spotted'. 

free  me.  fre  oe.  freo  fri:  teut. 
base  frija-  =  goth.  freis,  osax. 
OHG.  fri  G.  frei.  The  pre-teut. 
priyo-  is  the  base  of  cymr.  rhydd 
'free'  and  of  skr.  priyd-s  'dear, 
beloved';  cp.  the  skr.  verbal 
\fpri  'rejoice,  render  favorable' 
with  GOTH,  frijon  'love'  under 
friend  and  Friday. 

freeze  vb.  me.  frese  oe.  freosan 
str.  vb.;  cp.  synon.  on.  frjosa, 
DU.  vriezen,  ono.friosan  G.  frier  en) 
cp.  GOTH,  frius  'frost,  cold':  teut. 
\ffreus  fruz  from  a  pre-teut. 
preusprtis,  which  seems  to  exist  in 
LAT.  priirio  for  ^prusio  'itch',  if 
'itch,     frostburn'    is    the    inter- 


82 


freight 


frock 


mediate  meaning,  and  in  skr. 
\l^prus  'spurt  out';  prusvd  'drop,, 
frozen  drop,  frost'.      Cp.  frost. 

freight  ident.  w.  fraught. 

fresh  adj.  me.  fresh  fresch  oe. 
fersc  =:  OHG.  frisc  G.  frisch,  du. 
versch  'fresh';  cogn.  w.  OSLOV. 
presmii  'fresh'  from  Aryan  prais- 
kino-',  cp.  LiTH.  preskas  'sweet, 
unsoured'  with  finn.  rieska  'fresh, 
unsoured'.  The  Rom.  family  of 
IT.  fresco,  FR.  frais  comes  from 
WEST-TEUT.  fr'eska-. 

fret^  vb.  'eat  up,  devour'  short 
for  ME.  frete  oe.  fr'etan  str.  vb. 
=  DU.  LG.  vreten,  OHG.  frei;z^an 
G.fressen  'eat  up,  consume'.  The 
corresp.  goth.  frditan  {^r&i.fret) 
'consume'  shows  that  west-teut. 
fretan  is  a  compound  of  etan  = 
eat\  fra  is  a  common  prefix  in 
GOTH.    (c^.  fraught  2ind  fret). 

fret^  vb.  'ornament,  variegate 
ME.  fretie  oe.  frcetwan  'adorn': 
from  o^.frcetwe  plur.  'ornament'= 
OSAX.  frataha  'ornament':  source 
perh.  a  Teut.  compound  fra  -h 
GOTH.  tewa  'arrangement'. 

iv\2ir  Wt..  frere'.  adapted  fr.  fr. 
frere  'a  brother'. 

Friday  me.  friday  oe.  frl'^edcej^ 
=  DU.  vrijdag,  ohg.  friatag  mhg. 
vriiac  G.  freitag ,  on.  Frjddagr'. 
really  'day  of  the  Teut.  goddess 
Frija  Frijjo  in  imitation  of  i.at. 
dies  Veneris  {Fria  and  Venus 
correspond).  ON.  F^'iggWk.^  ohg. 
Fria  is  prop,  'the  goddess  of 
love';  cp.  SKR. /r/y^ 'wife,  loved 
one'  (oSAX.  fri,  oe.  freo  'wife'). 
Cp.  free. 


friend  me.  frend  oe.  freond  = 
OS. \x.  friund  'Mend,  relative',  du. 
vriend,  ohg.  friunt  mhg.  vriunt  (d) 
G.  freund,  goth.  frijonds  'friend' : 
teut.  frijond-  (formed  like 
fiend)  is  pres.  partic.  of  an  old 
teut.  vb.  frijon  'love'  =  goth. 
frijon,  OE.  frioian'lovQ  .  C^.free. 

frieze  (of  a  column)  fr.  fr. 
ft'ise  (=  iT.fregio  'frieze'),  whence 
also    G.  DU.  fries, 

fright  me.  fright  oe.  fyrhtu 
fyrhto',  cp.  the  synon.  goth. 
faurhtei  'fright'  and  OSAX.  ohg. 
for{a)hta  mhg.  vorht{e)  G.  furcht 
'fright'.  —  frighten  vh.uE./righte 
oe.  fyrhtan  =  goth.  faurhtjan, 
OSAX.  forhton,  ohg.  furihten 
forahtan  G.  filrchten. 

fringe  me.  fringe:  loanword 
from  OFR.  "^fringe  =^  fr.  frange 
(source  lat.  fimbria  'fringe'), 
whence  G.  franse,  du.  franje. 

frisk  vb.  formed  from  the  adj. 
OFR.  f risque  =  SCAND.  friskr 
'frisky,  brisk'. 

frith  firth  ue.  firth',  a  Scand. 
loanword;  cp.  ON.  fjgrdr  (plur. 
firdir)  'bay' ,*^ dan.  fiord,  sw.  fjdrd 
'a firth':  teut.  hdiseferpu-,  aryan 
pertu-  cp.  LAT.  portus  'haven'.  For 
the  Aryan   \fper  cp.  ford. 

fritter  late  me.  fritoure'.  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  friture  'dish  of 
fried  fish',  also  'a  fragment'  from 
OFR.  frif  'fried'  (source  lat. 
frigere);   c^.  fry. 

fro  me.  fro  earlier /r^ :  adapted 
fr.  o-^.frd  'from',  ident.w.  from. 

frock  me.  frok:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  froc  =^  MED.-LAT.  frocus  'a 


froo;  —  furze 


83 


monk's  frock';  source  osax.  hroc 
'coat'. 

frog  M^.frogge  oe.  frogga]  the 
OE.  parallel  form  frocca  (mod. 
dial,  frock)  points  to  the  synon. 
ON.  fraukr.  Prob.  oe.  forsc, 
OHG.  frosk  G.  froschy  on.  froskr 
show  the  same  root,  if  derived 
fr.  TEUT.  "^fruhsqa-. 

frolic  borrowed  fr.  du.  vrolijk 
'merry  ;  cp.  mhg. V7'oloken  'rejoice', 
prob.  after  mhg.  vro-sanc  'merry 
song'  supplanting  an  older 
froleichen. 

from  ME.  OE.  from  fram  ^ 
OSAX.  OYiG.fram  mhg.  vram  prep, 
'forth,  from'  —  adv.  'forth',  ON. 
frafn  adv.  'forward'  —  frd  prep, 
'from'  —  adv.  'fro',  goth.  fraj)t 
prep,  'from' adv. 'further,  forward'. 

frost  ME.  frost  oe.  forst  ==  on. 
DAN.  sw.  G.  frosty  DU.  vorst: 
deriyed   fr.   \f  frus  =  freeze, 

froth  sb.  ME.//7?7//^fr.  o^.froda, 

froward  adj.  ME./rjTf^^r^/ earlier 
frdward'.   derived  fr.  fro. 

frown  vb.  me.  froune  shortened 
fr.  FR.  refrogner. 

fruit  ME.  frilt  {fruit)  fr.  fr. 
fruit  =  LAT.  fructus. 

fry  vb.  ME.  frie  fr.  ofr.  frire 
=  LAT./r2^(fr^ 'roast';  o."^. fritter, 

ivy  sb.  ME.fri  fr.  o^.  frjo  {free) 
'spawn,  fry';  ident.  w.  GOTn.fraiw 
'seed':  pre-TEUT.  pro-eiwo-. 

fuel  sb.  late  mf..  fouaile  fr.  ofr. 
*fouaille:  lat.  i^'^e  focalia  'fuel'. 

full  ME.  0E./iY/f//)  =  G0TH./2^//y, 
ON.  fullrj     DU.     vol,     G.    VOll    OHG. 

fol(ll) :    TEUT.   base  fulla-    fr.   an 


ARYAN  base  p9l-no  in  skr.  piirria 
'full';  cp.  LAT.  plenuSy  oir.  Idn 
(orig.  "^plonos)  'full'.  Prop,  partic. 
with  suffix  -no-  fr.  an  aryan 
yfple  plo  'to  fill'  in  skr.  sf  pur 
pr,  LAT.  implere,   gr.  Tiif.nilr)ui. 

fuller  sb.  me.  fuller  O's..  full^-e 
'a  cloth-bleacher':  adaption  of 
'L^.T.fullo  'a  fuller,  bleacher'. 

funnel  late  me.  fund  fr.  fr. 
fondtfle\  source  i.k'V.infundibulwfi. 

fur  MK.furre  forre  fr.  ofr.  fuerre 
forre  'a  sheath,  a  case";  source 
TEUT. -GOTH. /<?^r  'a  sheath';  cp. 
G.  f utter  ident.  w.  E.  fodder. 

furbish  vb.  me.  furbisshe  fr. 
OFR.  fourbir  (fourbiss-)  polish', 
which  rests  on  OHG.  furb(j)an 
MHG.  vurben  'purify,  clean'  (teut. 
yf  furb  =  ARYAN  \f  prp  in  GR. 
nQsnu)}). 

furlong  see  furrow. 

furnace  me.  furneis  forneis  fr. 
FR.  fournaise  =  lat.  fornax  {for- 
nacem)   'an  oven'. 

furnish  fr.  fr.  fournir  (stem 
fourftiss-).  Source  a  teut.  wk.  vb. 
frumjan  'perform';   c\^. perform. 

furrow  ME.  furwe  forwe  oe. 
furh:  teut.  base  furh-  also  in 
OHG.  furha  G.  furche  'furrow', 
DU.  voor,  ON.  for  'drain'.  A  pre- 
TEU'V'.  prk  pork  is  evident  in  lat. 
porca  'a  ridge  between  two 
furrows',  cymr.  rhych  'furrow', 
armen.  herk.  —  furlong  me.  oe. 
furlong  lit.  'furrow-long'. 

further  me.  further  ok.  fur  dor; 
cogn.    w.  for   and   ohg.  furdir. 

furze  me.  frse  oe.  fyi^s  earlier 
fyres :  Teut.   base  furisa-  ? 


84 


gab  —   gall  ^ 


gab  ME.  gabbe  'talk  idly,  jest, 
lie':  borrowed  fr.  on.  gabba, 
whence  also  YR.gaber^  it.  gabbare, 
Cp.  gabble  gibber.  —  gabber 
'gabble',  var.  of  gabble  both  of 
which  are  frequent,  verbs  of  gab. 
C^.Jabbe?'  andgzbber. —  gabble 
var.   of  gabber. 

gabel  *a  tax,  impost,  esp.  the 
tax  on  salt':  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
gabelle  (=  span,  gabela,  it. 
gabella,  med.-lat.  gabella  gab(u)- 
lum).  Source  a  teut.  sb.  gabida- 
in  OE.  gafol  'tribute'. 

gable  AiE.  gdble:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gable  'a  gable',  which  is 
of  LAT.  origin;  cp.  lat.  gabalus, 
whence  on.  gajl  'a  gable'  (but 
GOTH,  giblay  G.  giebel  'a  gable' 
akin  to  GR.yncpaXt]  'head':  Aryan 
base  ghebhald-  ghebhlo-). 

gad  ME.  gad:  borrowed  fr.  on. 
gaddr^  ^odidj  pike';  teut.  base 
gazda-  ident.  w.  lat.  hasta  from 
an  Aryan  base  ghazdha-]  but  gad 
in  gadfly  stands  for  goad. 

gag  ME.  gagge  'suffocate';  prob. 
imitation  of  the  sound  of 
choking. 

gage^  ME.  gage:  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gage  =  SPAN,  gagey  it.  gaggio 
(lat.  type  wadium).  Source  a 
TEUT.  sb.  cp.  GOTH.  7vadi\  cp.  7ved 
and  wage. 

gage''^    also    gauge    me.  gauge: 


adopted  from  ofr.  gauger  later 
jauger  'measure  the  contents'. 
Source  uncertain. 

gain  sb.  me.  gain:  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  sw.  gagn  =  DAN.  gavn  'gain'. 

gain  vb.  late  me.  gaine:  hox- 
r ow ed  fr.  FR.  gagner  ofr.  gaagnier 
gaaigner  'cultivate,  gain':  source 
a  teut.  vb.  (OHG.  ^weidanjan  — 
weidenon  'pasture'). 

gain-  pref.  me.  gein  oe.  geyi 
gin  gedn  (=  g.  gegen,  on.  gagn-^. 
—  gainsay  uf.  geinseie  'conirdi- 
dict'.   Cp.  against  oe.  ongeanes. 

gait  ident.  w.  gate"". 

gaiter  borrowed  fr.  fr.  giietre 
(ofr.  guestre,  perh.  loanword  tr. 
MHG.  wester  'a  child's  chrisom- 
cloth';  cp.  GOTH,  wasti,  lat.  vestis 
'clothing'). 

gale  sb.  a  Scand.  loanword ;  akin 
to  dan.  gal,  sw.  galen  'furious, 
mad',  NORW.  galen  'furious,  wild, 
mad'   (of  wind  and  storm). 

galP  ME.  galle  oe.  gealla  ■= 
OSAX.  OHG  galla  G.  galle,  du.  gal, 
ON.  gall.  GOTH.  *gallin-  (hardly 
^galzin-)  from  pre-teut.  g^l-.  is 
cogn.  w.  GR.  /oXij  x^X^g,  lat. 
fel  fellis  *gair  (whence  it.  fiele, 
SPAN,  hiel,  FR.  fiet).  Many  think 
it  allied  with  yellow  so  that 
gall\N?iS  named  from  its  yellowish 
color. 


gair 


garden 


85 


gall  2  'a  sore  on  the  skin'  me. 
galle  OE.  gealla  'a  gall'  (on  a 
horse)  =  du.  gal  'a  windgall', 
MHG.  G.  galle  'a  foot  -  disease 
in  horses';  perh.  borrowed  fr. 
LAT-ROM.  galla  a  gallnut,  an  oak- 
apple'  =^  IT.  galla ^  SPAN,  agalla 
'windgalls'.  But  a  confusion  of 
galla  with  a  teut.  word  of  similar 
phonology  is  possible,  since  in 
sw.  dialects  too  there  exists  a 
grdssgaller  'a  swelling  on  a 
horse's   hoof. 

gall 3  'a  gall-nut':  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gale  from  lat.  galla  'a  gall- 
nut,  an  oak-apple  ? 

galley  me.  galeie:  adapted  fr. 
FR.  galic  gaUe  (rr.  galea  =  med.- 
LAT.  galea  'a  galley'). 

gallon  ME.  galoun:  a,  fr.  loan- 
word:   FR.  gallon   =   IT.  gallone, 

galloon  borrowed  fr.  FK.galon. 

gallop  ME.  galope:  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  galoper]  cp.   also  wallop. 

gallows  (the  plur.  used  as 
sing.)  ME.  gakves  plur.  oe.  galga 
gealga  'cross,  gibbet'  =  ohg.  osax. 
galgo,  DU.  galg,  G.  galgen,  on. 
galgi,  GOTH,  galga :  a  common 
teut.  word,  TEUT.  galgan-  from 
Kry diXi  ghalghan-]  cp.  lith.  zalga 
'pole'. 

gamble  appar.  a  frequent,  of 
an  unrecorded  me.  *gam(e)ley 
commonly  me.  gamene  oe.  ga- 
menian  'play  at  games.  Deriv. 
of  game.  For  the  change  of  n 
to  /  cp.  MHG.  gamel  gamen  'pleas- 
ure". —  game  'amusement'  me. 
game  oe.  gamen  gomen  =  on. 
OHG.  gaman  (mhg.  gamen  garnet) 


'play';  prob.  ident.  w.  goth.  ga- 
-man  'communion  of  men'.  The 
pref.  ga-  is  used  collectively; 
for  man  cp.  man. 

gander  me.  gander  oe.  gandra\ 
akin  to  OE.  gps  from  a  teut. 
base  gan-s  in  goose  and  cp. 
gannet. 

gang  me.  gang  'a  going,  course, 
way,  passage'  oe.  gang  'a  going, 
way,  privy'  =  osax.  du.  g.  gang 
'a  going,  walk,  way,  passage', 
ON.  gangr  'a  going,  a  crew'. 

gannet  me.  "^ganet  oe.  ganot 
'swan' ;  akin  to  du.  gent  'gander', 
ohg.  ganaxifi  'gander';  cp.  a 
primit.  teut.  base  gan-  also  in 
TEUT.-LAT.  ganta  'goose';  see 
gander  and  goose. 

gantlet  prop,  gantlope  'a  mili- 
tary punishment'  corrupted  fr. 
sw.  gatlopp  'running  down  a 
lane'  (sw.  gata  'a  lane'  and  lopp 
'a  running'  fr.  lopa  'run  =  e. 
leap). 

gaol  see  Jail. 

gap  ME.  gap :  borrowed  fr.  on. 
gap  'opening,  breach,  chasm'.  — 
gape  vb.  ME.  gape  adapted  fr. 
SCAND.  gapa  'yawn'  :^  du.  gapen, 
G.  gaff  en  'gape,  yawn'. 

gar  see  garlic  and  gore. 

garb  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  garbe 
'good  fashion'  from  ohg.  garawi 
'dress'  ■=■  oe.  gearwe  'preparation, 
dress'.      Cp.  gear. 

garden  me.  gardin  fr.  ofr.  (Pi- 
card.)  gardin  ^=-'ER.  Jardiny  which 
is  of  Teut.  origin :  OHG.  garto 
(gen.   and  dat.  gartin)  G.  garten, 


86 


gargk 


gaunt 


OSAX.  gardoy  goth.  garda  m.  'a 
fold';   akin  to  yard. 

gargle  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  gar- 
gouiller  'gargle'  fr.  gargouille 
windpipe'. 

garland  me.  gerlaund'.  borrow- 
ed fr.  OFR.  garlande  fr.  guirlande, 
whence  du.  g.  dan.  guirlande. 

garlic  ME.  garlek  garlick  oe. 
gdr-l(ac\  for  lie  =  oe.  /^'ac  cp. 
leek.  The  first  element  of  the 
compound  is  oe.  gar  'a  spear' 
(cp.^^r^).  Hence  garlic  prop. 
*sp  ear-leek'. 

garment  short  for  me.  gar- 
nement'.  borrowed  fr.  fr.  gar- 
nement  y  deriv.  of  fr.  garnir 
'garnish'.      Cp.  garnish, 

garner  me.  gerner:  adapted  fr. 
ofr.  gernier  fr.  grenier  (it. 
granaro  =  lat.  type  grand- 
riiini). 

garnet  me.  gernet:  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  grenat  (=  span,  granate, 
IT.  granatd) :  source  lat.  grana- 
tus  'having  many  grains  or 
seeds'. 

garnish  vb.  me.  garnisshe: 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  garniss-.^  the  stem 
of  certain  forms  of  garnir  (= 
it.  guarnire)  'avert,  warn,  garnish', 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin:  teut. 
base  warnjan.  —  garrison  me. 
garnison:  borrowed  fr.  fr.  gar- 
nison ;  deriv.  of  fr.  garnir  'pro- 
vide,  fortify'.      Cp.  garnish. 

garret  me.  garite:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  garite  fr.  guerite  'a  watch- 
tawer':  derived  fr.  ofr.  garir 
warir  save,  keep'  fr.  guirir 
(=  IT.  guarire).    Source  a  teut. 


warjan  =  goth.  warjan  'hold, 
defend'. 

garrison   see  garnish. 

garter  me.  garter e\  borrowed 
fr.  ofr.  gariier  jartier  fr.  jarre- 
tiere'.  deriv.  of  fr.  j'arret  'the 
small  of  the  leg  behind  the 
knee'. 

gash  me.  garse  garge\  borrow- 
ed fr.  ofr.  garser  'scarify'. 

gasp  vb.  me.  gaspe  oe.  '^gdspian'. 
TEUT.  base  gaispon  =  on.  geispa 
'gasp'.  The  E.  word  is  not 
borrowed  fr.   Scand. 

gate^  (cp.  gait)  'a  way,  road' 
ME.  gate :  borrowed  fr.  on.  gata 
(ace.  gptu)  'way,  path,  road'  = 
sw.  gata  'a  street ,  lane',  dan. 
gade  'a  street';  ident.  w.  ohg. 
ga'i^-lfi  G.  gasse  'a  street',  goth. 
gatwo  'a  street'. 

gate-  'door,  gate,  opening' 
me.  gate  ydte  oe.  j^eat  (plur. 
gatu  leatu)  =  osax.  du.  ^at  'a 
hole,  opening,  gap',  on.  gat  'an 
opening'. 

gather  me.  gadere  oe.  gaderian 
(=  DU.  gaderen,  G.  dial,  gattern) : 
deriv.  of  oe.  geador  (cp.  to- 
gether). Prob.  akin  to  oe.  gcede- 
ling  'cousin,  G.  gatte  'husband' 
from    the    same    root    as  good. 

gaud  'a  show,  ornament'  me. 
gaude:  borrowed  fr.  lat.  gau- 
dium.  —  gaudy  'merry,  bright, 
showy'  fr.  gaud  and  the  suffix  -j. 

gauge  see  under  gage^. 

gaunt  prob.  from  Scand. ;  cp. 
NORW.  gand  'a  thin  pointed  stick; 
a  tall  and  thin  man'. 


gauntlet  —   gibber 


87 


gauntlet  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
gantelety  dimin.  of  gant  =  fr. 
gant  (=  IT.  guanto)  *a  glove'. 
Source  a  teut.  (med.-lat.)  wanius 
'the  long  sleeve  of  a  tunic,  a 
glove' ;  cp.  DU.  want^  dan.  vanfe^ 
ON.  vgttr  'a  mitten'. 

gauze  borrowed  fr.  fr.  gaze 
'cushion-canvas,  tiffany' ^  span. 
gas  a  'gauze'. 

gawk  (cp.  gowk)  'a  cuckoo, 
fool'  ME.  goiike:  loanword  from 
Qi^.gaukr  (whence  sc.  gowk)  ^ 
OUG.  gouh(hh)  MHO.  gouch  G.gauch, 
OE.  K'ac  'cuckoo'. 

gay  ME.  gay:  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
gai  (=  IT.  gajo)  gay,  merry'. 
Source  OHG.  gdhi  quick,  sudden' 
G.  gdhe — Jdh. 

gaze  vb.  me.  gcise,  prob.  of 
Scand.  origin:  sw.  dial,  gasa 
'gaze,   stare'. 

gear  me.  gere  points  to  an  oe. 
*gcere  or  *gcero,  cb  being  vowel 
mutation  of  (i  =  teut.  ai.  Perh. 
akin  to  oe.  ^<7r 'spear  (c^.  gar  lie  ^ 
gore)} 

gem  me.  getmne'.  adapted  fr. 
FR.  gemme  (=  vv,gem?na).  Source 
LAT.  ge?nma  'a  swelling  bud,  a 
jewel,  a  gem',  whence  also  oe. 
limm,  OHG.  gimma  'g^^'* 

gender  me.  gender:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  gendre  genre  fr.  genre 
'kind,  genus,  style'  {=  span. 
ginero,  it.  genere  'kind').  Source 
LAT.  gener-  in  genus  'race,   stock'. 

german  germane  adj.  formerly 
gerniain :  borrowed  fr.  fr.  ger- 
main  (source  lat.  germanus), 

gesture  borrowed  fr.  med.-lat. 


gestura  'a  mode  of  action'  from 
gerere  'carry,   behave'. 

get  ME.  gete  borrowed  fr.  on. 
geta\  oe.  ^itan  would  be  me.  yite 
ite\  cp.  GOTH,  gitan  from  a  teut. 
\f^  get ,  pre-TEUT.  ghed  ghend:^ 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  praehendere,  gr. 
/avdcLvEiv.      Cp.  forget. 

gewgaw  corrupted  fr.  me. 
giuegoue  prop,  gouegoue  (pron. 
gugu'V):    adapted   of  fr.   joujou. 

ghastly  me.  gastly  oe.  gckstlic 
fr.  oe.  gcBstan  'frighten'  and  lie 
=  e.  'ly;  cp.  aghast. 

gherkin  ^  du.  agurkje  ^  dan. 
agurke^  G.  gurke:  borrowed  as 
orig.  '^agurike  fr.  pol.  ogurik.^ 
BOHEM.  okurka  fr.  late  GR.  ayyov- 
Qior  'a  cucumber,  gherkin'. 

ghost  ME.  gpst  OE.  gdst  (gcest) 
=  synon.  ohg.  g.  dan.  geist, 
osax.  gest:  a  common  Teut. 
word  with  the  same  meaning 
for  which  a/ima  is  used  in  Goth. 
The  orig.  meaning  of  the  word 
('excitement?)  is  not  establish- 
ed; yet  on.  geisa  'rage'  (of  fire 
and  passion)  and  goth.  iLsgaisjan 
'terrify'  seem  allied.  For  the 
dental  formative  of  teut.  gaist 
(pre-TEUT.  ghaisdos)  cp.  the  skr. 
\fhid  (from  "^ghizd)  be  angry', 
hedas  'anger'  with  which  agrees 
E.  aghast  'angry,  excited';  cp. 
also  ghastly. 

giant  ME.  giaimt  prop,  geaunt 
fr.  FR.  giant  =  lat.  gtgant-eniy 
whence  also  OE.OHG.^z^^r^/'giant'. 

gibber  and  with  other  var. 
gabber  gabble,  frequentative s  of 
gab     of     which      jabber     and 


giddy 


gist 


jabble  are  the  assibil.  frequent- 
atives. 

giddy  ME.  gidy  oe.  gydiy. 
orig.  perh,  'having  a  demon, 
possessed  of  a  demon':  deriv. 
oigod]  cp.  OE.  yljii  'deranged, 
crazy'  prop,  'possessed  of  elves'. 

gift  ME.  gift  yift  OE.  gift  plur. 
gifta  'nuptials'  =  du.  ohg.  gift 
G.  gift  in  mitgift  'a  dowry' 
and  in  ohg.  g.  du.  gift  'poison', 
lit.  'that  which  is  given',  goth. 
gifts  in  fra-  'promise'  with  the 
abstract  formative  -/  from  gifan 
=  give.  The  initial  g  in  e.  me. 
gift  points  as  in  give  to  Scand. 
influence. 

gig  me.  gigge  'a  whirling  thing'; 
prob.  Scand.:  on.  geiga  'rove 
at  random' ;   cp.  jig. 

gild  vb.  short  for  me.  glide 
OE.  gyldan:  derived  with  vowel- 
mutation  (teut.  gulpjan)  fr.  gold, 

gill*  me.  gille'.  borrowed  fr. 
DAN.  gjcelle,  sw.  gdl\  icel.  gjplnar 
plur.    gills'. 

gill'-  'one-fourth  pint'  me.  gille : 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  gelle-  'a  sort 
of  wine-measure'  (lat.  type  gella 
gillo    a  wine-vessel). 

gillyflower  corrupted  fr.  ofr. 
giroflie  fr.  clou  de  girofe;  lat. 
type  caryophyllum  'a  clove-tree'. 

gimlet  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  gi^n- 
belet  FR.  gidelet;  of  Teut.  origin, 
dimin.  of  the  form  represented 
by  E.  wimble  'a  gimlet'  cp. 
wifnble. 

gimp  adapted  fr.  fr.  gidnipe 
(ofr.  guimple  fr.  ohg.  wimpal  'a 
light  robe'  =   E.  wi7?iple). 


gin^  'a  trap,  snare'  me.  (c.  i  200) 
gin  and  ginn  shortened  fr.  me. 
engin  =  fr.  engin  'a  contrivance'. 
Source  lat.  ingenium. 

gin'^  'a  kind  of  spirit'  shortened 
fr.  earlier  fr.  genevre  (=  fr. 
genievre)  'juniper'  (lat.  jufiiperus 
'an  evergreen  shrub'). 

ginger  me.  gingir^  earlier  gingi- 
vere  from  ofr.  gengibre  fr.  gin- 
gembre  (it.  zenzero,  mhg.  ginge- 
bere  from  the  synon.  late  lat. 
gingiber  =  gr.   'Qiyyi^igK;). 

gingerly  a  Scand.  loanword ; 
sw.  .  dial,  gingla  gdngla  'go 
gently,  totter':  frequent,  of  on. 
ganga  'go'. 

gird  short  for  me.  girde  oe. 
gyrdan  =  OSAX.  gurdian ,  DU. 
gorden,  ohg.  gurten  gurtan  G. 
giirteriy  on.  gyrda:  ■ai}^  weak  verbs 
(teut.  gurdjan),  ident.  w.  the  str. 
vb.   GOTH,   hi-gairdan  'begird'. 

girdle  me.  girdel  oe,  gyrdel 
=  synon.  ohg.  gurtil  G.  giirtely 
DU.  gordel,  on.  gyrdill:  deriv. 
of  gird.  —  girth  me.  ge7'th\ 
adapted  h.  on.  gjord  'a  girdle' 
(gerd  'girth  round  the  waist', 
GOTH,  gairda  'girdle'). 

girl  me.  girl  gerl\  akin,  to  lg. 
g&re  'boy,  girl'  which  is  of  late 
occurrence  (first  record  1652). 
The  /  of  the  E.  word  (oe. 
"^gyrel ,  teut.  base  gurila-)  is 
dimin. 

gist  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  gist  ^= 
fr.  git  from  ofr.  gesir  =  fr. 
gisir  'lie'.  Source  lat.  jaccre 
'lie'. 


give  —  glisten 


give  ME.  give  fr.  on.  gefa ;  ident. 
w.  i,\^.yeve  oe.  yfan  lefan  =  osax. 
g'etmn,  du.  geven,  OHG.  g'eban  G. 
gebejiy  GOTH,  giban'.  a  common 
Teut.  verb ;  cp.  also  oir.  gabivi 
'I  take',  LiTH.  gabinti  'bring, 
procure',  gobinii  'fetch'  ?  Cp.  gift. 

gizzard  me.  giser:  adapted  fr. 
FR.  gisier\  source  lat.  gizeria 
*gizzard'. 

glad  ME.  glad  OE.  glctd  'shining, 
bright,  cheerful,  glad' ;  ident.  w. 
OHG. ^/<rz/G.^/rt^// 'smooth,  shining', 
DU.  glad  'smooth',  on.  gladr  glad, 
bright'.  TEUT.  *glada-  for  aryan 
ghladho-  agrees  with  OSLOV.  gla- 
diikiL  'smooth',  LAT.  glaber  (for 
ghladhro^  'smooth'.  The  meaning 
of  the  E.  word  is  secondary 
when  compared  with  the  orig. 
meaning    smooth'. 

glair  ME.  gleire:  adapted  fr.  ofr. 
glaire  \\\Q  white  of  an  q^^^'  ^= 
IT.  chiara  d'un  ovo,  whence  also 
G.  eierklar  (med.-lat.  clai-a  ovi^. 

glance  vb.  a  Scand.  loanword; 
cp.  swED.  gla?ts  J  DAN.  glauds 
'brightness,   splendor'. 

glare  vh.u^.  glare;  OE.'^gldrian 
is  unauthorized. 

glass  ME. glas  OE. glees:  a  com- 
mon Teut.  word,  (not  verified  in 

GOTH.)     =      DU.     MHG.      G.      OSW. 

svv.  Dkii.  glas  (ouG.  glas  glass', 
also  'amber');  but  on.  gler  with 
change  from  s  to  r,  thus  proving 
the  word  to  be  primit.  Teut. 
i^glaza-'^glasa-).  Perh.theOTeut. 
name  of  the  'amber'  (lat.  glesuni) 
is  cognate. 


gleam  me.  glem  oe.  glce7n 
'splendor,  brightness,  gleam'; 
akin  to  osax.  gli-fno  'splendor 
and  to  .G.  glimmer;  cp.  ohg. 
glimo  gleimo  'glow-worm'.  An 
ARYAn  \fghli  cp.  in  ir.  gU  (fr. 
base^/^/z^<?-)  'shining,  clear'  under 
glee. 

glean  vb.  me.  gUne  borrowed 
fr.  OYR.glener  (fr.  glaner)  'glean'. 

glede  ME.  glide  glede  oe.  glida 
'a  kite'  =  on.  gledi\  deriv.  of 
the  TEUT.  \f  gild  in  glide  (the 
name  of  the  bird  means  prop, 
'the  glider). 

glee  mirth,  joy'  me.  gle  oe.  gleo 
with  the  by- form  gliw  =  on.  gly : 
TEUT.  base  gliwa-^  perh.  akin  to 
IR.  gU  (base  gleiwo-)  'clear, 
shining'.      Cp.  gleam. 

gleed  (E.  dial.)  me.  glede  oe. 
gled  i^glded  fr.  glodi-)  =  du.  gloed, 

OHG.  gluot  G.  glut,  ON.  glod,  GOTH. 

'^glo-di- :  teut.  yfglb  under  glow. 

glen  of  Celt,  origin;  cp.  gael. 
IR.  gleann  'valley  (cymr.  Corn. 
glyn). 

glide  vb.  ME.  glide  oe.  glidan 
=  synon.osAX.^/z^/^;2,  T>\].gliJ{d)enj 
OHG.  glitafi  G.  gleiten,  sw.  glida, 
DAN.  glide  glide,  slide'.  Cp. 
glede. 

glimmer  vb.  me.  g timer e  --=  G. 
gli^nmern,  dan.  glimre;  akin  to 
sw.  glimma  and  osax.  glimo 
'splendor    under  gleam. 

glimpse  vb.  me.  glmise  vb.; 
akin  to  glif/imer, 

glisten  vb.  me.  glistne  oe.  glis- 
nian  'gleam' ;  akin  to  OE.  glisian 
^=  OFRis.  glisa  'shine' :  teut.  \fglit 


go 


gloat  —   goal 


in  glitter  me.  glitere  (oe.  "^glito- 
riati)  vb.  'shine'  =  o^.glitra,  G. 
glitzern.  A  corresp.  strong  vb. 
is  ON.  gllia^  OS  AX.  glttan  ■=^  ohg. 
gli'yifin  shine'  (cp.  G.  gleissen  and 
GOTH,  glitmunjan  'shine'). 

gloat  vb.  akin  to  G.  glotzen^ 
ICEL.  glotia ;  an  oe.  glotian  is  un- 
recorded; cogn.  w.  MK.glouteip^. 
^gluiian)   look  sullen. 

gloom  0¥..glpm  iglgmung)  gloom, 
twilight';  the  m  is  formative  (as 
in  bloom  J  doom)',  for  the  teut. 
\fgld  cp.  glow. 

glory  ME.  glgrie  glgrie  from  ofr. 
glorie  =  L\T. gloria ;   cp .  fr.  gloire. 

gloss  vb.  akin  to  mhg.  glosen 
glow'. 

glove  ME.  glove  short  for  glove 
OE.  glpf  =  ON.  glq^  'glove'. 

glow  vb.  ME.  glpwe  oE.  glpwan 
str.  vb.;  cp.  du.  gloeijen,  ohg. 
gluoen  G.  glilheny  on.  gloa  'glow, 
glitter,  shine' :  teut.  y"  glo  gle 
under  gloom  and  e.  dial,  gleed. 

glue  me.  gliie  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
glu  'birdlime';  source  lat.  glus 
glutem. 

glum  adj.  from  xME.  glotnme 
glombe  vb.  'be  gloomy';  as 
gloovty  shows,  connected  with 
gloom  and  sw.  gldmig  'languid 
of  look'. 

glut  sb.  ME.  glut  sb.  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  glut  glout  (it.  ghiotto)  'a 
glutton'.  —  glut  vb.  ME.  glote 
glute  vb.  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  glotir 
gloutir  (cp.  FR.  engloutir  'swallow 
up  ) ;  source  i.kT.gluttire''s'^?i\\o'^' . 
—  glutton  ME.  gluioun  glotoun: 
borrowed    fr.    fr.    glouton    ofr. 


gluton ;  source  lat.  glutto-gluttonem 
'glutton'. 

gnarl  akin  to  oe.  gnyrran. 

gnash  vb.  aie.  gnaste  'gnash 
the  teeth';  oe.  '^gndstian  is  akin 
to  ON.  gnista  'gnash   the    teeth'. 

gnat  ME.  gnat{tt)  oe.  gncett: 
TEUT.   base  gnatta-. 

gnaw  vb.  me.  gnawe  OE.  gnagati 
=  OSAX.  gnagaUy  ohg.  (g)nagan 
G.  nagen,  on.  gnaga\  cp.  a  by- 
form  with  initial  k'.  du.  knagen, 
OS.  hg.  knagan  'gnaw ;  the  G. 
form  nagen    arose   from  gnagen. 

go  ME.  go  OE.  gdn  =  OSAX.  gdn, 
DU.  gaan,  ohg.  gdn  gen  G.  gehen. 
The  TEUT.  \f  ghai-  (=  oe.  gd-^ 
OHG.  ge^  supplanted  the  aryan 
y^i  'go'  in  lat.  ire^  gr.  Ibvoh^ 
SKR.  yfi.  Since  teut.  gai-  has  no 
old  primit.  noun-derivatives  in 
Teut.  and  takes  the  place  of 
the  ARYAN  \r/  (the  aorist  goth. 
iddja  r=.  OE.  eode  still  remains) 
and  as  it  is  inflected  after  the 
////-conjugation,  the  supposition 
arises  that  teut.  '^gaim  '^gais 
"^gaip  are  contracted  fr.  the 
verbal  particle  ga  and  the 
inherited  im  iz  tp  =  skr.  emi 
csi  eti\   cp.   GR.   £?/</. 

goad  ME.  god  OE.  gdd\  ident. 
with  LANGOBARD.  gaida  'spear': 
TEUT.  base  gaido-  =  pre-TEUT. 
*g/iai-td;  akin  to  oe.  gar,  ohg. 
ger  'spear'  under  gore,  aryan 
\f  ghi  ghaim  gr.  yaXoc,  'shepherd's 
rod'. 

goal  borrowed  fr.  FK.gaule  ofr. 
waule.  Source  teut.  walu  = 
ON.  voir  J  GOTH,  walus  '■&.  staff'. 


goat 


gossamer 


91 


goat  ME.  gate  oe.^^V=  du.  on. 
geit,  OHG.  gei^    G.  geisSy   sw.  get^  I 
DAN.  ^<?^,    GOTH,   gaits    'a  goat': 
cogn.  w.    LAT.    hcediis    fr.  aryan 
ghaido-s. 

gobble  a  frequent,  with  suff. 
-le  fr.   FR.  ^<?<^<?r  'devour*. 

god  ME.  OE.  god  =  OSAX.  DU. 
god,     OHG.   ^^/     G.    gOft,     ON.    ^2/^/ 

^^^.  GOTH,  guda-  gupa-  'god'  is 
based  on  aryan  ghu-to-,  -to-  being 
a  part,  formative  as  in  old,  cold, 

loud:    INDO-TEUT.   \f  ghti  =     SKR. 

/it2  'implore  the  gods'  (skr.  /luld- 
part.).  Therefore  god  is  'the 
being  implored';  in  the  veda 
puriihuta  'much  implored*  is  an 
ordinary  epithet  of  the  god 
Indra.  god  in  godfather  godson 
goddaughter  =  me.  god  -\-  com- 
pound :  used  in  reference  to 
the  spiritual  relation  between 
them ;   cp.  gossip. 

goggle-eyed  me.  gogel-eied;  the 
first  element  of  the  compound 
can  scarcely  be  a  native  E.  word 
and  is  traced  to  IR.  Gael,  gog- 
shuileach  'goggle-eyed'. 

gold    ME.    OE.  gpld=0?,k^.  OHG. 

G.  gold,   DU.   goud,    ON.  go II  gull 

(for    *golpa),    GOTH.   gulp'.    ARYAN 

ghlto-  =  OSLOV.  zlato  =  russ. 
zoloto  from  ^zolto.  The  orig. 
meaning  ofthay/^ghel,  from  which 
,gold  is  derived  (cp.  lith.  gel-tas 
'yellow'  and  skr.  hdrita  and  hari 
yellow'),  is  'yellow  ;  cp.  skr.  hi- 
raiiya   gold'.     Cp.  yellow. 

good    ME.  OE.   god  =  GOTH,  gods^ 

OSAX.  god,  DU.  goed,  ohg.  guot 
G.   gut,     ON.   godr.       The     orig. 


meaning  of  the  adj.  was  prob. 
'fit,  suitable'  from  a  root  mean- 
ing 'fit,  suit  seen  in  gather, 
together.  —  goodbye  short 
for  orig.  »God  be  by  you« 
(Shakesp.  »God  buy  you«). 
goose  ME.  OE.  gos  (plur.  ges)  : 
Teut.  base  gans-  =  du.  gans, 
OHG.  G.  gans ,  ON.  gds ;  akin  to 
gander  a.nd  gannet.  An  aryan 
ghan-s-  is  represented  also  by 
skr.  hansd-s  m.  —  haiist   goose', 

N.PERS.      ydz,     LITH.     zqsiS,     OSLOV. 

gqst ,  GR.  /T\v,  LAT.  anser  (for 
'^hanser) ,  oiR.  g^is  swan'  (fr. 
ghansi). 

gore  ^  ME.  gore  'a  gore  of  cloth, 
a  garment'  oe.  gdra  'a  projecting 
point  of  land' ;  cp.  du.  geer  'a 
gusset,  go^re',  ohg.  gero  G.  gehre 
'a  wedge,  gusset,  gore',  on.  geiri, 
NORW.  geire,  odan.  gere  'a  gore 
of  cloth  or  land':  deriv.  of  teut. 
gaiza-  'spear  ^=oe. gar  'a  spear, 
OHG.  ger  'a  spear.     Cp.  goad. 

gore  2  'mud,  blood'  me.  gore 
OE.  gdr  'mud'  =  ohg.  on.  gor 
'mud',  sw.  gorr  'mud'. 

gorge  ME.  gorge  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gorge  'throat':  source  lat. 
gurges. 

gosling  dimin.   of  goose. 

gospel  ME.  gospel  oe.  god- spell 
'the  word  of  God',  as  shown  by 
ON.  gud-spjall,  OHG.  got-sp'el(ll). 
Cp.  spell. 

gossamer  me.  gossomer  repre- 
senting   an    OE.  type  '^gos-sumor 

summer  of  the  geese';  cp.  the 
G.  names  altweibersommer ,  mdd- 
chensommer. 


92 


gossip   —   grave 


gossip  ME.  gossip  earlier  gossib 
OE.  god-sibb  prop,  'relationship 
in  God';  see  the  end  of  the 
article  on  god.  oe.  sibb  -=.  ohg. 
sippa,  GOTH,  sibja  means  'relation- 
ship'. 

gouge  from  fr.  gouge. 

gourd  aje.  gourde',  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  gourde  (orig.  ofr.  gouhourde 
cougourde\  source  lat.  cucurbita 
'a  gourd'. 

gout  sb.  me.  goute  borrowed  fr. 
fr.  goutte  'dropsy':  source  lat. 
gutta. 

go\vk   ident.   w.  gawk. 

gown  ME.  goune  goun  fr.  ofr. 
gone  'a  gown',  which  is  of  Celt, 
origin  (gall.  -  lat.  gunna  'fur- 
coat'). 

grab  vb.  cp.  sw.  grabba,  mlg. 
grabben^xdiS^'.  An  Aryan y^/^rM 
'to  grasp'  is  found  in  skk.  \^grb/i. 
'grasp,  seize'  —  grapsa  'bunch, 
tuft'  and  OHG.  garba  G.  garbe 
'sheaf'. 

grace  me.  grace  fr.  fr.  grace 
=  lat.  gratia  'favor'. 

grade  borrowed  fr.  fr.  grade: 
sourceLAT. gradus  a  step,  station'. 

graft  (Shakesp.  gra//)  vb,  me. 
graffe  'graft' :  deriv.  of  ofr.  graffe 
'a  style  for  writing  (fr.  greffe 
'graft'?).  Source  lat.  graphium 
'a  style  for  writing. 

grail  'fine  sand'  fr.  ofr.  graile 
'fine,   small'  =  lat.  gracilis. 

grain  me;  grain  grein  from  fr. 
grain:  source  lat.  grdnum  'a 
grain,   corn'. 

grammar  me.  grarmnSre  gram- 
niaire  from   fr.  grammaire. 


grange  me.  graungc.  adapt,  of 
FR.  grange  (lat.  type  granea 
granary'  deriv.  of  grdnum'  corn). 

grant  me.  graunte  vb.  adapt, 
fr.  OFR.  granter  'caution,  secure' 
(source  a  lat.  type  '^credentare 
vb.   —  ^credentia  sb.). 

grape  me.  grape:  loanword  fr. 
OFR.  grape  grappe  'cluster  "  of 
grapes.  The  fr.  word  is  con- 
sidered to  be  of  Teut.  origin 
(teut.  *krappa>). 

grasp  ME.  grapse  perh.  for 
^grapse  oe.  ^grdpsian :  possibly 
an  intensive  deriv.  of  oe.  grd- 
pian  ^=  grope. 

grass  ME.  gras  o^.  grces  gcers  ^=^ 

GOTH.  ON.  OSAX.    DU.  OHG.    G.  graS 

'herb,  growth'.  The  final  s  is 
formative,  the  V^is^r^r  meaning 
'sprout,  grow';  cp.  grozv  and 
green. 

grasshopper  xME.  grashopper 
orig.  gras hoppe  o^.  gcers-hoppa  {= 
DU.  grashupper  lg.  grashiipper^ : 
'an  insect  which  hops  about  in 
the  grass'.      Cp.  hop. 

grate  sb.  me.  grate:  source 
LAT.  crates  'a  hurdle'.  —  grate 
vb.  M^.  grate  vb.  from  ofr.  grater 
'scratch'  (fr.  gratter),  which  is 
prob.  of  Teut.  origin  (ohg.  krazzon 
G.  kratzeti) . 

grave  vb.  me.  grave  oe.  grafajt 
'dig'  =  GOTH.  OHG.  graban  G.  gra- 
beny  DU.  graven  dig ,  on.  grafa : 
TEUT.  \j^grab  =  ARYAN  ghrabJi, 
orig.  related  to  oslov.  grebq 
'dig'  and  grobU   grave'. 

grave  adj.  from  fr.  grave 
'stately'. 


gravel   —   grizzly 


93 


gravel  me.  gravH  borrowed  fr. 
OF^.gravekj  dimin.  oi  oyk.  grave 
rough    sand*   fr.  greve  'strand'. 

gravy  earlier  orthography  grea- 
vy,  akm  to  greaves} 

gray  grey  me.  gray  grey  oe. 
grcky^  akin  to  du.  grauw,  ohg. 
grdo  (infl.  grdwer)  g.  grau,  on. 
grdr,  which  represent  a  Teut. 
base  grdwa-  grewa-  (oe.  grcbj^ 
pointing  to  a  h^ise grdga-grega-  ?). 

graze  vb.  'feed  cattle'  me.  grdse 
OE.  grasian  =  G.  grasen :  deriv. 
of  TEUT.  grasa-  =  grass. 

grease  me.  grese  grffe :  adapted 
from  OFR.^'^r<?^^<?  (fr,  graisse)  'fat- 
ness'.    Source  lat.  crassus  'fat'. 

great  me.  gr^t  oe.  gr(at;  cp. 
OSAX.  grot,  DU.  grooty  ohg.  gro'z^ 
G.  gross  'great':  teut.  grauta-. 

greaves  cogn.  w.  g.  griebe  ohg. 
griubo  'greaves'? 

greedy  me.  gredy  oe.  gredi^ 
grcedii  ==  osAX.  grddag,  ohg.  grd- 
tag,  ON.  grddtigr,  goth.  gredags 
'hungry' '  derived  from  a  teut. 
gredu-  'hunger  =  goth.  grhius, 
ON.  grddr  'hunger'.  Perh.  akin  to 
the  SKR.  \fgrdh  'to  be  greedy': 
KSCiK^\f  ghredh  ghrdh. 

green  me.  oe.  grene :  Teut.  base 
groni-  =  OSAX.  groni,  OHG.  gruoni 
g.  griln  'green',  ON.  grcenn,  sw. 
DAN.  gron :  deriv.  of  the  teut. 
yfgro  in  grow  and  grass.  The 
adj.   orig.  means  'growing. 

greet  vb.  me.  grete  oe.  gretan 
=1  OSAX.  grdtjdn,  du.  groeten,  on. 
grceta ,  ohg.  gruoT^yxn  G.  grussen : 
teut.   type  grotjan  'greet'. 

grey  see  ^r^y.  —  greyhound 


ME.  greihound  formed  aft.er  on. 
greyhu?idr  'greyhound';  cp.  on. 
grey  'dog'? 

griddle  me.  gredel  'griddle':  a 
CELT,  loanword;  cp.  ir.  greideal 
'griddle'   (fr.   a  lat.   '^crdtelld), 

grief  ME.  gref  (=  odu.  grief)  : 
adapted  fr.  ofr.  gref  'heavy'  — 
FR.  grief  'injury'  (source  i-at. 
grevis  for  gravis).  —  grieve  vb. 
ME.  greve  vb.  'burden,  injure'  fr. 
OFR.  grever. 

grill  vb.  adapted  fr.  fr.  griller 
broil  on  a  gridiron'. 

grim  ME.  OE.  gri7n  {fm?i):  teut. 
base  grimma-  =  OSax.  ohg.  grim 
G.  grimniy  ON.  grimmr:  cogn.  w. 
OE.  OHG.  gram    'angry'  G.  gram. 

grin  vb.  me.  grinne  grenne  oe. 
gremiian  'show  the  teeth,  snarl, 
grin';   cogn.  w.  grind. 

grind  vb.  me.  grinde  oe.  grindan 
str.  vb. :  teut.  \fgr'end  =  aryan 
ghrendh   in  lat.  frendere  'gnash'. 

gripe  WE.  gripe  O'E.gripan  str.  vb. 
=  0SAX.g7'ipa?iy  DU.  grijpetiy  ohg. 
grifan  G.  greifen ,  goth.  greipan 
'gripe,  seize'.  Outside  of  Teut. 
cp.  the  related  \fghrib  in  lith. 
greibiu  greibti  'seize'  and  lett. 
griba   will'   —  gribet  'to   will". 

grisly  me.  grisly  short  for  oe. 
gryslic  {angrysltc)  'terrible,  hor- 
rible'. 

grist  ME.  grist  short  for  oe. 
grist  lit.  'a  grinding':  deriv.  of 
gri?td. 

grit  'gravel'  me.  gret  oe.  greot 
=  ohg.  grioT,  G.  gries,  on.  grj'dt. 

grizzly  fr.  me.  grisel  'a  gray- 
haired  man':    deriv.  fr.   FR.  gris' 


94 


groan  —   gudgeon 


gray'.  Source  a  teut.  gris-  'gray' 
in  G.  greis. 

groan  vb.  me.  grgne  oe.  grdnian 
moan':  intensive  deriv.  of  a 
str.  vb.  ^grt-nan  =  ohg.  grinan 
G.  greinen  'weep',  DU.  grijnen. 

groat  sb.ME.^r^'/f^:  a  continental 
teut.  word :  mlg.  odu.  grdte,  du. 
groot^  G.  groschen. 

grocer  borrowed  fr.  ovk. grassier 
(lat.  type  grossarius  'a  wholesale 
dealer,  cp.  fr.  engros'yi\io\&  sale'). 

groin  corrupted  fr.  ofr.  grine 
FR.  grain  'the  fork  of  a  tree  or 
of  a   river,  a  groin'. 

groom  ME.^r<9>?/ 'boy':  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  gramme  gaurme,  whence 
OFR.  gramet  'servant'. 

groove  ME.  grove  'a  pit'  =  du. 
graeve  graef  ohg.  gruaba  G.  grube, 
ON.  graf,  GOTH,  groba]  from  oe. 
grafan  =^  grave. 

grope  vb.  me.  grope  oe.  gr apian) 
intensive  formation  of  gripe  = 
OE.  gripan. 

ground  me.  ground  oe.  grund 
orig.  grUnd  =  osax.  g.  grtmd, 
DU.  grand,  ohg.  grunty  on.  grund 
'meadow' — grunnr  {ix.'^grunpus) 
'bottom  of  the  sea',  gotu.  grundus 
in  grunduwaddjus  'foundation ,  lit. 
*a  ground-wall'. 

group  borrowed  fr.  fr.  graupe 
(=:  IT.  groppo), 

grove  me. grgi>e  oe.  grdf  grove'; 
TEUT.  base  graiba-  graifa-.  The 
me.  by-form  gr^ve  greve  'grove, 
wood'  corresponds  to  OY..  grckfe 
■=■  TEUT.   base  graibjon-  ? 

grovel  vb.  with  the  2^^^. groveling 
UE.  g7'oveling(es)  grufling{es)\  akin 


to  ME.  agruf  agrouve  'groveling' 
and  ON.  a  grufu  groveling'  — 
griifa  vb.  'bow  down'.  The  e.  word 
seems  to  be  a  Scand.  loanword. 

grow  vb.  ME.  grgwe  oe.  groman 
^=  DU.  groeijen,  ohg.  gruoan  mho. 
grilejen,  ON.  groa,  sw.  dan.  gro: 
TEUT.  \fgrdy  whence  green  and 
perh.   also  grass. 

growl  ME.growle  from  T>v.grollen 
=   g.  grallen. 

grub  vb.  ME.  grubbe  'dig':  teut. 
yfgrab  under  grave]  cp.  ohg. 
grubilon  (g.  griibeln  'brood,  pour 
over). 

grudge  vb.  me.  grugge  earUer 
grucche  (short  for  "^grouchenT)'. 
borrowed  fr.  oyk.  groucher groucer 
murmur. 

gruel  ME.  griiel:  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gruel  =  FR.  gruau  (lat. 
type  grutellum,  dimin.  of  med.- 
LAT.  grutwn  'meal'). 

gruff  borrowed  fr.  du.  graf 
=  sw.  grof,  dan.  grov  g.  grab, 

grumble  loanword  fr.  fr.  grom- 
meler ;  akin  to  mdu.  grotmnelen, 
frequent.  of  mdu.  grummen 
grommen  'murmur'. 

grunt  vb.  me.  grtinte  grante 
OE.  grunnettan ;  ident.  w.  g. 
grunzen,  dan.  grynte,  sw.  grynta. 
A  more  primit.  stem  appears  in 
OE.  grunian  'grunt'.  The  yfgrun 
is  imitation  of  sound;  cp.  lat. 
grunnire. 

guarantee  see  warrant. 

guard  vb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
guarder,  see  ward. 

gudgeon  borrowed  fr.  YR.goujon 
(jviE.  *gugeon  ^^gougeounT), 


guess  —  Gypsy 


95 


guess  vb.  x\!E.  gesse:  prob.  not 
a  native  word,  but  borrowed  fr. 
the  continent  (du.  lg.  gissen)  or 
fr.  the  Scand.  (dan.  gisse^  sw. 
gissd).  A  native  me.  gesse  would 
point  to  an  oe.  *getsian  (cp. 
bless  OE.  bletsiati)  =  teut.  base 
*gdtisdn  ? 

guest  ME.  gest  borrowed  fr. 
SCAND.  gestr  guest';  there  was  a 
native  oe.  pst  ^iest,  which  was 
supplanted  by  the  Scand.  loan- 
word. SCAND.  gestr  OE.  pst  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  G.  DU.  gast  represent 
a  TEUT.  base  gasti-z  =  lat.  /lostis 
'enemy',  oslov.^^j// 'guest':  aryan 
base  ghostis, 

guide  vb.  me.  glde  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  guider  (ofr.  also  gtder  = 
ME.  gie  vb.). 

guild  ME.  gi/de  oe.  gy/d;  cp. 
DU.  gi/d,  G.  gi/de. 

guile  sb.  me.  gi/e  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gui/e  'treachery',  which  is 
of  Teut. ,  origin ;  cp.  wi/e. 

guilt  sb.  ME.  gf/t  OE.  gy/t  'a. 
crime':  teut.  base  gu//i;  a  \fgtdt 
is  unknown  elsewhere. 

guise  me.  gise  fr.  ofr.  guise 
'way,  wise',  which  is  of  Teut. 
origin;   cp.   wise. 

gulf  adapted  fr.  fr.  golfe, 
whence  also  G.  golf.  The  Rom. 
group  Span.  it.  golfo  'a  gulf,  bay' 
is  based  on  gr.  n6A<f)ng  xoXnog 
'bosom,  lap,  a  deep  hollow'. 


gullet  sb.  'throat'  me.  gullet  golet 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  goule  'throat' 
=   LAT.  gula. 

guml  short  for  me.  gome  OE. 
gp'ma  'palate';  cp.  on.  gomry  ohGi 
guomo  'palate';  cogn.  with  the 
equival.  lith.  gomurys'.  aryan 
^ghd  {ghduT). 

gum  2  ME.  gomme  gumme:  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  gom?ne  =  it.  gofnma : 
source  lat.  gwnmi   (gr.  y.6/Li/Lii). 

gun  ME.  gunne  gonne]  the  me. 
word  was  first  applied  to  a  cata- 
pult or  machine  for  throwing 
stones ;  perh.  shortened  for  ofr. 
mangonnej  which  is  the  base  of 
OFR.  ME.  mangonel  'machine  for 
throwing  stones'. 

gush  vb.  ME,gusche  prop.gousc/ie; 
akin  to  on.  gusa  vb.  *gush\  odu. 
guisen  'gush' :  teut.  \Pgut  in  goth. 
giutan,  OE.  j^eotan^  ohg.  gio'i^yin 
G.  giessen  'pour  out'. 

gut  xME.  OE.  gut  (plur.  ME.  guttes 
OE.  guttas)  :  Teut.  base  guttu-. 

gutter  ME.  gutire  gotdre  fr.  fr. 
g outlier e  (ofr.  goutier^  lat.  type 
guttarium :  deriv.  of  lat.  gutta 
'drop'). 

Gypsy  short  for  me.  Egip(i(n 
Egyptian ;  cp.  span.  port,  gitano 
Gypsy'  from  Aegyptidnus\  mod.- 
greek  rvffjToc  aus  AtyvnroQ.  The 
Gypsies  were  popularly  supposed 
to  be  Egyptians. 


96 


habergeon  —  hale 


H 


habergeon  me.  habergeon  haw- 
berjoun:  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  hauber- 
gon  hauberjofiy  dimin.  of  ofr. 
hauberc\  see  hauberk. 

habit  ME.  ablt:  adapted  fr.  fr. 
habit  garment,  habit,  a  custom': 
source  lat.  habitus  'condition, 
habit,   dress'. 

hack  vb.  me.  hakkc  oe.  haccian 
(hceccean)  =  -DV.hakken,  G.  hacken, 
sw.  hakka^  DAN.  hakke\  possibly 
from  the  y^  haww  haw  seen  in 
OE.  hcawan  =  e.  hew. 

hack''^;  see  hackney. 

hackle  hatchel  sb.  me.  hekel 
hechel]  cogn.  w.  du.  hekel,  g. 
hechel\  sw.  hdckla ,  dan.  hegle 
(goth.  '^hakila). 

hackney  me.  hakeney.  borrow- 
ed fr.  FR.  haquenie  'an  ambling 
horse'  (=:  odu.  hackeneye,  span. 
hacanea  'a  hackney). 

haft  me.  haft  oe.  h(Eft\  cogn. 
w.  DU.  heft,  ON.  hepti,  ohg.  hefti 
G.  heft'.  TEUT.  Y"  haf  (cp.  heavy) 
=  ARYANyfkap  in  lat.  capio  'take'. 

hag  ME.  hagge  short  for  oe. 
hce^tesse  =  mdu.  haghetisse,  ohg. 
haga-zussa'.  the  first  part  of  the 
compound  is  perh.  ident.  w. 
haw,  the  second  pWt  still  un- 
explained. 

haggard  ^  adj.  adapted  fr.  fr. 
hagard  'wild  ,  lit.  'of  the  woods'; 
formed  fr.  ohg.  haga  with  the 
Fr.  suffix  -ard  from  G.  -hart\  cp. 
hag. 


haggard  ^  adj.  'lean,  meager' 
(earlier  spelling  haggcd)  prop. 
*hag-like'. 

hail  sb.  ME.  hail  (haul)  oe. 
hceiel  (hagol)  =  du.  g.  sw.  dan. 
hagel,  ohg.  hagal,  on.  hag  I:  Teut. 
bases  hagla-  and  hagala-.  Perh. 
cogn.  w.  gr.  yM^lrjE,  'a  round 
pebble'.  A  single  pebble  is 
called  stone' :  e.  hailstone  oe. 
hceielstdn,   =  on.  haglsteinn. 

hail  adj.  (ident.  w.  hale  adj.) 
ME.  /^^z7 'healthy,  sound':  Scand. 
loanword  (on.  heilt)  superseding 
the  native  oe.  hdl  =z  e.  whole. 
—  hail  vb.  'greet,  salute'  me. 
heile,  formed  fr.  the  me.  adj.  heily 
which  was  borrowed  fr.  O'ti.heill.  — 
hail  (an  exclamation  of  greeting) 
ME.  heil  from  ON.  heill  'hale, 
whole'  (esp.  used  in  ,  greeting 
as  far  heill  'farewell'). 

hair  (earlier  spelling  hear  heare 
in  the  i6.  cent.)  me.  Mr  oe.  hii' 
h(ir  =  ON.  hdr,  osax.  ohg.  mhg. 
hdr,  du.  DAN.  g.  haar,  sw.  hdr\ 
Teut.  base  her  a-  {heza-T).  Orig. 
allied  are  ON.  haddr,  oe.  heard 
(goth.* hazda-)  'hair'.  Outside  of 
Teut.  cp.  OSLOV.  kosmu  kosa  (Lith. 
kasd)  'hair'  —  cesati  vb.  'comb'. 

hale  adj.  (ident.  w.  hail  adj.) 
fr.   ON.  heill   sound';  cp.  whole. 

hale  haul  vb.  'drag'  me.  hale 
OE.  (j^eholian  and)  '^lehalian  = 
OSAX. halon, ofris.  haliaj'DV.  halen, 
OHG.  holon  (halon)  G.  holen.    The 


half  —   hnmper 


97 


TEUT.  y/^hal  hoi  answers  to  lat. 
caldre,  GR.  xalslv  'summon*. 

half  ME.  /la//  OE.  healf^=  goth. 
halts  ^  ON.  hdlfry  ohg.  g.  halb^ 
OSAX.  DU.  sw.  half,  DAN.  halv. 
Teut.  base  halba-y  perh.  cogn. 
w.  SKR.  klpay  'arrange,    divide'. 

halibut  holibut  me.  halibut  \ 
from  ME.  hgly  'holy'  and  butie  'a 
plaice';  cp.  du.  heilbot  'halibut', 
sw.  helgjlundra,  dan.  helleflynder ; 
the  fish  is  so  called  because  it 
is  excellent  eating  for  holydays; 
cp.  SCAND.  heilagr  fiskr i  lg.  heilige 
butt  and  heilbutt. 

hall  ME.  halle  OE.  heall  =  on. 
hall  hglly  os ax.  ^^//rt-,  du.  hal.  teut. 
\Phdl  he  I  in  oe.  >^<!//i?;'2  'hide'  = 
DU.  helen^  ohg.  /^^7^/2  G.  hehlen\ 
cp.  ARYAN  y"/^l/ 'conceal,  cover' 
in  LAT.  celdre  occulere,  gr.  y/^xaX 
in  xaXvTTTCO  hide'  —  xaXv(-Jrj  'hut', 
oiR.  ^^//;«  'I  hide';  skr.  fdla 
'house'. 

hallow  vb.  me.  hdlwe  short  for 
OE.  hdl^ian:  from  oe.  hdli^  = 
E.  holy,  —  hallowmass  'feast' 
shortened  from  All  Hallotvs 
Mass  'mass  of  all  saints'; 
hallows*  is  the  gen.  of  hallows^ 
plur.  of  me.  hal{o)we  *a  saint'  ^=^ 
OE.  hdlga  'a  saint'  from  OE.  hdli^ 
'holy'.     Cp.  holy. 

halo  .  borrowed  fr.  lat.  -  gr. 
halos  'circle  around  the  sun  or 
moon'. 

halt  adj.  me.  halt  oe.  healt  = 
GOTH,  halts,  on.  haltr,  oSAX.  halt, 
OHG.  halz:  Teut.  base  halta-, 
pre-TEUT.  ^oldo  —  klodo  in  LAT. 
claudus      halt',       gr.     vXaiSagoq 

English  Etymology. 


'brittle'.  —  halt  vb.  me.  halte  oe. 
healtian  (=  OHG.  '^halzen  mhg. 
halzen  'limp')  from  oe.  healt  = 
halt  adj.  'lame'.  " 

halter  me.  halter  oe.  hcelftre  — 
MDU.  halfter  du.  halster ,  ohg. 
halftra  g.  halfter  \  closely  allied 
to  oe.  hylf  m.  =  e.  helve 
'handle',  OHG.  halp.  From  the 
same  root  are  derived  with 
w-formation  ME.  halme  'handle', 
OHG.  halmo  mjioh-  'rope  fastened 
to  the  yoke  to  guide  the  oxen'. 

halyard  halliard  'a  rope  for 
hoisting  sails'  shortened  from 
hale-yard,  because  the  ropes 
haul  the  yards  into  their  places. 
Cp.   hale  vb.  and  yard. 

ham  ME.  hamme  oe.  hamm  lit. 
'bend  of  the  leg';  Teut.  base 
havima-  from  an  Aryan  kanmd- 
kndnid'  in  gr.  yLvrjf.irj  ?  OIR.  cndi?n 
(base  kndmi-)    bone'. 

hame  'horse-collar'  me.  hdnie 
(oe.  "^hamd)  =  du.  haam,  g. 
hainen'.  Teut.  base  haman-  cogn. 
w.  GR.  y.rji^ioc,  LAT.  cdmus  'muzzle'. 

hamlet  me.  ha?nelet]  formed 
with  dimin.  suffix  -et  from  ofr. 
ham  el  (=  Fr.  hameaii)  :  source 
a  Teut.  word  ofris.  hdm  =  e. 
home  (with  dimin.   suffix  -ef). 

hammer  me.  hamer  oe.  hamor 
■=^  ON.  ha?narr ,  osAX.  hamur, 
OHG.  hamar  G.  hammer',  on. 
hamarr  denotes  also  'rock, 
cliff',  pointing  to  relationship 
with  OSLOV.  kamy  'stone'. 

hamper  vb.  :me.  hampere 
ha?npre  vb. 

hamper  sb.  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
7 


98 


hand  —  hard 


hanapier,   orig.  'a  vessel  to  keep  | 
cups  in'  from  ofr.  hanap    (Lat.  \ 
type  hanapiii)    goblet'.    The  Fr. 
hanap    is    of    Teut.    origin;    cp. 
OE.  hno'py    OHG.  hnapf   G.  napf^ 
MLG.  DU.  nap. 

hand  me.  oe.  hand  hgnd  = 
GOTH,  handus,  on.  hgnd,  ohg. 
hant  G.  OSAX.  DU.  hand',  prob. 
derived  fr.  teut.  goth.  hinpan 
'catch'    (cp.  hound   and    hunt). 

—  handle  vb.  i^e.  handle  oe. 
handlian  =  DU.  handelen ,  on. 
hg7idlay  ohg.  hantalon  g.  handehi : 
frequent,    vb.   derived  fr.  hand. 

—  handle  sb.  me.  handel  oe. 
handle  from  handle  vb.  —  hand- 
cuff 'a  cuff  {ox  the  hand  adopted 
fr.  me.  handcops  'a  handcuff'  from 
oe.  handcops  'a  handcuff'  from 
OE.  hand  'hand'  and  cops  'a  fetter'. 

—  handicraft  with  unorig.  in- 
serted i  (after  handiwork)  from 
OE.  handcrcBft.  —  handiwork  me. 
handiwerc  oe.  hand-^eweorc  from 
OE.  hond  and  "yeweorc  ident.  w. 
weorc.  The  i  is  due  to  the  prefix 
OE.  le. 

handsome  me.  handsom  prop, 
'easy  to  handle'.  —  handy  me. 
hendy  oe.  hendii  in  listhe?tdii} 
Akin  w.  GOTH,  handugs  clever', 
DU.  handig  'handy,  expert';  perh. 
not  derived  fr.  hand,  but  akin 
to  GR.  'Azvrko  'prick,  spur';  cp. 
OHG.  ha n tag  'sharp. 

hang  vb.  me.  haiige  oe.  hangian 
■=.  OHG.  hangen  G.  hangen'.  deriv. 
of  a  str.  vb.  teut.  Vianhan  = 
GOTH.  OHG.  hdhan  =  oe.  hgn 
(for  *  hdhan)',   cp.  hunger. 


hanker  vb.  akin  to  du.  hunker  en 
(dial,  hanker eti)  'long  after';  prob. 
akin  to  hang  and  hunger. 

hap  sb.  me.  hap  borrowed  fr. 
SCAND.  happ  'chance,  good  luck'; 
cp.  oe.  j^ehcep  'fit'.  —  Hence 
happen  vb.  me.  happene  ex- 
tended for  me.  happen  (cp.  swed. 
happd).    —   Cp.  perhaps. 

harass  vb.  loanword  fr.  fr. 
harasser  Vex'. 

harbor  sb.  me.  herberwe,  earlier 
(i2.  cent.)  herberge  inn,  lodging, 
guest  house':  Scand.  loanword, 
cp.  ON.  herberge  'inn,  lodging'  = 
OHG.  heri-b'erga  'guest  house' 
(prop,  'sheltering  place  for  the 
army')  G.  herberge,  du.  herberg. 
The  first  part  of  the  compound 
is  OE.  here  =  ohg.  osax.  heri, 
GOTH,  harjis  'army'.  The  second 
part  is  derived  fr.  a  lost  str. 
vb.  TEUT.  bergan  'shelter'.  — 
harbinger  me.  herbergeour  'one 
who  provides  lodgings  :  deriv. 
of  OFR.  herberg er  vb.  'lodge, 
quarter  which  is  a  deriv.  of 
OFR.  herberge  {=  fr.  auberge). 
This  is  ident.  w.  ohg.  herib'erga 
(see  harbor). 

hard  adj.  ms..  hard  oe.  h(ard', 
perh.  the  me.  phonology  points 
to  its  being  borrowed  from  on. 
hardr.  Cp.  osax.  du.  hard,  ohg. 
herti  hart  G.  hart  'hard,  solid, 
heavy,  painful',  on.  hardr,  sw. 
hard,  dan.  haard,  goth.  hardus 
'hard,  severe':  Teut.  base  hardu- 
=  ARYAN  kartu-  in  GR.  y.oarvq 
{v-dgxa).  —  hardy  adj.  me.  hardy 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  hardi  w'hich  is 


hards   —  hasp 


99 


of  Teut.  origin;   cp.   ohg.  harti 
herti  under  hard, 

hards  sb.  'the  refuse  or  coarse 
part  of  flax'  ME.  hei'des  OE. 
heordan  plur.  hards  of  flax'; 
akin  to  oe.  heord,  on.  haddr 
'hair'  ? 

hare  me.  hare  oe.  hara  = 
OHG.  haso  G.  hase;  for  the 
rhotacism  in  E.  cp.  on.  here: 
Teut.  base  hasan-  hazan-\  an 
ARYAN  kaso-  is  represented  in 
the  synon.  skr.  ^agciy  opruss. 
sasins  'hare'.  The  Aryan  name 
of  the  animal  points  perh.  to 
the  OE.  adj.  haso  hasu    gray'. 

hark  vb.  me.  herke  (oe.  '^Mrcian 
"^hyrciari)  from  a  Teut.  base 
"^hauziqon  ■=  OFRis.  hirh'a,  mlg. 
horken  g.  horchen  mhg.  horchen 
late  OHG.  horechen  from  *hdrah- 
hon:  derived  fr.  the  teut.  \fhauz 
in  GOTH,  hausjan  =  e.  hear.  — 
harken  vb.  me.  herkne  short  for 
OE.  h^rcnian  hyrcnian\  an  E. 
derivative  of  the  verb  hear\  cp. 
talk  and  telly  lurk  and  lower, 

harlot  ME.  harlot  a  disorderly 
person'  (of  either  sex) :  loan- 
word fr.   OFR.  harlot  'vagabond'. 

harm  me.  harm,  oe.  hear  in  = 
OSAX.  harm  ohg.  hara7?i  'insult, 
mortification';  cogn.  w.  oslov. 
sramu  (fr.  '^sormu)  'shame,  dis- 
grace'. 

harness  :me.  harneis]  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  harneis  armor',  whence 
also   G.  harnisch. 

harp  me.  ha?-_pe  oe.  hearpe;  cp. 
synon.  ON.  harpa,  du.  harp,  ohg. 
harp/a  harfa  G.  harfe.  The  Teut. 


word  occurs  first  in  the  5*^  cent, 
as  LAT.  harpa  \  fr.  harpe  is  of 
Teut.   origin. 

harpoon  adopted  fr.  fr.  harpon, 
whence  also  DU.  harpoen  (g.  har- 
pune).  Source  lat.  harpago(nem). 

harrow  sb.  me.  harwe  (point- 
ing to  OE.  "^hearwe  or  ^hearge) ; 
perh.  akin  to  the  synon.  g.  harke, 
DU.  hark,  ON.  herfi,  dan.  harVy 
SW.  hcerf  'harrow'. 

harry  vb.  me.  herie  herien  oe. 
her^ian  herigan  'overcome  with 
an  army'  (=  GOTH,  "^harjon,  on. 
herja  'go  on  a  plundering  ex- 
pedition', OHG.  her  ion  g.  ver- 
heeren)'.  derived  fr.  teut.  harja- 
'army'  under  harbor. 

harsh  adj.  late  me.  harsk:  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  dan.  osw. 
harsk  'rancid'. 

hart  sb.  me.  hert  oe.  heart 
(heorot)  =  du.  hert,  ohg.'  hiruT^ 
hirz  G.  hirs  now  hirsch,  on. 
hjgrtr,  sw.  hjort ,  dan.  hiort\ 
Teut.  base  *herut-  from  aryan 
kerud-,  cogn.  with  lat.  cervus 
'hart'  and  gr.  'ABganQ  (lit.  'horned' 
from  Aboaq  'a  horn'),  KYMR.  carw 
hart,  PRUSS.  sirwis,  osloy .  siirna 
'roe'. 

harvest  me.  hervest  oe.  hcerf  est 
^  DU.  herfst,  ohg.  herbist  G. 
herbst:  related  to  eat.  carpere 
'pluck',  GR.  y.aoTTog  'fruit',  x{;a>'- 
7T10V  'a  pruning-knife',  skr.  krpana 
'sword',  LIT.  klrp-ii  'shear'. 

hash  sb.  from  fr.  hacher  vb. 
'hack'  (of  Teut.  origin ,  cp. 
hack  vb.). 

hasp  me.  haspe   oe.    hceps    (for 
7* 


lOO 


haste  —  hawk 


*hcBSp)      =     DAN.      SW.      G.     MHG. 

haspCy   ON.  hespa  'hasp'. 

haste  vb.  me.  haste:  loanword 
fr.  OFR.  haster  (fr.  hater),  whence 
alsro  DU.  haasten,  G.  hasten  make 
haste'.  The  fr.  vb.  is  prob.  a 
Tent,  loanword. 

hat  sb.  ME.  hat  (plur.  hattes) 
OE.  hcet  (plur.  hattas)  =  on. 
Apttr  'hood,  cowl',  sw.  hatt,  dan. 
hat  'hat' :  Teut.  base  hattu-  cogn. 
w.  hood  sb.  and  perh.  also 
with  LAt.  cassis  (for  ^cat-tis) 
'helmet'. 

hatch  vb.  me.  hacche\  cp. 
MHG.  hecken  'produce  young 
from  eggs  by  incubation'  G. 
aushecken  'hatch',  sw.  hdcka 
'breed',  dan.  hcekkebuur  'breeding 
cage'. 

hatch  sb.  'halfdoor'  me.  hacche 
OE.  hcEcc'^   cogn.  w.  DU.   hekl 

hatchel  see  hackle  sb. 

hatchet  sb.  me.  hacchet'.  loan- 
word from  FR.  hachette,  dimin. 
of  FR.  hache  'axe':  source  a 
teut.  hakka  cp.  hack  vb. 

hate  vb.  me.  hate  older  hdtien 
OE.  hatian  =  goth.  hatan,  du. 
haten,  OSAX.  haton,  ohg.  haT^i^on 
g.  hassen.  —  hate  sb.  me.  hate 
influenced  by  the  vb.  hdte\ 
earlier  me.  h(te  OE.  hete  = 
OSAX.  heti,  DU.  haat,  ohg.  ha^^ 
g.  hassy  ON.  hatr,  sw.  hat,  dan. 
had,  GOTH,  hatis.  The  teut. 
\f  hat  'hate'  is  perh.  ident.  w. 
the  Teut.   y^  hap  in  oe.  heado- 

war'  =  OHG.  hadu  and  G.  hader 
'quarrel'. 

hatred    me.    hatrMe{n):    abstr. 


noun  from  the  vb.  hate)  cp. 
kindr  ed. 

hauberk  me.  hauberk  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  hauberc]  source  ohg. 
halsb'erc  prop,  'neck-defence'. 

haughty  adj.  me.  hautein  'arro- 
gant' from  OFR.  hautain]  source 
OFR.  haut    =    LAT.    a/tus   'high'. 

haul  see  ha/e  vb. 

haunch  sb.  me.  haunche:  loan- 
word from  FR.  hanche  (ofr.  hanke 
of  Teut.  origin ;  cp.  ohg. 
anka  ?) . 

haunt  vb.  me.  haunte  borrowed 
fr.  fr.  hanter    'haunt,    frequent'. 

have  ME.  have  oe.  habban  = 
OSAX.  hebbian,  du.  hebben,  ohg. 
haben  G.  haben,  on.  hafa,  goth. 
haban'.  Teut,  base  habai-^  ident. 
w.  LAT.  habere'^  Aryan  base 
khabhey  ? 

haven  ms..  hdven  late  oe.  hcefene, 
prob.  a  Scand.  loanword;  cp. 
ON.  hgfn  'haven  ;  perh.  allied  to 
oe.  hcef,  ON.  haf  'ocean'. 

haversack  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
havresac  'a  knaf)sack'  from  G. 
habersack  hafersack  'a  sack  for 
oats'. 

haw  ME.  hawe  oe.  hag  a  'an 
inclosure'  =  on.  fiagi\  cp.  ohg. 
hag  'an  inclosure'  G.  hag  'a  hedge', 
DU.  haag  'a  hedge,  garden'.  A 
corresponding  Aryan  \f  kagh  is 
evident  in  cymr.  cae,  corn,  ke 
'hedge'.  —  Hence  hawthorn 
OE.  hagu-porn.     Cp.  hedge. 

hawk  ME.  hauk  oe.  heafoc]  cp. 
OSAX.  ^habuc  in  tlie  proper  name 
Habuc-horst  y  DU.  havik ,  ohg. 
habuh  G.  habicht  with  secondary 


hawser  —  heart 


lOI 


/,  ON.  haukr  (for  hgbukr) ,  sw. 
h'dk^  DAN.  hdg\  GOTH,  '^habuks 
with  formative  -ka-  as  in  ahaks 
'dove'.  The  \fhaf  is  seen  in 
OE.  hebban  e.  heave  orig.  'take, 
seize'  as  in  lat.   caper e. 

hawser  'a  tow-rope'  borrowed 
fr.  the  OFR.  vb.  haulser  'raise, 
tow  a  boat'  (Lat.  type  altiare 
'elevate,  raise'). 

hay  ME.  hey  oe.  he^  hii :  Teut. 
base  hauja-  =  goth.  hawi 
(gen.  haujis)  'hay,  grass',  ohg. 
hewi  houwi  G.  heUy  on.  hey^  sw. 
DAN.  hOy  DU.  hooi\  orig.  verbal 
adj.  of  the  Teut.  verbal  sfhau  seen 
in  hew.  Hence  hay  'grass  to  be 
hewn'   (orig.  hauja-    sc.  grasa-). 

hazel  ME.  hdsel  oe.  hcBsel  = 
DU.  hazel,  ohg.  hasala  G.  hasel, 
ON.  y^rt^i-/:  from  pre-TEUT.  kdslo-, 
hence  in  Lat.  with  rhotacism 
corulus  for  *cosulus  'hazel';  cp. 
also    oiR.  coll  'hazel'    for  ^cosH 

he  me.  oe.  he  =  osax.  hi. 

head  short  for  ME.  •  hal  fuller 
form  hived o^.  he'afod=  ON^.  haufup 
(hpfiif),  GOTH,  haubip  y  osAX. 
hobidy  DU.  hoofd,  OHG.  houbit  o. 
haupt'.  Teut.  base  haubida-  hau- 
biida-  is  closely  allied  to  OE.  hiife, 
OHG.  huba  G.  haube  'cap,  hood'. 
This  ti-xool  (ARYAN  ktip-  ?)  may 
be  connected  with  lat.  caput, 
if  this  is  traceable  to  an  hypo- 
thetical ^cauput  *cdput.  —  head 
var.  suffix  of  -hood. 

heal  vb.  me.  h^'le  oe.  hdlan] 
cp.  the  synon.  osax.  helian,  du. 
heelen,  OHG.  heilan  G.  heilen,  on. 
hcila,  GOTH,  hailjan  'heal' :   deriv. 


!  of  the  Teut.  adj.  haila-  -=  e. 
:  whole  (cp.  also  hail  adj.  —  hale 
adj.).  —  health  me.  helthe  oe. 
/^^^  'healing,  cure'  =  ohg. 
heilida'.  an  abstract  formation 
from  the  adj.  hdl  'whole,  hale' 
(see  whole). 

heap  ME.  h4p  oe.  heap  'heap, 
troop,  crowd'  =  oSAX.  hop,  DU. 
hoop,  OHG.  houf  'crowd,  troop' 
G.  haufe  'crowd ,  troop ,  pile' 
{GOTi^.^haups).  OSLOV.  kupu  and 
LTfH.  kaupas  'heap'  are  prob. 
allied. 

hear  vb.  me.  here  oe.  her  an 
(wEST-SAX.  hyran)  =  osAX. 
horian,  DU.  hooren,  OHG.  horan 
G.  horen,  on.  heyra,  sw.  hora, 
DAN.  hdre\  all  with  rhotacism 
versus  goth.  hausjan  'hear  (cp. 
harkdiXid  hearken).  The  teut. 
\fhauz  =  ARYAN  kous  may 
be  connected  with  gr.  a-xovco 
for  d-y.ovOro  (with  prefix  n-  = 
SKR.  sam)  and  with  teut.  auso 
'ear'  :=:  ear. 

hearken  var.  of  harken;  cp. 
hark. 

hearse  sb.  me.  herse  her^e  orig. 
'a  triangular  harrow',  then  'a 
carriage  for  a  dead  body': 
adopted  fr.  O^r.  herce  'a  harrow' 
=  FR.  herse  'a  harrow'.  Source 
LAT.  hirpex  —  hirpicem  'a  harrow'. 

heart  me.  herte  oe.  heorte', 
equivalent  to  osax.  h'erta,  on. 
hjarta,  goth.  hairtb  (ohg.  herza 
G.  herz  by  the  second  sound- 
shifting):  Teut.  base  h'ertdn-  or 
hertan-  =  Aryan  base  herd  krd 
in    LAT.    cor  cordis,    gr.    vagdia 


I02 


hearth  —  heel 


and  y./jp  for  ^yS]pd,  IR.  criWe, 
OSLOV.  sridice  'heart'. 

hearth  me.  herth  oe.  heor^  = 
DU.  heerd^  OSAX.  herth,  g.  herd'. 
a  TEUT.  \pher  'burn'  (cp.  lat. 
cre-mare  'burn'?)  may  be  as- 
sumed as  the  base  of  e.  hearth 
and  GOTH,  hauri^ coaV  plur.  haurja 
'fire',   ON.  hyrr  'fire'. 

heat  sb.  ME.  hete  oe.  hckto,  the 
abstract  sb.  from  the  adj.  oe. 
hat  (=  E.  hot^  formed  by  vowel 
mutation  (goth.  ^haitei  f.  heat'). 
—  heat  vb.  me.  hete  oe.  hdtan'. 
a  factitive  vb.  from  the  adj.  oe. 
hat  =  E.  hot  (goth.  '^haitjan 
from  "^ halts)  \   cp.   G.  heizen. 

heath  me.  h4th  oe.  hdp  = 
^  OHG.  hezda  G.  heide  'heath', 
GOTH,  haipi  'a  waste',  on.  heidr. 
Hence  heathen  me.  h(then  oe. 
hcBden  corresponding  to  on. 
heidinn,  DU.  mhg.  heiden  G.  heide. 
In  goth.  we  find  only  a  femi- 
nine half  no  'a  heathen  woman', 
whereby  the  existence  of  the 
common  Teut.  masculine  haipina 
is  secured  for  the  fourth  cen- 
tury. It  seems  to  be  a  trans- 
lation of  the  synon.  lat.  paganus 
occurring  in  the  latter  half  of 
the  fourth  century  of  the  Chris- 
tian era. 

heave  vb.  me.  h(ve  earlier 
hcbbe  OE.  hebban  str.  vb.  =  on. 
hefja,  OSAX.  hebbian,  du.  heffen, 
OHG.  heffan  hevan  G.  heben, 
goth.  hafjan  *lift,  raise':  aryan. 
\pkap  in  LAT.  capio  'seize'.  See 
^^h,eavy. 


^eaven  j\ie.  h§ven  oe.  heofon 
=  OSAX.  h'eban  (lg.  hatveii)  with 
a  by-form  himily  ohg.  hi7nily  du. 
hemel,  g.  sw.  dan.  himmel'.  the 
/-suffix  stands  by  dissimilation 
for  the  older  /z-suffix  after  goth. 
himinSy  ON.  himinn,  whilst  in  the 
Saxon  forms  the  orig.  m  is  dis- 
similated  to  b.  The  common 
Teut.  word  is  prob.  a  deriv.  of 
a  more  primit.  teut.  haiman- 
'clearness ,  brightness'  (ofris. 
hdmlicht  'bright  as  the  sky'): 
TEUT.  yf  hai  in  G.  heiter,  OE. 
hd-dor  'serene'.      Cp.  hoar. 

heavy  ms..  hevy  oe.  hefii  = 
OHG.  hebig,  ON.  hgfugr  'heavy': 
deriv.  of  the  teut.  sT  haf  in 
heave. 

hedge  me.  hegge  oe.  hecg  (oe. 
also  he-^e  me.  heye  haye)'.  Teut. 
base  hagja-\  cp.  ohg.  hecka  G. 
hecke,    DU.  hegge    heg.    C^.  haw. 

heed  vb.  me.  hede  oe.  hedan 
=  OSAX.  hodian,  ohg.  huoten  g. 
huteiiy  DU.  hoeden.  The  teut. 
\fhdd  from  Aryan  kadh  {kodhT) 
or  kdt  is  regarded  as  orig.  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  cassis  (for  *cat-tis)  'hel- 
met'; cp.  hood  sb. 
/  heel  sb.  me.  hele  oe.  hela  hcela 
shortened  from  *hdhila  =  east- 
FRis.  he/a  (whence  du.  hiet), 
dimin.  of  oe.  hoh  'heel';  a  Teut. 
base  hanha-  cp.  in  on.  hckll  'heel', 
DAN.  hal.,  sw.  hdl,  and  in  e.  hough. 

heel  vb.  'incline'  shortened 
from  me.  heide  oe.  Mldan  hyldan 
=  OHG.  heldan  w.  vb.  'incline': 
Teut.  base  halpjan  derived  fr. 
the    Teut.   adj.  halpa-   'inclined' 


heifer   —   hen 


103 


in  OE.  niderheald  'bent  down- 
wards'. 

heifer  me.  haifer  {heckfre)  oe. 
heah/ore  heahfre  {^ hcEgfreH)  'a 
young  cow':  apparently  a  com- 
pound, but  of  obscure  elements. 
the  first  element  seems  to  be 
heah'  hcey-  =  teut.  haha-  haga- 
cp.  G.  dial,  hagen  hegel  bull,  ox'; 
the  second  element  is  perh.  oe. 
fearr  'bull,  ox'  (gr.  770 o/c  heifer). 

height  M'E.heghte  earlier  heghthe 
oe.  hehpo  hyhpo  '=  goth.  /lau- 
hipa  'height',  ON.  hckd'.  abstr. 
formation  from  the  teut.  adj. 
hauha-  z=  high  formed  with  suff. 
-i^a   (cf.  length,  strength.). 

heinous  me.  heinous  from  ofr. 
hdinos  =  fr.  haineux  'hateful'. 

heir  me.  heir  eir  from  ofr.  heir 
eir  =  LAT.  heres  'an  heir'. 

hell  ME.  he//e  oe.  he//;  cp. 
GOTH.  ha//a,  OSAX.  he//  —  he//ia, 
OB.G.he//(i  G.ho//e:  common  Teut. 
Christian  name  for  'Hades,  in- 
fernum';  ON.  he/  shows  that  the 
older  orig.  word  was  also  used 
in  pre-Christian  times  for  heathen 
'infernum'.  Cp.  also  on.  He/ 
'goddess  of  death'.  Usually  con- 
nected with  Y"  he/  ha/  'conceal' 
(cp.  ha//),  hence  ^^// 'the  hid- 
ing place,  the  unseen  place'. 

helm  sb.  me.  he/me  oe.  he/ma', 
cp.   ON.  hj'a/m  'a  rudder'. 

helmet  dimin.  of  me.  oe.  h'e/m. 
In  the  form  /fe/ma-  'helmet'  com- 
mon to  the  Teut.  langs.;  cp. 
GOTH,  hi/ms,  ON.  /ija/mr,  sw.  DAN. 
hje/7n,  OSAX.  DU.  G.  he/7n  with 
the  same  meaning  that  may  be 


derived  fr.  the  verbal  \f  he/  in 
OE.  OHG.  he/an,  goth.  hi/an  'hide, 
conceal'  (aryan  \f/ie/  in  lat. 
ce/are ,  occulere ,  skr.  (arman 
protection'). 

help  vb.  ME.  he/pe  oe.  he/pan 
:=  goth.  Jii/pan,  on.  hja/pa,  sw. 
hje/pa,  DAN.  }ijce/pe,  oSAX.  he/pan, 
DU.  LG.  he/pen,  OHG.  he/fan  G. 
he/fen.  teut.  y/^h'e/p  from  pre- 
TEUT.  \f/ze/h'  (lith.  sze/pti  vb. 
pasza/pa  'help'  pointing  to  an 
ARYAN  \fke/p). 

helve  sb.  me.  he/ve  oe.  he/f 
hy/f:  Teut.  base  ha/bi-\  cp.  mlg. 
MDU.  he/ve,  ohg.  ha/ba  he/ba  mho. 
he/p  ha/p  'a  handle.    See  /la/ter. 

hem  sb.  me.  hem  (plur.  /tcmfnes) 
OE.  hem  (plur.  hemvias):  Teut. 
base  /lamja-. 

hemlock  me.  hem /ok  hum /ok 
OE.  h(m/ic  hpn/ec,  the  second 
part  of  the  compound  seems  to 
be  explanatory  (cp.  /eek),  the 
first  part  points  to  a  Teut.  base 
^haumi-  ? 

hemp  ME.  /lemp  oe.  hcsnep',  cp. 
ON.  hampr,  DU.  hennep,  ohg.  hanaf 
G.  hanf\  ident.  w.  the  synon. 
LAT.  cannabis,  GR.  y,dvva(^ig.  The 
Teut.  word  cannot  be  borrowed 
from  GR.  or  lat.  Perh.  the 
Teutons  adopted  the  word  and 
the  thing  from  the  Scythians 
whence  ^he  word  came  also  to 
Greece. 

hen  ME.  oe.  he/i  (stem  henn-): 
the  fem.  of  OE.  hana  'cock'  = 
ohg.  henna  G.  henne  (goth.. 
*ha7ijo-)  derived  fr.  hana  m. 
'cock').       ON.    hcena     (SAV.    hona 


04 


hence 


hidei 


'hen')  points  to  goth.  "^honjo. 
The  common  teut.  masc.  hanan- 
(goth.  oe.  hanay  ohg.  hano) 
orig.  meant  'singer',  primit.  re- 
lated to  LAT.  canere  'sing'. 

hence  me.  hennes  with  secon- 
dary -s  (as  in  thence,  once)  for 
an  earher  henne,  which  by  syn- 
cope stands  for  late  oe.  heonane 
mostly  OE.  heonan  =  OSAX.  ohg. 
hindn  (g.  von  hinneri).  An  origi- 
nal stem  hi'  'this'  is  evident 
also  in  here  and  hither. 

herald  me.  herald  (heratid): 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  Mraut  (lat. 
type  heraldus),  which  is  of  Teut. 
origin   [heri-7vald}). 

herb  me.  her  be  adopted  fr.  fr. 
her  be:  source  lat.  herba  'grass'. 

herd^  'a  flock'  short  for  me. 
herde  oe.  heord  =  goth.  hairda, 
ON.  hjord,  sw.  dan.  hjord  ohg. 
herta  g.  herde,  teut.  her  do-  from 
ARYAN  kerdha  is  cogn.  w.  skr. 
(drdhas  fdrdha-s  'troop';  also 
OSLOV.  creda  'herd,  flock',  lith. 
kerdziis  'shepherd'.  See  herd'^. 
—  herd^  'shepherd'  now  usually 
compounded  (shep-,  cow-,  swine-,) 
me.  herde  oe.  hyrde  {hiorde), 
GOTH,  hairdeis,  ON.  "hirdir,  ohg. 
hirti  G.  hirte'.  with  formative  ja- 
from  TEUT.  herdo-    'herd,  flock'. 

here  me.  here  oe.  her  =  goth. 
ON.  OSAX.  her  ohg.  hiar  G.  hier: 
adv.  of  place  (formed  like  goth. 
a/j'ar  'elsewhere',  /ar  'there'  cp. 
there)  from  the  pronom.  stem 
hi-  in  goth.  hi-mma  daga  'to- 
day' und  hi-na  dag  'till  to-day 
(cp.  hence    and    hither^.     The 


stem  hi'  is  cogn.  w.  lith.  szis, 
OSLOV.  si  'this  one',  lat.  ci-s 
ci-tra  'on  this  side'. 

heron  ivie.  heiroun  from  ofr. 
hairon  =  fr.  hiron, 

herring  me.  hering  oe.  hdring 
=  ohg.  hdring  mhg.  hcerinc  G. 
hering,  du.  haring.  westteut. 
hdring  is  the  source  of  fr. 
hareng. 

hest  'a  command'  :me.  Mste 
Mst  with  inorganic  /  from  oe. 
hcBS  'a  command'  =  teut.  haisi- 
orig.  hait-ti  :  teut.  \(^ hait  in 
OE.  hdtan  'command'.  See  behest 
and  hight. 

hew  vb.  ME.  h(we  oe.  h(awan 
■=  OSAX.  hauwan,  ohg.  houwan 
G.  hauen,  DU.  houwen ;  on.  hgggva 
points  to  goth.  ^haggwa?t  in 
place  of  TEUT.  hawwan.  The 
verbal  \l^haww  haw  (cp.  hay) 
is  allied  to  the  ARYAN  sfkow  in 
OSLOV.  kovq  —  kovati  'forge',  LITH. 
kaujii  'I  strike'  —  kiijis  'hammer'. 

heyday  orig.  hey  day  =  e. 
high  day. 

hiccough  hiccup,  also  hick-et 
looks  like  a  dimin.  of  hick  or 
hik  'a  catch  in  the  voice',  imi- 
tative  of  sound? 

hide^  sb.  me.  hide  oe.  hyd  (by 
vowel  mutation  fr.  a  Teut.  base  hu- 
di-);  synon.  in  all  Teut.  languages 
except  Goth.;  cp.  ohg.  htit  o. 
haut,  ON.  hud,  dan.  sw.  hud, 
DU.  huid.  ARYAN  Mt/'S  answers 
to  LAT.  ciitis  'skin';  cp.  gr.  y.vrog 
'skin,  hide'.  The  y/^ku  appears 
in  LAT.  scu-tum  'shield',  gr. 
0/v-Tog  'skin,  hide'  with  a  prefix  s. 


hide^  —   hip^ 


105 


hide^  sb.  'a  measure  of  land' 
OE.  hid  coViXx.  of  OE.  y^/^/^ 'enough 
land  for  a  household';  prop. 
*hiwida-  'family'  allied  to  hind"^. 

hide  vb.  me.  hide  oe.  hfdan\ 
Teut.  base  hiidjan,  perh.  cogn. 
w.  CYMR.^r?^^^ 'hidden,  concealed' 
and  GR.  vevd^M  'hide':  Aryan 
y/^kudhl 

hideous  by  change  of  suffix  for 
ME.  hidoiis  adopted  fr.  ofr.  hidous 
=  FR.  hideux'.  source  a  lat.  type 
hispidosus,  extension  of  lat.  hispi- 
dus  'rough,  shaggy,  bristly'. 

hie  vb.  'hasten  me.  Me  earlier 
hi^e  higen  oe.  higian.  Teut.  base 
hi-gai-  perh.  a  reduplication  of 
an  ARYAN  sfki  in  lat.  ci-to 
quickly',  G^.v.Uiv  'go'?  Or  cogn. 
w.  SKR.  ftghra  'quick'? 

high  adj.  me.  heigh  earlier  heh 
OY..  h(ah  =  GOTH,  hduhs,  on. 
hdr,  DU.  hoogf  OSAX.  ohg.  hSh, 
G.  hoch\  TEUT.  hauha-  from  an 
ARYAN  kouko-.  OTEUT.  possessed 
a  sb.  formed  from  the  adj. 
meaning  'hill'  (base  kouk6-s)\ 
cp.  ON.  haugr  'hill'  (whence  E. 
ho IV  in  proper  names)  and  with 
ablaut  G.  hilgel]  cp.  lith.  kau- 
kara  'hill'. 

hight  vb.  ME.  highte  heghte  oe. 
heht  {h^ht})  'was  called  :  pret. 
to  oe.  hdtan  =:  goth.  haitan^ 
G.  heissen. 

hill  ME.  hil  (plur.  hilles)  OE. 
hyll  (plur.  hyllas)'.  Teut.  base 
hulli-  or  hulja-  cogn.  w.  goth. 
hallus  'rock'  and  on.  halb'  'hill'; 
an  ARYAN  \fkol  cp.  in  lat.  collis 


'a  hiir,  culmen  'a  top',  lith.  katnas 
kalva  hiir,  GR.  v.o'ki.ovoc,^ 

hilt  ME.  OE.  hilt  =  ON.  hja/ff 
OHG.  he/za  'a  sword-hilt'. 

hind  ^  ME.  hinde  oe.  hind  = 
ON.  DAN.  sw.  hind,  DU.  hinde, 
OHG.  hinia  G.  hindin.  goth.  *hindi 
(gen.  *hindjos)  is  perh.  connected 
with   GR.  y.e^i-dg  'youngdeer'. 

hind^  'a  peasant'  me.  hine  oe. 
hina  'a  domestic'.  Cp.  hide^. 
There  is  a  Teut.  base  hmia-  in 
goth.  heiwa-fratt.ja  'husband', 
OE.  hiwrceden  'family,  household' 
=  OHG.  hirdi  'marriage'  g.  heirat. 

hind  in  behind  and  hind- feet 
akin  to  the  oe.  adv.  hindan  'at 
the  back  of  —  hinder  'backwards' 
=  GOTH,  hindar  prep,  'behind', 
G.  hinter  prep,  'behind'.  —  hin- 
der vb.  me.  hindre  oe.  hinder ian 
=  ON.  hindra  ohg.  hintiren  hin- 
taron  G.  hindern,  —  hindmost 
corrupted  fr.  hindjnest  (confused 
with  ?nost)  =  GOTH,  hindumists 
'hindmost'. 

hinge  me.  henge;  oe.  '^hencge 
(for  TEUT.  "^hangjon-)  is  not  re- 
corded: deriv.  of  the  teut. 
\fhanh  hang  (see  hang)\  cp. 
MLG.  MDU.  henge  'rack  for  hang- 
ing up  things'. 

hint  sb.  shortened  fr.  me. 
hinted  part,  of  hinte  (Jiente)  = 
OE.  hejitan  'seize,  hunt  after' 
ixom.  \fhenp  seen  in  hunt} 

hipi  sb.  ME.  hipe  oe.  hype]  cp. 
GOTH,  haps  (nom.  plur.  hupeis), 
DU.  heup,  G.  hiifte  JVIHG.  huf  (plur. 
hiiffe)  OHG.  huf  (plur.  huff): 
TEUT.    hilpi-    from    ARYAN    kUbi-. 


;o6 


hip^  —  hog 


hip-  sb.  'the  fruit  of  the  dog- 
rose'  ME.  hepe  OE.  heope  =  osax. 
kwpa,  OHG.  Mufo  MHG.  Me/e. 

hip  vb.  ME.  /lippe  oe.  */iyppan 
=  MHG.  hup  fen  hup  fen  G.  hilp/en] 
alHed  to  oe.  hoppian  ^=  y..  hop 
vb.;  o^.  hoppettan,  g.  hop  fen,  on. 
hoppa. 

hire  vb.  me.  hire  oe.  hjrian 
vb.  =  DU.  huren,  ofris.  y^^r«2, 
sw.  hyra,  dan.  /^j^r^  mlg.  hiiren, 
G.heuern  'hire,  rent':  West-Teut. 
base  hui'jon. 

hiss  vb.  ME.  /^m^:  prob.  an 
onomatopoetic  word  as  ODU. 
hisschen  'to  hiss'. 

hit  vb.  ME.  hitte'.  adopted  fr. 
ON.  hitta,  DAN.  hitte \  perh.  cog. 
w.   GOTH,  hinpafi  'catch'. 

hitch  vb.  ME.  hicche  'move'; 
OE.   '^hycca?il 

hither  me.  oe.  hider\  derived 
from  a  Teut.  pronoun  hi-  'this' 
in  here  and  hence]  cp.  goth. 
hidre,  on.  hedra  'on  this  side'; 
cogn.  with  LAT.  ci-tra  'on  this 
side'.    For  the  suffix  cp.  thither. 

hive  me.  hive  oe.  hyf\  Teut. 
base  hubi-  in  mlg.  huve  'hive', 
DU.  huif\  cogn.  w.  lat.  cupa 
'bowl'? 

hoar  adj.  me.  hgr  oe.  hdr  == 
GOTH,  ^haira-,  on.  hdrr  'hoary', 
osax.  OHG.  her  g.  hehr  'distingui- 
shed', also  'venerable'.  The  orig. 
meaning  of  the  adj.  was  prob. 
venerable',  on.  and  e.  have  the 
meaning  'gray  with  age*.  A  teut. 
'\f  hai  'glitter,  shine'  is  supported 
hy  heaven  and  ON.  y^^/</ 'clearness 
of  the  sky' ;  teut.  hai  from  aryan 


koi  is  cogn.  with  skr.  ke-tic-s 
'light,  lustre,  torch'. 

hoard  me.  oe.  hgrd  =  osax. 
hord  (horth),  goth.  huzd,  on. 
hodd  n.  —  hoddr  m.,  ohg.  g.  hort. 
teut.  hozda-  from  aryan  kuzdho- 
for  kudhto-  part,  'that  which  is 
hidden';  cp.  gr.  y.bv&m  under 
hide  vb. 

hoarhound  aie.  hgrhoune  oe. 
s6o  hare  hune  'the  hoar  hound'; 
OE.  hmie  is  a  plant-name. 

hoarse  me.  horse  prop,  hgs,  oe. 
has  pointing  to  goth.  '^haisa-  = 
OHG.  heis  heisi  mhg.  heis  heise] 
the  r  of  MHG.  G.  heiser  seems  to 
be  the  same  r  as  in  E.  hoarse 
=  MDU.  heersch  (mod.  DU.  hcescH)  ; 
perh.  originating  from  the  OE. 
dat.  hdsre  {?nid  hdsre  stefne) 
transposed  to  hdrse  =  me.  horse! 

hobble  vb.  me.  hoble  for  "^hopple] 
frequent,   oi  hop  vb. 

hobby  sb.  'a  toy  like  a  horse, 
ambling  nag,  a  favorite  pursuit'; 
ME.  hobin  'a  nag':  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  hobin  'a  little  horse'? 

hock  corruption  of  Hochheim: 
the  name  of  a  German  town  on 
the  river  Main,   famous  for  wine. 

hoe  sb.  from  fr.  houe  'a  hoe': 
source  ohg.  houwa  =  g.  haue 
'hoe'. 

hog  ME.  hog  (plur.  hogges)  OE. 
hocg  (plur.  hoggas):  a  Welsh 
loanword,  cp.  w.  hweh  'a  sow' 
(bret.  corn,  hoeh  'pig').  —  hogs- 
head cp.  the  equiv.  mlg.  hukes- 
hovet  huxhbvet  du.  okshoofd  (earlier 
also  hokshoofd)  g.  oxho/t ,  sw. 
oxhufvudy  DAN.  oxehoved:    origin 


hoist 


hood 


107 


and  history    of   this    compound 
•are  unauthorized. 

hoist  vb.  earlier  hoise  akin  to 
the  equivalent  lg.  hisseji,  du. 
hijscJieny  dan.  heise,  sw.  hissa^ 
G.  hissen,  fr.  hisser,  it.  issare. 

hold  vb.  ME.  hglde  oe.  hdldan 
(healdan)  =  ohg.  haltan  {halthaii) 
G.  halten ,  OSAX.  goth.  haldan, 
DU.  houden,  on.  i^^z/^^^z :  a  common 
TEUT.  vb.   .  Cp.  behold. 

hold  sb.  (the  hold  of  a  ship) 
prop.  hole',  ident.  w.  hollow  and 
hollow  \  cp.  DU.  hoi  *a  hole,  cave'. 
—  hole  sb.  ME.  hole  hoi  oe.  hoi 
'a  cave'  ^=  on.  ^^/r,  ohg.  mhg. 
hoi  G.  /t^^/,  DU.  hol\  the  E.  me. 
OE.  OHG.  MHG.  adjectives  are 
used  as  substantives :  teut. 
\fhel  'conceal'  in  oe.  helan^  G. 
hehlen.  —  hollow  me.  holwe  oe. 
holh  (gen.  hohves)\  cogn.  with 
equival.  ohg.  mhg.  hoi,  on.  holr'. 
TEUT.  \f^hul  connected  with 
the  TEUT.  \fhel  in  oe.  ohg.  h'elan 
'hide,  conceal'  (c^.helly  helmet). 

holiday  prop,  holy  day. 

holly  me.  holm  oe.  holeyt ;  akin 
to  the  equivalent  du.  g.  hulst 
mhg.  hulSy  OHG.  hulisy  whence  fr. 
houx\  pre-TEUT.  \fkel'  in  w. 
celyn  ,  corn,  celin  ,  bret.  kelen, 
IR.   cuileann  'holly'. 

hollyhock  for  me.  hglihoc  prop, 
'holy  hock':  oe.  hocc  means 
'mallow'. 

holster  borrowed  fr.  du.  holster 
'a  case  for  a  pistol'  {o,.  pistolen- 
holfter) ;  ident.  w.  ON.  hulstr  'a 
case,   a  sheath',   goth.  hulistr  'a 


veil';      from     teut.    huljan    and 
suff.  -stra  fr.  -s-tra  (oE.  heolstor). 

holy  i^iE.  holy  OE.  >^^7/5  earlier 
hdlej^  =  OSAX.  helagy  ohg.  heilag 
G.  DU.  heilig ,  ON.  heilagr ,  dan. 
hellig  J  sw.  ^^/4''  (goth.  hailag 
in  a  Goth,  runic  inscription). 
Common  'teut.  hailaga-  from 
common  teut.  haila-  cp.  whole 
and  y^*?/*?. 

homage  me.  homage',  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  ho7nage  =  fr.  hommage'^ 
source  a  lat.  type  homaticuvi  the 
service  of  a  vassal  or  man'  (lat. 
/^^w<7  'man'). 

home  ME.  hpm  oe.  i^^w  =  osax. 
hem^  ON.  heimt'j  ohg.  g.  du.  -^^z/?? 
'home  ;  goth.  haims  'a  village'. 
Teut.  base  haimo-  (Jiaimi-)  from 
a  pre-TEUT.  kaimd-  {kaifni")  = 
LTTH.  kemas  —  pruss.  caynds  *a 
village',  GR.  YMi.iri  Village . 

hone  ME.  hone  oe.  hdn'.  Teut. 
base  haino-  =  ON.  heiriy  sw.  hen 
'hone'.    Cp.  OE.  hcBnan  'to  stone', 

honey  me.  huni  oe.  hunii  hunei : 
Teut.  base  hunang  =  on. 
himangy  du.  hofiiric,  ohg.  honatig 
G.  /^(^/7z^  'honey'.  Origin  un- 
certain; perh.  cogn.  w.  or.  y^ovic 
'dust'? 

-hood  a  suff.  used  to  form 
abstract  nouns;  orig.  an  in- 
dependent sb.  dying  out  in  me.  : 
OE.  had  'state,  quality'  =  GOTH. 
haidusy  ohg.  mhg.  heit  'manner 
(g.  -heit  only  suffix).  Cp.  its  var. 
-head. 

hood  sb.  'covering'  ME^IBprfT 
hod  =  DU.  hoedy  OHG.  huot  G. 
/////.     Closely  aUied  to  hat  and 


UNIVERSITY 


Of  „: 


io8 


hoof 


host* 


to  the  TEUT.  \Phad  hodm  heed. 

hoof  ^ME.    OE.  hpf  r=  OSAX.  hof, 

DU.  hoeff  ON.  hq/r^  ohg.  huof  g. 
huf:  Teut.  base  hof  a-  from  Aryan 
'^kdpo-,  whence  osLov.  kopyto 
'hoof'.  Others  derive  TEUT.  hofa- 
from  Aryan  kdpho  and  compare 
it  with  SKR.  (aphdj  avest.  safa 
'hoof. 

hook  ME.  OE.  hoc  =  MDU.  hoek 
'hook'.  The  kindred  forms  have 
a  diff.  vowel  and  answer  to  OE. 
haca^  ON.  haki^  ohg.  hd{c)ko  g. 
hake,  OHG.  hdg(g)o  points  to 
GOTH.  '^heg(g)a  'hook'.  G.  haken 
being  a  kind  of  plough',  GOTH. 
hoha  plough'  may  also  be  com- 
pared, so  that  the  stem  may  be 
hoh  heg  hak. 

hoop  sb.  ME.  OE.  hop  =  DU. 
hoep,  OFRis.  hop,  north-fris.  hup 
'hoop*,  MLG.  hop;  TEUT.  base 
hopa-. 

hoop  vb.  ME.  houpe  adopted  fr. 
FR.  hoiiper  'hoop  unto';  of  Teut. 
origin,  cp.  OE.  hwopan  =  goth. 
hwopan  vb.  'boast,  glory'. 

hoot  vb.  ME.  houte  borrowed 
fr.   osw.  hicta  'hoot'. 

hop  vb.  ME.  hoppe  oe.  hoppian 
=  DU.  hoppen,  on.  sw.  hoppa 
dan.  hoppe,  g.  mhg.  hop/en.  Cogn. 
w.  hip  vb. 

hop  sb.  ME.  hoppe  =  du. 
hop,  G.  hop/en  late  ohg.  hopfo, 
med.-lat.  hupa  (for  "^huppd). 
Its  origin  is  obscure. 

hope  vb.  ME.  hope  oe.  hopian 
=  MDU.  hopen,  mhg.  g.  hoffen. 
The  labial  in  oe.  hopian  (goth. 
><?/«)    is    a    substitute    for    a 


guttural  (base  ^huqdri)  as  shown 
by  the  oe.  abstract  noun  hyht 
'hope'  (base  huh-ti-i) :  teut. 
\l^huq  hup.  —  hope  sb.  me.  hope 
for  OE.  to-hopa  =  osAX.  /o-hopo 
sb.  'hope'. 

horn  ME.  OE.  horn  =  on. 
ohg.  g.  DU.  horn,  goth.  haurn: 
common  Teut.  (in  a  runic 
inscription)  horna  'horn'  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  cornu  and  IR.  cymr. 
corn,  with  other  suffix  gr.  yJ()-ag 
horn';  cp.  also  E.  harf  prop, 
'horned'  and  skr.  crn-ga  'horn'. 

hornet  oe.  hyrnet  =  ohg. 
hornaT,  hurnui^  G.  hornisse.  The 
synon.  Slav,  and  Lat.  words 
for  'hornet'  point  to  goth. 
*haurznuts  with  an  Aryan,  yf  krs 
(iND.  ^ri) '.  LAT.  crdbro  'hornet' 
for  ^crdsro,  oSLOV.  sricsem,  LITH. 
szirszone  'hornet'.  The  Aryan 
stem  is  krs  for  'hornet',  cp. 
OSLOV.  srUsa,  lith.  szirszH.  Du. 
preserves  a  trace  of  this  inner 
s  in  horzel  'hornet'  (goth.  '^haur- 
suls)  —  horzelen  vb.  'hum'. 

horse  me.  oe.  hors  ^=  osax. 
hors  —  hers,  du.  ros,  ohg.  ros  (gen. 
rosses)  g.  ross  (whence  it.  rozza^ 
FR.  rosse  a  jade'),  on.  hross, 
also  hors,  sw.  dan.  dial,  hors 
'a    horse' :    Teut.    base    hrossa-. 

hose    ME.    hose    oe.    hosu    ■= 

DAN.      G.     hose,      DU.     hoos,      OHG. 

ON.  hosa  (goth.  ^hUso).  The 
Teut.  words  found  their  way 
into  Celt.  (corn,  hos  'ocrea, 
cuisses')  and  into  Rom.  (ofr. 
hose) . 

host^    sb.    'army'  me.  host  psi: 


host' 


hull 


[09 


loanword  fr.  ofr.  hosie  'army' 
(source   lat.  hostis  —  hostevi). 

host^  sb.  'entertainer  me.  hgste\ 
loanword  fr.  ofr.  hoste  (=  LAT. 
hospitem).  Hence  hostess  me. 
hgstesse  from  ofr.  hostesse  and 
hostler  jvce.  hostUr  'innkeeper' 
from    OFR.    hosteller   'innkeeper. 

host^  sb.  (in  the  mass)  me. 
hgste  gste\  source  lat.  hostla, 
FR.  hostle. 

hot  adj.  ME.  hot  OE.  hat:  Teut. 
base  halta-  =  on.  heltr,  DU. 
heet,  OSAX.  het,  ohg.  hel^^  g.  helss 
'hot';  the  TEUT.  \f  hit  cp.  in 
GOTH,  heito  'fever'  and  in  on. 
hltly  OSAX.  hittlay  g.  hltze  'heat'; 
cp.  heat  sb. 

hough  sb.  ME.  hough  (Jig)  oe. 
hgh  'the  heel';  hence  the  dimin. 
heel.  Teut.  base  hanha-  in  on. 
hMl  'heel'. 

hound  ME.  hound  oe.  hiind 
hund  =.  GOTH,  hundsj  on.  hundr, 
DAN.  SWED.  hundy  DU.  hond, 
OSAX.  G.  hund  ohg.  hunt:  Teut. 
base  hunda-  prop,  'the  hunter', 
derived  fr.  the  teut.-goth.  vb. 
hinpan  'seize,  capture'  (oe.  hup 
'booty');  see  hunt. 

hour  ME.  houre  oure  borrowed 
fr.  ofr.  (h)ure  {h)ore  (=  fr. 
heur)y  whence  also  DU.  uur^  G. 
uhr  (dial,  auer).  Source  lat. 
hora, 

house  ME.  hous  oe.  hus'.  Teut. 
base  husa-  in  goth.  gud-hus 
'house  of  God',  oSAX.  ohg. 
hus  G.   haus,    du.  huis,    on.  hus. 

housings  earlier  houss  (of  a 
horse),   borrowed  fr.  fr.  houssc'i 


hovel  ME.  hovel  'small  hut: 
dimin.  with  suffix  -el  from  oe. 
hof  =  ON.  hof  'a  temple,  a 
hall';  cp.  G.  hof  'a  yard'.  — 
hover  vb.  intensive  derivative 
of  me.  hove  vb.  'tarry,  wait';  cp. 
OFRis.  hovia  'receive  in  one's 
house :  derived  fr.  teut.  hofa- 
'hall,  yard'. 

how  ME.  how  OE.  hu  (for 
"^hwu  "^hwg) :  Teut.  form  hwo  in 
OSAX.  hwo  'how',  OHG.  wuo\  du. 
hoe  for  hwdy  ofris.  hu'.  formed 
from  the  Teut.  stem  hwa-  in 
who\   cp.   GR.  Ti(i]q. 

how  in  local  names  cp. 
high. 

howl  vb.  ME.  houle'y  cp.  du. 
huilen,  G.  heulen. 

huckster  me.  huckstire  (oe. 
^huccestre)]  orig.  'a  female  re- 
tailer ;  akin  to  mhg.  hucke  hocke 
'a  retailer';  derived  from  mhg. 
hocken  vb.  'squat',  on.  hokkinn 
'bowed,  bent'.  Cp.  du.  heuken 
vb.  'huckster,  retail'  —  heuker 
huckster,  retailer'. 

hue  ^  sb.  ME.  hewe  hew  oe. 
heow  'appearance':  ident.  w. 
GOTH,  hiwi  (g.  hiujis)  'form, 
appearance',  sw.  hy  'skin,  com- 
plexion'. 

hue'"^  sb.  'outcry' ME.  hil  derived 
fr.  FR.  huer  'hoot,  hiss'. 

huge  adj.  me.  hiige  (Jiouge): 
loanword   fr.    OFR.  ahuge  'huge'. 

hull  'husk'  me.  hule  oe.  hulu 
'hull,  husk';  cp.  synon.  G.  hiilse 
OHG.  hulsa  for  *hulisa  (goth. 
^hulisi  or  '^huluzi) :  formed  from 
the   \fhel  hul   (g.  hiille)    under 


humble  —  hutch 


helly  hollow  and  holster.  — 
hull  'body  of  a  ship'  ident.  w. 
hold  sb. 

humble  adj.  me.  humble  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  hu7nble  (=  lat. 
humilis) . 

humblebee  sb.  me.  hombel-be\ 
an  equivalent  OE.  '^humbol  is  to 
be  assumed  for  ohg.  humbal 
G.  hummel,  DU.  hommel  'humble- 
bee'. 

humor  me.  humour  from  ofr. 
humor  =  fr.  humeur. 

hundred  me.  oe.  hundred 
{hundrep),  ident.  w.  OSAX.  hun- 
darody  G.  hundert,  on.  hundrad', 
the  word  is  appar.  a  comp.,  the 
second  part  of  which  belongs 
to  GOTH,  rapjaji  vb.  'count';  the 
first  part  GOTH.  OE.  hund  is 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  centum,  gr.  Ixaror, 
SKR.  fatdm. 

hunger  me.  hunger  honger  OE. 
hungor]  cp.  synon.  osAX.  ohg. 
hungar  G.  hunger,  on.  hungr\ 
GOTH,  hiihrics  (for  ^^hunhrus) 
'hunger'  with  the  derived  hug- 
grjan  'hunger':  common  teut. 
hunhru-  hungru-  hunger'  from 
ARYAN,  kmkru-}  cp.  LITH.  kanka 
'torture'  with  ON.  hd  vb.  'torture' 
(from  TEUT.  "^hanhon). 

hunt  vb.  ME.  hu72te  oe.  hu7ttian\ 
a  secondary  verb  from  a  primit. 
vb.  shown  in  goth.  frahinpan 
'take  prisoner'.  From  the  same 
root  E.  hound  and  hand. 

hurdle  me.  hirdel  oe.  hyrdel, 
dimin.   of  an  oe.  "^hyrd  =^  ohg. 


hurt  (plur.  hurti)  g.  hilrde',  cp. 
ON.  hurd  'door',  goth.  haurds 
'door'.  The  meaning  'door'  is 
developed  from  the  common 
meaning  'wickerwork'.  Teut. 
base  hurdi-  =  Aryan  krti  in 
lat.  crates,  gr.  v.vQXri  'a  fishing- 
basket'  —  v.a.QT.akoq  'a  (woven) 
basket';  cp.  skr.  krt  'spin'  — 
crt  'bind,   connect'. 

hurl  vb.  ]ME.  hurle  earlier 
hurtle  vb. 

hurricane  sb.  akin  to  the 
synon.  DU.  orkaan,  dan.  sw.  g. 
orkan,  fr.  ouragan,  it.  uracano, 
SPAN,  huracan  'a  hurricane' ;  after 
the  discovery  of  Americaadopted 
fr.  Caribbean  hurakan  'a  hurri- 
cane'. 

hurry  vb.  me.  hurie  horie  vb. 
'hasten'. 

hurt  vb.  me.  hurte  hirte  vb. 
'offend'  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  hurter 
(fr.  heurter^. 

husband  sb.  me.  husbonde  oe. 
(about  1050)  hilsbonda'.  a  Scand. 
loanword,  cp.  on.  husbondi,  sw. 
DAN.  husbonde  from  hus  'house' 
and  ON.  bondi  bundi  'husband . 

husk  me.  huske  oe.  ^huseca  'a 
small  house' (?);    cp.  G.  gehduse. 

hussy  short  for  housewife. 

hut  ME.  hutte  from  fr.  huite. 
Source  ohg.   hutta   =    G.    hiitte. 

hutch  sb.  'a  box'  me.  hucche 
prop.  hucche  (whence  me. 
whicche)  :  loanword  fr.  fr.  huche 
'trough,   bin'. 


I   —   inquest 


I  ME.  /  earlier  ich  ic  OE.  zV  ^= 
DU.  ik,  OSAX.  iCy  OHG.  ih  G.  ich, 
GOTH.  ik\  common  teut.  ik  ek 
from  ARYAN.  egom\  cp.  lat.  ego^ 
GR.  f ycc',  SKR.  ahdniy  aslov.  azti^ 
LiTH.^0.  The  oblique  cases  were 
formed  in  all  Aryan  languages 
alike  from  a  stem  me-\  cp.  me 
and  mine. 

ice    ME.      OE.    /^    =    OHG.     IS     G. 

m,  ON.  iss,  DU.  //'^  (goth.  *eisa-) : 
a  common  Teut.  word,  not 
found  elsewhere.  —  icicle 
ME.  isikel:  prop,  a  compound, 
OE.  is-pcel  {isesycel) ;  j^icel  is 
dimin.  *a  small  piece  of  ice' 
(cp.  MLG.  isjokel  'icicle',  on. 
ipkull). 

idol  ME.  idple  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
idole  (lat.  tdoliim,  gr.  sidhiXov 
'an  image,  likeness*). 

idle  adj.  me.  oe.  idel  'empty, 
vain,  useless'  =  oSAX.  uial 
'empty,  useless',  ohg.  ttai  'empty, 
vain,  boastful'  G.  eitel  'vain ,  DU. 
ijdel  'empty'. 

if  me.  if  OE.  lif  =  OSAX.  ef 
ofy  DU.  of  if  'whether,  but', 
OHG.  oba  with  the  older  by-form 
ibu  'if,  whether*  G.  ob  'if,  as  if, 
even  if,  whether',  on.  if  ef  '\i  ^ 
GOTH.  iba{i)  'whether,  perhaps . 
Prop.  dat.  instr.  of  ON.  if.  efi 
m.  and  if  ef  n.  'doubt',  ohg. 
iba  f.  'doubt,   condition. 

ill  ME.  ///  ille\  Scand.  loan- 
word from  ON.  illr\  the  native 
E.  synon.  is  evil  (oe.  yfet). 


imp  sb.  ME.  OE.  impe  'graft, 
scion'  with  the  vb.  ME.  impe 
OE.  impian  'graft';  cp.  OHG. 
impfon  G.  impfen ,  dan.  ympe^ 
sw.  y7npa.  Source  a  lat.  type 
i7nputare,  whence  also  fr.  entery 
DU.  enten  vb.  'graft'. 

impair  vb.  me.  empeire  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  empeirer  =  fr. 
empirer  (lat.  type  impeiorare 
'make  worse'). 

impeach  vb.  prop,  'hinder* 
for  ME.  apeche  vb.  'hinder'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  empecher  (lat. 
type  impedicare  'fetter*  hovupedica 
sb.  'fetter'). 

imply  cp.  ply. 

in     prep.    me.    in    OE.    in    = 

OSAX.      G.     DU.     GOTH,    in,     ON.    /, 

sw.  DAN.  i.  Orig.  related  to 
LAT.  iny  GR.  sv(i),  LITH.  iy 
LETT.    e. 

inch  sb.  me.  inche  oe.  ynce: 
early  loanword  from  lat.  tmcia 
'an  inch',   also  an  'ounce'. 

ingot  ME.  ingot  =  FR.-  lingol 
ingol?  Source  and  history  doubt- 
ful. 

ink  ME.  e'nke  from  ofr.  en^ue 
(fr.  encrey  DU.  inl^ly  lg.  inkel) : 
source  lat.  encaustum  'the  purple 
red  ink'. 

inkling  sb.  from  the  vb.  me. 
inkle  'hint'. 

inn  ME.  OE.  in  inn  sb.  'house, 
lodging  -  house'  =  on.  inm 
'inn*. 

inquest  me.  enqu^ste  from  ofr. 


112 


ire    —  jail 


enqueste  (=  fr.  enquete).  Akin 
to  inquire  vb.  me.  enquire  from 
OFR.  enquerrer  (=  fr.  enquirir 
'inquire');  source  lat.  inquirere, 

ire  ME.  ire  'anger'  from  ofr. 
ire  (lat.  trd). 

irk  vb.  ME.  irke  'tire'  with  the 
adj.  irksome  extended  fr.  me. 
irk  'distasteful'. 

iron  ME.  OE.  iren  oldest  oe.  form 
isern  =  goth.  eisarn,  OSAX.  ohg. 
tsarn  G.  eisen,  DU.  ij'zer,  on.  isarn 
(Jam):  Teut.  base  harna-  perh. 
borrowed  fr.  a  Celt,  isarno-  (= 
OIR.  iarn  'iron');  gall.  Isarno- 
dorum  a  placename. 

island  me.  ilond  oe.  iilo?id 
(inland)  'island';  the  first  part 
of  the  compound  represents 
the  OE.  ii  ii  'isle'  (cp.  on.  eyland, 
OFRis.  DU.  <f27iZ//^/'island'),  blended 
w.  OFR.  isle.  The  word  starts 
from  a  'YY\5T.aujd-  {iwScandin-avia 
Bat-avia^y  which  is  a  derivative 
of  TEUT.-GOTH.  ahwa  'stream, 
flowing  water'  ohg.  aha  =  oe.  ia 
=  LAT.  aqua  'water. 

isle  me.   tie    borrowed    fr.    fr. 


z/e  (source  lat.  insula)  'an  isle'. 
Cp.  island. 

issue  ME.  issiie  from  ofr.  issue 
'end,  event'  (derived  fr.  issir  ■= 
LAT.  exire). 

it  ME.  it  earlier  me.  oe.  hit 
neuter  to  E.  he  (oe.  me.  he), 

itch  vb.  ME.  icche  for  ^icche  oe. 
lyccan :  Teut.  base  jukjan  = 
DU.  jeuken ,  osAX.  jukkian ,  ohg. 
juckan  G.  jucken.     teut.   \f  juk. 

ivory  me.  ivory  (ivoire)  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  ivorie —  fr.  ivoire,  whence 
also  DU. ivoor.  Source  lat.  eboreus 
'made  of  ivory'  —  ebur  'ivory'. 

ivy  MS.,  ivy  oe.  ifii  short  for 
^tf-hii  if-hei  =  ohg.  eba-hewi 
mhg.  ep-hou  (g.  epheii)  with  the 
by-form  OHG.  ebah'.  perh.  akin 
to  GOTH,  ibuks  'backwards'?  It 
is  uncertain,  whether  the  2"*^  ele- 
ment of  OHG.  eba-hewi  =  oe.  ifii 
is  ident.  w.  hay. 

iwis  'certainly'  me.  iwis  oe. 
lewiss  =  OHG.  g-i7ms  G.  gewiss, 
DU.  gewis:  Teut.  base  ga-wissa- 
prop.  part,  of  the  Teut.  vb. 
witan  'know'  (cp.  wot). 


jabber  variant  of  e.  gabber,       |    jail    with    the    by-form    gaol 


jacket  from  fr.  jaquet\  cp 
ME.  jakke  =  OFR.  jaque  (g. 
jacke). 

jade  ME,  jade  'old  horse'.  Source 
and  history  unknown. 


ME.  gail  jaiole  gaihgl  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  gaiole  gaole  (fr.  geole)  *a 
prison,  bird-cage'.  Source  lat. 
caveola  from  cavea  (=  E.  cagey 
G,  kdfig). 


jamb  —  journal 


jamb  from  fr.  jambe  'a  leg', 
also  'a  jamb'  (source  lat. 
gainbd), 

jar  sb.  'an  earthen  pot'  from 
FR.  Jarre. 

^SLundicQ^iE.jaundis  j'aunis  from 
FR.  jaunisse  prop,  yellowness'; 
source  fr.  jaune  yellow'  = 
LAT.   galbinus  'greenish    yellow'. 

javelin  sb.  from  fr.  javelin'. 
of  Celt,  origin,  cp.  cymr.  ga- 
flach  (whence  OE. gafeloc)  'spear. 

jaw  ME.  chaul  {choul)  earlier 
chavel  oe.  (plur.)  cedflas\  akin  to 
OS  AX.  kdflos  plur.  'jaw'  and  with 
other  formatives  ON.  kjaptr^  G. 
kiefer  'jaw' :  teut.  \p  kef  kef  fr. 
an  ARYAN  gephy  perh.  cogn.  w. 
avest.  zafra  'mouth,  jaw'. 

jay  ME.  jai  from  fr.  geai  (ofr. 
jai  gai). 

jealous  ME.  jelous  gelous  from 
'  OFR.  gelous  (fr.  j'aloux,  whence 
DU.  j aloes). 

jelly  sb.  late  me.  gelU  from 
FR.  gelee. 

jeopardy  sb.  me.  juperdi  orig. 
juparti  'hazard,  hazardous  feat' 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  jeu  parti  'risk, 
hazard'  (orig.  'a  game,  in  which 
the  chances  are  equally  divi- 
ded'). 

jest  prop,  'a  merry  tale'  :me. 
geste  (also  g^ste)  'a  story'  from 
OFR.  geste  'romance'. 

jet  sb.  (a  mineral)  short  for 
ME.  git  contracted  fr.  gey  it'. 
loanword  from  ofr,  gaiet  (Jaet 
Jet) :  source  lat.  gagdtes. 

jew  ME.  jew  earlier  giw  bor- 
rowed fr.   OFR.   Giu  Jui\  source 

English  Etymology. 


LAT.  Judaeus.  In  OE.  we  find 
Judeas  plur.  'the  Jews'  from  the 
Latin. 

jewel  ME.  jouel  juel  from  ofr. 
jouel  (whence  G.  juwel^  du. 
juweet)  =  FR.  joyau.  Source 
a  LAT.  type  gaudiale  from  gau- 
dium. 

jig  sb.  ME.  gigge  'a  fiddle'  from 
OFR.  gige  (=  MHG.  gige  G.  geige) 
'a  fiddle'. 

jingle  ME.  gingle. 

job  sb.  cp.  ME.  gobet  'small 
piece'  and  ofr.  gob  'a  mouth- 
ful'. 

jockey  ident.  w.  Jackey.  dimin. 
of  Jack. 

jog  vb.  ]VIE.  jogge  vb.  go 
hastily'. 

join  vb.  ME.  joine  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  joindre  {=  lat.  jungere). 
—  Hence  e.  me.  joint  sb.  from 
FR.  joint. 

joist  sb.  ME.  giste  'joist'  from 
OYi^.gisie  (=  TK.gtte?  derivative 
of  FR.   gisir  'lie'). 

jolly  ME.  jolt  earlier  jolif: 
loanword  from  fr.  joli  (ofr. 
jolif). 

jostle  justle  vb.  intensive  for- 
mation from  ME.  jouste  'tilt'  = 
OFR,  jouster  (me.  jouste  'tour- 
nament' fr.  OFR.  jouste  =  mhg. 
tjoste). 

journal  from  fr.  journal.  — 
journey  me.  journe  journie  'a 
day's  travel,  a  day's  work'  from 
FR.  journie  'a  day,  a  day's  work' 
(it.  giornata^  lat.  type  diur- 
ndta) . 

8 


114 


joy  —  kettle 


joy  WE..joie  from  Y^.joie  (source 
LAT.  gaudia  =  gaudium). 

judge  sb.  short  ivie.  juge  from 
FR.  juge  (source  lat.  judex  — 
judiceni)  'a  judge'.  —  judge 
vb.  ME.  jifge  from  FR.  juger  = 
LAT.  judicare. 

juice  ME.  jiise  jilge  from  FR. 
jus  (source  lat.  jus)  'juice'. 

July  ME,  jilli  from  lat.  Julius. 


—  June  ]ME.  jiine  earlier  jilnie 
from  OFR.  guniel  (fr.  Juin)  = 
LAT.  Junius. 

just  ME.  jiist  (short    for  jiist}) 
from  FR.  juste    (=  lat.  Justus). 

—  justice  ME.  justice  orig.  jiistifc 
=  FR.jzistice:  source  1.AT. justitia. 

—  justify  vb.  ME.  justifie  from 
FR.  justifier. 


K 


keel  sb.  ident.  w.  on.  kjglr 
(Teut.  base  kelu-^  'keel  of  the 
ship'  =  synon.  dan.  kj'dl,  sw. 
k'ol^  G.  DU.  kieL  Source  and 
history  unknown. 

keel  vb.  'cool'  me.  kele  oe. 
celaw.  Teut.  base  koljan  derived 
fr.  the  adj.  teut.  kolu-  =  e. 
cool. 

keen  adj.  me.  kene  'sharp,  bold, 
brave'  oe.  cene  orig.  cdni  'bold, 
brave,  wise' :  Teut.  base  kbni- 
=  OHG.  kuoni  G.  kilhn,  du.  koen 
'bold ,  daring  ;  the  original 
meaning  is  evident  in  on.  kcenr 
'wise',  which  points  to  the  teut. 
\Pkan  'know'  in  can^  ken  and 
know. 

keep  ME.  kepe  oe.  cepan  ccepan 
'keep':  from  a  Teut.  base  kop- 
jan\  no  \f  kop  exists  in  the 
other  Teut.  languages. 

keg  sb.  Scand.  loanword :  on. 
kaggi  'a  keg'. 

ken  vb.  'know'  me.  kenne  bor- 


rowed fr.  on.  k&nna  vb.  'know' 
:^  G.  kennen,  goth.  kamijan ; 
causative  of  teut.  kunnan  'know'. 
Cp.  can  vb. 

kennel  'a  house  for  dogs' 
me.  kene  I',  adopted  fr.  onfr.  kenil 
{chenil}',  source  onfr.  ken  (fr. 
chien)  'dog'  with  suff.  -//  (lat. 
type  ^canile  from  canis  'dog'). 

kerchief  sb.  earlier  spelling 
curchief  me.  coverchef:  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  covrechef  lit.  'a  head- 
covering'.  OFR.  covrir  (=  fr. 
couvrir)  'cover'  and   chef  'head'. 

kernel  me.  kirnel  oe.  cyrnel 
(Teut.  base  kurnila-) :  dimin.  of 
corn  (with  the  Teut.  dimin.  suff. 
-ild). 

kettle  me.  ketel  borrowed  fr. 
on.  ketill  =  GOTH,  katils,  ohg. 
ke'T^ljl  G.  kessel,  DU.  ketel',  corre- 
sponding to  OE.  cetel  ME.  chetely 
which  was  superseded  by  on. 
ketill.       The     Teut.     word     was 


key  —  kitchen 


early  borrowed  fr.  lat.  catinus 
'kettle',  whence  also  ohg.  ke^^pn. 

key  sb.  me.  keie  OE.  ccei  cce^e 
■=-  OFRis.  kei  'a  key'."  Teut.  base 
kaigi'^ 

kid  sb.  ME.  kid  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  kid\  cogn.  w.  OHG.  kizzin 
chizzi  G.  kiize  'a  young  goat' ;  a 
native  E.  word  cogn.  w.  scand. 
kid  would  begin  with  ch. 

kidney  sb.  me.  kid-nere  (oe. 
^cydeneore  ^cydneora})]  the 
second  part  of  the  compound 
is  ME.  nere  (=  on.  nyra,  du. 
nier^  ohg.  nioro  G.  niere  'kid- 
ney'). The  first  part  is  ob- 
scure. 

kill  vb.  ME.  kille\  a  corresp. 
OE.  '^cyllan  is  wanting:  Teut. 
base  kuljan  akin  to  OE.  cwellan 
=  ME.  quelle  vb.  'kill',  on. 
kvelja,  OSAX.  quellian.  There 
was  a  primit.  str.  vb.  OE.  cw'elan 
'die',  OSAX.  OHG.  qu'elan  'smart' ; 
cp.  G.  qual. 

kiln  sb.  ME.  kilne  oe.  cyln  = 
older  cyle7ie  cyline  'furnace':  early 
loanword  fr.  lat.  culina  'kitchen', 
whence  also  oik.  cuile  'kitchen. 
on.  kybia  'kiln'  is  an  OE.  loan- 
word. 

kin  sb.  ME.  kin  oe.  cynn  orig. 
'a  tribe':  Teut.  base  kunja-  = 
on.  kyn,  OSAX.  kunni,  ohg. 
chunni  mhg.  kiinne  race',  goth. 
kuni\  deriv.  fr.  the  teut.  \[^ ken 
'produce'  in  ohg.  g.  kifid  'child', 
OE.  cennan  vb.  'produce',  answe- 
ring to  an  ARYAN  \f  gen  in  lat. 
genus,  ge7ts-gentis,  gr.  ybvog  —  yovrj 
— yiyvofiui,  SKR.y/^Jan.  Cp.  kind, 


kindred  and  mankind.  — 
kind  adj.  -'natural,  loving'  me. 
kinde  OE.  ^ecynde  'natural,  in- 
born': derived  fr.  kind  sb.  — 
kind  sb.  'nature,  sort'  me. 
kinde  OE.  ^e-cynd  'nature'. 

kindle  vb.  me.  kindle:  derived 
with  intensive  -/  from  on.  kynda 
vb.  'kindle'?  (on.  kyndill  'a 
torch'?) 

kindred  jme.  ki?iride  (oe.  '^cyn- 
rceden):  composed  of  kin  = 
OE.  cynn  'kin'  and  OE.  rdden  (= 
GOTK. garaideins)  a  suffix  meaning 
'state,    condition'    (cp.  hatred), 

king  ME.  late  oe.  king  oe.  cyng 
a  late  shortening  for  the  common 
OE.  cyning:  Teut.  base  kuninga-^=^ 
OSAX.  OHG.  kuning  G.  konig,  du. 
koning',  cp.  ON.  konungr  (but 
GOTH,  reiks  'king'). 

kirtle  sb.  me.  kirtel  oe.  cyrtel 
from  a  teut.  base  ^kurtil  (=  ON. 
kyriilt) :  prop,  'a  short  under- 
garment' from  LAT.  cur  tits  'short' 
(cp.  G.  kurz  and  see  short  and 
shirt). 

kiss  sb.  ME.  kiss  with  the 
vowel  accommodated  to  the  vb. 

kiss  for  OE.  COSS  =  OSAX.  ^us 
cos,  DU.  kus,  OHG.  ki^S  G.  kuss, 
ON.  koSS,  DAN.  kys,  SW.  kysS,  GOTH. 

*kussus.  —  kiss  vb.  me.  kisse 
OE.  cyssan  =  osax.  kussian, 
DU.  OHG.  kussen  G.  kiissen,  ON. 
SW.  kyssa,  dan.  kysse. 

kitchen  sb.  me.  kiuhen  oe. 
cycene  from  a  west-teut.  base 
kukina  =  DU.  keuken ,  oiy>. 
kuchlna  chuhhina  G.  kite  he :  an 
early  West-Teut.  loanword  from 
8* 


ii6 


kite 


knuckle 


late  LAT.  coquina  (class,  culina 
see  under  kiln)  or  rather  from 
a  common  Rom.  and  vulg.  lat. 
cocina  'kitchen'  (cp.  fr.  cuisine y 
IT.  cucina,  span,  cocina).  Cp. 
cook. 

kite  sb.  ME.  kite  oe.  cyta  'a 
kite':  Teut.  base  kutjan-. 

kitten  me.  kitoun  answers  to 
the  synon.  fr.  chatton  'a  young 
cat'  (perh.  the  E.  word  points 
to   ONFR.  "^ketonl!) 

knave  me.  knave  oe.  cnafa  = 
OHG.  knabo  G.  knabe  'boy';  iden- 
tical with  oe.  cnapa  me.  kndpe 
'boy'  ^=  OSAX.  knapo,  ofris. 
knapa^  on.  knapi  'boy',  germ. 
knappe  points  to  a  teut.  knab- 
ban-.  Perh.  cogn.  w.  knightl 
or.  w.  GALL,  gnabat  'son'? 

knead  vb.  me.  kn{de  oe.  cnedan 
■=  mlg.  du.  kneden,  oho.  knetan 
G.  kneien'.  teut.  y^  ^;^^^  = 
ARYAN  \f  gnet  in  russ.  gnetate 
press'. 

knee  vb.  me.  >^«/  oe.  cneo  =  osax. 
^/22^,  DU.  G.  knie  OHG.  <r/!;^2?<!  kneo, 
GOTH,  kniu  (gen.  kniwis)'.  Teut. 
base  knewa-y  cogn.  w.  the  synon. 
LAT.  genu,  GR.  yovv,  skr.  j'dnu 
'knee'.  —  kneel  vb.  me.  cnele  oe. 
"^cniowlian  =  DU.  knielen  mlg. 
kneien,  sw.  chniile  'kneel',  dan. 
kncBle  ? 

knell  vb.  me.  knille  oe.  cnyllan\ 
cogn.  w.  MHG.  kn'ellen  in  <?r-,  G. 
knallen. 

knife  sb.  me.  knif  oe.  (about 
I  coo)  cnlf.  The  occurrence  in 
late  OE.  favors  Scand.  origin: 
on.    knifr.     On    the    continent, 


there  is  an  equivalent  du.  knij'f, 
LG.  kni/y  G.  dial,  kneif. 

knight  sb.  me.  knight  oe.  cniht: 
Teut.  base  kn'ehta-  =  du.  g. 
knecht  OHG.  kneht,  ofris.  hiiuht', 
cogn.  w.  knave} 

knit  vb.  me.  knitte  oe.  cnyttan : 
deriv.  of  oe.  cnotta  (by  vowel- 
mutation)     {=^    on.    knutr)     = 

e.  knot'y  OE.  cnyttan  is  ident. 
w.  LG.  kniitten} 

knob  sb.  me.  knobbe]  allied  to 
MHG.  kniibel  'knuckle',  du.  knobbel 
'knot,  lump,  callosity',  o.  knopf 
'button,  bud',  on.  knappr. 

knock  vb.  me.  knocke  oe. 
^cnoccian;  ident.  w.  oe.  cmccian, 
on.  knoka'.  a  sound  imitation, 
closely  allied  to  knack. 

knoll  sb.  me.  knol  oe.  cnoll  = 
du.  knol   'a    turnip',    G.    knollen. 

knot  sb.  me.  knotte  oe.  cnotta 
=z  MHG.  knotzcy  du.  knot',  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  knodo  knoto  G.  knoten 
and  ON.  knutr  'a  knot'  —  knuta 

f.  'dice'  —  kngttr  (goth. 
*knattus)  m.  'ball'. 

know  vb.  me.  kngwe  oe.  cndwdn 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.'  chndan  'know', 
ON.  knd  vb.  'know  how  to  do': 
TEUT.  Y"  ^^^^  ^^^  (akin  to  can 
and  keen)  =  Aryan  y"  gen 
gno  in  LAT.  gignosco  ignotus 
ignavus  ignarus ,  GR.  yi/vcJaxco, 
SKR.  yfjnd.  —  knowledge  sb. 
ME.  kn&iidiche  derived  fr.  the 
vb.  ME.  kngwUche,  intensive  for- 
mation of  ME.  knowe  =  E. 
know  (oE.  *iecnd'wldcan  is 
wanting). 

knuckle    sb.    me.    knokel    oe. 


labor 


lake 


*cnucel',  cogn.  w.  G.  knochel, 
OFRis.  knokle,  DU.  knokkely  mlg. 
knokelj      DAN.      knogle     knokkeh 


dimin.  of  a  simple  word,  seen 
in  G.  knochen  'a  bone',  DU.  knok 
'a  knuckle,   a  bone'. 


labor  sb.  me.  labour  adopted 
fr.  FR.  labour  =  lat.  labor  (em) 
'labor'. 

lace  sb.  me.  Ids:  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  lace  —  OFR.  las  {laqs) :  source 
LAT.  laqueus  'noose,  snare'  (= 
IT.  laccio).     See  late  he  t. 

lack  sb.  ME.  lak  oe.  "^Icec  = 
ODU.  lac  DU.  lak  'blepaish,  stain, 
lack'.  —  lack  vb.  me.  lacke 
from  the  sb.,  but  earlier  me. 
lake  (oE.  ^laciari)  =  ODU.  laken 
*be  wanting,  ofris.  lakia.  Teut. 
y"  lek  in  leak. 

lacquer  lacker  sb.  adopted 
fr.  FR.  laque  'varnish'?  cp.  G. 
lack,  IT.  lace  a. 

lad  ME.  ladde  borrowed  fr.  ir. 
lath  'a  youth,  champion';  cp. 
lass. 

ladder  me.  Idddre  short  for  oe. 
hlckdder'.  Teut.  base  hlaidrjO'\^= 
DU.  ladder  leer,  ohg.  leitara  G. 
letter;  goth.  "^hlai-dri  (gen. 
"^hlai-drjos)'.  teut.  \(^hlai  hli  in 
lean  vb.,  Aryan  V"  kli  in  gr. 
vXt-i-iat  'ladder.  The  Teut. 
suffix  -dr-  in  ladder  answers  to 
a  GR.  -xQia. 

lade  sb.  me.  lade  oe.  hladan 
=  OSAX.  hladan,  du.  g.  /<2^^/z 
OHG.  (h)ladan,  on.  hlada,   goth. 


hlapan  load,  lade':  teut.  y/^hlad 
hlap  from  an  Aryan  yj^klaf,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  \pklad  in  OSLOV.  kladq 
I  lay'.  —  The  vb.  oe.  hladan 
ME.  lade  signifies  also  'draw 
water',  hence  e.  ladle  me.  Iddel 
OE.  hlczdel. 

lady  ME.  lady  earlier  lafdi 
Id/dii  OE.  hldfdiie  'a  lady, 
mistress';  cogn.  w.  lord  oe. 
hldford.  The  first  part  of  both 
words  is  oe.  hldf  =  e.  loaf, 
the  second  part  in  oe.  hldf- 
diie is  connected  with  goth. 
deigan  vb.  'knead'  (see  dough). 
Therefore  oe.  hlcefdlie  (teut. 
'^hlaiba-digjb-)  meant  orig.  'the 
kneader  of  bread'. 

lair  ME.  leir  oe.  I'eier  'lair, 
couch,  bed'  =  osAX.  I'egar 
'couch,  sick-bed',  DU.  leger  'a 
couch,  bed,  lair',  ohg.  I'egar  g. 
lager  (for  leger)  'a  couch,  bed, 
place  of  lying,  storehouse', 
GOTH,  ligrs  'a  couch  :  Teut. 
base  I'egra-  from  \[^  leg  in  lie 
and  lay. 

laity    sb.    from    the    adj.    lay. 

lake  ME.  Idke  'lake'  oe.  lacu 
'lake'  and  'stream':  early  loan- 
Vk\ord  fr.»  *  LAT.  laeus  'a  lake, 
poM'.    oe.    lagu  'sea,    ocean'  is 


ii8 


lamb  —   lap 


the  genuine  E.  correspondence 
of  the  LAT.  word  and  of  ir. 
loch  'lake';   cp.  loch. 

lamb  sb.  ime.  oe.  la?nb  Igmb 
=  OSAX.  lamdy  DU.  lam,  OHG. 
lamb  G.  lamm,  GOTH.  on.  lamd: 
Teut.  base  lamba-  {lambaz-  in 
the  plur.  OE.  lombru  me.  lombren, 
lambiz-  in  the  plur.  ohg.  lembir 
G.   liimmer) . 

lame  adj.  me.  Idjne  oe.  lama 
=  OSAX.  lamOy  DU.  lam,  OHG. 
MHG.  lam  (gen.  lames)  G.  lahm, 
ON.  lamiy  sw.  dan.  /^w^.  The 
commoner  meaning  bruised, 
maimed'  is  prob.  the  orig.  one, 
though  the  meaning  'lame'  is 
very  old  (goth.  used  halts  cp. 
halt).  Cp.  OSLOV.  lomiti  vb. 
'break,  bruise',  on.  lama  'bruise'  ? 

lamimias  jvie.  lammasse  shortened 
fr.  late  oe.  hldmmcesse,  commonly 
OE.  hldf-mcesse'.  lit.  'loaf-mass' 
from  hldf  'loaf,  bread'  and 
mcesse  'mass'.     See  loaf. 

lamp  short  for  me.  lau^npe 
adopted  fr.  fr.  lampe,  whence 
also  DU.  lamp,  dan.  g.  lampe,  sw. 
lampa.  Source  lat.-gr.  lampas 
'a  torch,   lamp'    (=  it.  lampa). 

lamprey  sb.  me.  laumpreie  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  lampf-eie  {=  FR. 
lamproie),  whence  also  du.  lam- 
prei.  Source  lat.  lampetra 
'lamprey'  in  a  vulgar  form  lam- 
preda  {=  it.  hunpreda),  whence 
also  OE.  lempedu  lampreta*  and 
perh.  the  synon.  pride  (oE. 
*pride  short  for  '^ lamprideT) . 

lance  me.  launge  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  lance,  whence  also  du.  lans, 


G.    lanze.      Source    lat.    lancea 
(=  IT.  lancia)',  cp.  launch. 
land   sb.    me.    oe.    land   (Ignd) 

=    OSAX.    DU.    G.    ON.     sw.     DAN. 

land  from  a  Teut.  base  landa-; 
cogn.  w.  IR.  land  lann,  cymr. 
llan,  CORN.  Ian  (from  '^landhd) 
'open  space,  surface',  BRET.  Ian 
'heath',  oslov.  ledina  'heath, 
untilled  land'  (russ.  Ij'ada  Ija- 
dina).  —  land  vb.  me.  lande  = 
DU.  G.  landen,  dan.  lande,  sav. 
landa  from  land  sb.  —  land- 
scape borrowed  fr.  DU.  land- 
schap  'a  landscape'. 

lane  sb.  me.  oe.  lane  {lone)  = 
OFRIS.  lona  lana,  du.  laan  a 
lane,  a  narrow  passage':  Teut. 
base  lanbn-. 

language  me.  langdge  adopted 
from  FR.  langage:  deriv.  of 
FR.  langue  ■==.  lat.  lingua  'tongue, 
speech'. 

languish  vb.  me.  languisshe 
from  FR.  languiss-  stem  of  languir 
'languish  (lat.  languere  'be 
weak). 

lank  adj.  me.  Ia7tk  oe.  hlanc; 
perh.  cogn.  w.  G.  schlank,  which 
points  to  a  teut.  slanka- :  aryan 
klang-  s(k)lang  ? 

lantern  me.  lanterne  launterne 
borrowed  from  fr.  lanterne : 
source  LAT.  laterna  lanterna^ 
whence  also  G.  laterne. 

lap  sb.  ME.  lappe  'lap,  border' 
OE.  lappa  'a  loosely  hanging 
portion';  cogn.  w.  DU. /-a;^,  OFRis. 
OHG.  lappa  G,  lappen  'rag,  tatter 
and  LiTH.  lopas  'patch'  (lat.  labare 
'hang  down,  fall').  See  limp  adj. 


lapwing  —   lath 


lapwing  vb.  accommodated  to 
wing  for  me.  lapwinke,  shortened 
fr.  OE.  hl(apwince  lit.  'the  bird 
which  turns  about  in  running'; 
cp.  leap  for  OE.  hleapan  'run' 
and  wink. 

larboard  earlier  lerboard  and 
leerboard  (cp.  star  boar  (£)\  perh. 
from  ME.  ler  'cheek'?  In  Scand. 
the  planks  in  a  ship's  side  have 
different  names  as  aur-y  skaut-, 
sol-bord, 

larch  sb.  :me.  "^lerch  oe.  ^lerc 
*leric  =  MHG.  ler c he  G.  Idrche. 
Source  lat.  larix  (laricem). 

lard  late  me.  lard  from  the  sy- 
non.  FR.  lard  =  lat.  larda 
{Idridus  adj.  'fat). 

large  me.  large  large,  wide, 
liberal,  generous'  from  fr.  large 
=  LAT.  largus. 

lark  me.  larke  contracted  fr. 
OE.  Idwerce  earliest  form  Idwricce*. 
Teut.  base  laiwrakon-  =  ohg. 
ler  a  Ma  (from  *lewraMa)  G.  lerche, 
DU.  leemverick ,  mlg.  lewerke. 
Formation  and  origin  quite  ob- 
scure. 

lash  sb.  ME.  lasshe  'the  string 
of  a  whip'  OE.  l(zsce  =  du.  lasch, 
mlg.  lasche  'a  stripe'. 

lass  ME.  lasse'.  perh.  for  "^ladse 
and  cogn.  w.  lad  me.  ladde"^ 

last  adj.  :me.  last{e)  earlier 
latst(e)  shortened  for  oe.  latost 
'latest':  superl.  of  oe.  Icet  =  late. 

last  sb.  the  shoemaker's  woo- 
den mould  of  the  foot'  ident. 
w.  OE.  last  sb.  foot-track,  foot- 
print'; the  E.  meaning  agrees  w. 
G.  leisten,  du.  leesty  sw.  Idstj  dan. 


lipst  'the  shoemaker's  last'.  The 
orig.  meaning  is  evident  in  on. 
leistr  'foot  below  the  ankle,  a 
short  sock'.  Cp.  the  Aryan 
y/^lts  lais  'go'  in  lat.  delirare 
go  mad'. 

last  vb.  ME.  Idste  short  for  OE. 
Icestan  'perform,  stand  by,  carry 
out'  =  OSAX.  lestian,  ohg.  g. 
leisten,  GOTH,  laistjan:  derived 
fr.  a  TEUT.  laista-  'foot-mark' 
under  last  sb. 

latch  vb.  ME.  lacche  oe.  Icecdan 
le-lcBCcan  'seize,  catch  hold  of. 
—  Hence  latch  sb.  me.  lacche 
'a  catch,  fastening'. 

latchet  sb.  me.  lacchet  from 
onfr.  "^lachet  =  fr.  laeet  a  dimin. 
of  fr.  lacs  'a  snarej  noose';  see 
lace. 

late  adj.  me.  lat  (late  adv.) 
OE.  l^t  'slow,  late'  =  osAX.  lat, 
(lg.  late  adv.  'late'),  du.  laat, 
OHG.  laT,  (55)  G.  lass,  on.  latr, 
GOTH,  lats  'slow,  slothful':  an 
OTEUT.  adj. -stem /«7^-,  belonging 
to  the  ARYAN  V"  lad  .  in  LAT. 
lassus  (from* lad'tus,  an  old  part.) 
'weary'.  Cp.  let  vb.  and  last 
adj. 

lath  ME.  lappe  oe.  Itetta  (Iceppa^ 
=  OHG.  latta  G.  latte,  DU.  lat. 
Though  OE.  //  corresponds  here 
to  OHG.  //  (regularly  oe.  //  = 
OHG.  //),  the  word  is  still  ge- 
nuine Teut.,  since  it  is  allied  w. 
G.  laden  "board,  plank,  lash, 
shutter',  whence  fr.  latte  (= 
SPAN,  lata,  IT.  latta);  akin  to  w. 
Hath  'a  rod,  staff",  IR.  slat,  bret. 
laz  'rod,  lath'  (Celt,  base  sla/ta-). 


I20 


lather  —   lay 


lather  me.  lather  short  for  OE. 
Uador  =  on.  laudr  (mod.  icel. 
Igdr^  'froth,  foam':  Teut.  base 
lau-j)7'a-  derived  from  the  Aryan 
\f^law  in  LAT.  lavare\  as  for  the 
Teut.  suffix  cp.  GR.  Xqvxqov 
*bath'  and  gall,  laiitrum  'bal- 
neum'. 

Latin  adj.  me.  Latin  adopt, 
fr.  FR.  latin  (=  span.  it.  latinOy 
DU.  latijuj  G.  latein)\  source  lat. 
LatinuSy  whence  also  OE.  lcBde?i 
'Latin'. 

latten  sb.  'a  kind  of  brass  or 
bronze'  me.  latoun  borrowed  fr. 
the  synon.  ofr.  laton  =  fr. 
laiton,  SPAN,  laton. 

lattice  sb.  me.  latis  adopted  fr. 
fr.  lattis  'lathwork,  lattice-work' 
formed  from  fr.  latte  'a  lath'; 
see  lath. 

laugh  vb.  ME.  lag  he  laughe 
earlier  lahhe  oe.  hlehhan  hlyhhan  = 
OSAX.  hlehhian,  DU.  G.  lachen  ohg. 
lahhen  (h)lahhan,  on.  hlceja  (for 
*hlahja),  goth.  hlahjan  'laugh'. 
T^\Ji:.\f^hlah  =  Aryan  kldk,  prob. 
onomatopoetic.  —  laughter  sb. 
ME.  laughter  oe.  hleahtor  ==  ohg. 
hlahtar  G.  geldchtery  on.  hldtr 
from  the  teut.  \["hlah  with  the 
suffix  pra-  ira-. 

launch  vb.  me.  launche  com- 
monly launce:  adopted  fr.  onfr. 
(Picard.)  lancher  =  fr.  lancer 
'hurl,  cast,  dart,  thrust';  deriv. 
of  FR.  lance  =  e.  lance. 

laundress  extended  with  suffix 
-ess  fr.  me.  laundir  lav  endure  from 
OFR.  lavandiere  'washer  woman' 
FR.     lavandiere      laundry  -  maid'. 


Source  lat.  lavandus  'to  be 
washed'  (it.  lavanda  *a  washing'). 

laurel  me.  laur^r  (with  the  by- 
forms  lorir  lor  it)  from  fr.  laurier: 
source  lat.  laurus  'a  laurel  tree'. 

lave  vb.  me.  lave  oe.  ^elafian 
^  OHG.  labon  o.  laben  'refresh'. 
The  WEST -teut.  labon  is  perh. 
a  loanword  fr.  lat.  lav  are  (= 
FR.  laver). 

lavender  me.  lavendre  (with  an 
inserted  e.  r)  borrowed  from 
FR.  lavande  =  it.  lavanda  laven- 
tola,  whence  du.  g.  lavendel. 
Source  lat.  lavare  wash'  (la- 
vender was  laid  in  freshly  washed 
linen). 

law  ME.  lawe  oe.  lagu  'law', 
which  about  900  was  borrowed 
fr.  an  early  ^CK^Vt.^lagu  r=  on. 
Igg  nora.  plur.  'law'  (sw.  lag^  dan. 
lov  'law).  Cogn.  w.  lat.  lex  — 
legem  fr.  Aryan  \f^legh  'lie';  cp. 
G.  gesetz,  satzung  for  the  meaning. 
The  genuine  E.  word  for  'law' 
was  OE.  (B  =  ohg.  ewa. 

lawn^  sb.  'a  grass  plot'  me. 
launde  lande'.  borrowed  from  fr. 
lande  'a  grassy  plain',  which  is 
of  Celt,  origin  (cp.  IR.  lann 
under  land). 

lawn  2  sb.  'fine  linen'  orig. 
'lawn  linen":  so  called  from  fr. 
Laon  a  city  N.  W.  of  Rheims; 
cp.  Arras  and   Cambric. 

lay  vb.  ME.  leie  kin  earlier 
legge  OE.  lecgan  wk.  vb.  (3  sing. 
OE.  le'^p  ME.  lei'tE) :  Teut.  base 
lagjan  =  goth.  lagjan,  osAX. 
leggiajty  OHG.  leckan  G.  legen,  du. 
leggen^  on.  leggja'.  causative  for- 


lay    —  learn 


21 


mation  of  the  \f  leg  'lie'  in  lie\ 
hence    lay   'cause   to  lie  down. 

lay  sb.  'a  song'  ]\ie.  lai  from 
OFR.  FR.  lai. 

lay  adj.  me.  lai  from  ofr.  fr. 
lai  'secular,  belonging  to  the 
laity'.  Source  lat.  Idicus,  whence 
also  OE.  IcBwed  (g.  laie  'a  lay- 
man').    See  lewd. 

lazar  sb.  me.  Idzar  fr.  ofr. 
lazarel  Source  the  biblical  prop, 
n.  Lazarus',  'the  lazar-house'  is 
in  G.  lazaret  =  it.  lazzareito,  fr. 
lazaret. 

lazy  from  fr.  las  =  lat.  lassus. 

lead  vb.  me.  l{de  {lede)  oe.  tl^dan\ 
Teut.  base  I'aidjan  ■=  OSAX. 
lediauy  DU.  leiden,  G.  leiten,  on. 
leida-'lead' :  prop^dfactitive  of  the 
str.  vb.  teut.  l^Jan  ^  oe.  lidan 
'go,  travel',  osax>  lithan,  goth. 
leipan'.  teut.  sfltp  under  lode- 
star. 

lead  sb.  short  for  me.  led  oe. 
lead  =  DU.  lood  'lead  a  weight', 
G.  lot  'a  lead-weight':  Teut.  base 
"^'lauda-  cogn.  w.  synon.  OIR. 
ludide  (base  laudio-). 

leaf  ME.  le'f  oe.  l^af  =  osax. 
lof,  DU.  loof  'foliage',  ohg.  loub 
G.  laub  'leaves,  foliage',  on.  lauf 
'leaf,  GOTH,  laufs  (plur.  laubos) 
*leaf':  Teut.  base  lauba-  orig. 
'the  single  leaf  (used  as  a  col- 
lective sb.  'the  foliage'). 

league  sb.  'an  aUiance'  adopted 
from  fr.  ligue  'a  league':  source 
LAT.  ligare  'bind'. 

league  sb.  'about  three  miles' 
late    ME.   lege  borrowed  fr.   ofr. 


legue  =  FR.  Hew.  source  a  lat.- 
GALL.  leuga  leuca  'a  Gallic  mile', 
whence  also  late  oe.  leowe  'leuga'. 
GALL,  leuga  corresponds  to  bret. 
leo,  IR.  leige  'a  league'. 

leak  vb.  me.  Icke  oe.  lee  an  (the 
factitive  leccan  'wet'  from  a  base 
lakj'an)  =  on.  leka  'drip,  leak 
as  a  ship',  du.  lekken,  ohg. 
lechan  G.  lee  ken  vb.  —  leek  adj. 
'leaky'.  —  teut.  y^M  lak  see 
under  lack  vb. 

lean  adj.  me.  Ic'ne  oe.  hldne 
from  a  Teut.  base  hlai-ni  'lean' 
(with  suffix  -ni  as  in  clean, 
green). 

lean  vb.  me.  Z//?^  oe.  hlcenan 
'cause  to  lean':  Teut.  base  hlain- 
jan  =  OHG.  leinan:  factitive  of 
oe.  hlionian  'lean'  =  osAX.  hlinon, 
OHG.  hlinen  'lean';  cp.  G.  lehnen, 
DU.  leunen.  The  TEUT.\rM  (cp. 
ladder)  corresponds  to  an 
ARYAN  yfkli',  cp.  LAT.  inclmdre 
'incline',  gr.  xX/Vw  'I  lean'  —  vXi- 

TVC,  'hiir,   LAT.  cll-VUS  'hill',   GOTH. 

hlai-w  (oe.  hldiv)  'mound'. 

leap  vb.  me.  l(pe  oe.  hleapan 
str.  vb.  'leap,  run'  =  du.  loopen, 
OSAX.  hlopan,  ohg.  louffan  G. 
lauf  en,  on.  hlaupa,  goth.  hlaupan 
'leap,  run':  t^\]T.\P hlaup,  perh. 
cogn.  w.  LITH.  klupau  vb.  'stag- 
ger,  stumble'. 

learn  vb.  short  for  me.  lerne 
oe.  leornian'.  from  a  base  lemon 
teut.  liznbn  =  ohg.  lirnen  lernen 
G.  lernen  'learn';  cp.  osAX.  linbn 
from  a  base  liznon.  Akin  to 
the  primit.  str.  vb.  GOTH,  lais 
'I  know'  and  the  deriv.  oe.  ohg. 


22 


lease^ 


leisure 


lis-ty  GOTH,  lis-ts  'art,  cunning'. 
See  lore  for  the  TEUT.y"/*^?^:  liz. 

lease  ^  vb.  'let  tenements'  bor- 
rowed from  FR.  laisser. 

lease 2  vb.  'gather,  pick,  glean' 
ME.  Use  OE.  lesan  'gather'  ^=  OSAX. 
lesan,  du.  lezen  'gather,  read', 
OHG.  lesan  G.  lesen  'gather, 
read',  on.  lesa  'gather,  pick', 
GOTH,  lisan  'gather';  cogn.  w. 
LITH.  lesti  'pick  up'. 

least  ME.  l('st  OE.  Icest  shor- 
tened fr.  Idsest  (by-form  Icerest): 
Teut.  base  laisista-  superl.  to 
the  compar.  teut.  laisiza-  = 
less. 

leather  me.  lel/ier  oe.  leder  = 
ON.  leilr,  DU.  leder,  ohg.  ledar 
G.  leder  leather':  Teut.  base 
lepra-  =  pre-TEUT.  lelro-  in  ir. 
lethar,  cymr.  lledr,  bret.  lezr 
'leather'. 

leave  vb.  me.  leve  oe.  Idfan 
tr.  'leave'  —  intr.  'remain':  Teut. 
base  laibjan'y  cp.  osAX.  far- 
l^bian  remain',  ohg.  mhg.  leiben 
'leave',  on.  leifa  leave':  causat. 
of  a  str.  vb.  liban  in  oe.  belifan 
ME.  belive  y  osAX.  biliban,  du. 
blijven,  OHG.  biliban  G.  bleiberi, 
ON.  li/a  (orig.  str.),  GOTH,  bi- 
leibaft  'remain'.  For  the  root 
see  live. 

leave  sb.  me.  l^'ve  (leve)  'per- 
mission' OE.  leaf  'permission'; 
cp.  OE.  dlyfan  ale/an  'permit', 
OHG.  irlouben  g.  erlauben. 

leaven  me.  levain  from  fr. 
levain  'ferment'.  Source  lat. 
lev  amen. 

lee  ME.  le  from  on.  hli  (»sigla 


a  hl6«  'to  stand  to  leeward')' 
prop,  'shelter,  protection'  (oe. 
hleo,  OSAX.  hleo  'shelter^.  Cogn. 
w.  ON.  hly  'warmth'  —  hlyr  'warm; 
and  G.  lati  ohg.  hlao\  cp.  luke- 
warm. 

leech  1  'physician'  (Shakesp.) 
ME.  leche  OE.  lece  Ickde  physician' 
=  GOTH,  lekeis,  OHG.  Idhhi  'phy- 
sician': Teut.  base  lekja-  lakja-. 
Perh.  allied  to  OIR.  liaig  (gen. 
ligd)   'physician'. 

leech  2  liirudo'  me.  '^Uche  (not 
recorded)  OE.  /-^<;V'hirudo':  prop, 
'physician'  and  ident.  w.  leechK 
Cp.  ODU.  lake  leech'? 

leek  ME.  lek  oe.  l^'ac  =  du. 
look,  OHG.  louh  G.  lauch,  on. 
laukr  leek':  Teut.  base  lauka- 
pre-TEUT.  lougo-.  , 

leer  me.  ler  oe.  hleor  'cheek 
=  OSAX.  hlior,  ON.  hlyr  'cheek': 
Teut.  base  hleuza-.  If  the  orig. 
meaning  was  'ear',  listen  might 
be  allied. 

lees  'dregs  of  wine'  from  fr.  lie 
lees  :  base  a  late  Gallo-Latin 
lia  for  "^liga  'sediment'  (aryan 
\flegh  in  lie). 

left  ME.  left  lift  allied  to  the 
synon.  odu.  lucht  luft,  lg.  lucht^ 
NFRis.  leeft',  the  orig.  meaning 
was  perh.  'faint,  weak'  in  oe. 
lyft  'inanis':  Teut.  base  lufti-'^ 
Imnfti-}  perh.  alHed  to  OHG. 
lenka  'the  left  hand'  G.  links  left'? 

legend  me.  legende  from  ofr. 
Ugende. 

leisure  me.  lisilre  (commonly 
leisir)  fr.  ofr.  leisir  ==  fr.  loisir. 
Source  lat.  licere. 


lemman 


liei 


23 


lemman  'sweetheart'  me.  lemman 
shortened  fr.  an  earher  lefman'. 
prop,    yylief  ?nafi«. 

lemon  from  fr.  limo7i\  cp. 
lime^ . 

lend  vb.  inie.  line  oe.  Ickfian 
vb.  'lend'  from  OE.  l^n  'a  loan'; 
cp.   loan. 

length  3kiE.  lengthc  oe.  lengp 
from  a  Teut.  base  langi^o-  = 
ON.  lengd:  abstract  formation  of 
TEUT.  langa-   ;   cp.  long, 

lent  ME.  /(f/z/i?  lenten  oe.  lenpen 


spring 


OHG.  lenzin   with  the 


by-form  lengiy-n  lengizo  lenzo  G. 
/^«s;  'spring',  DU.  lente.  OHG.  /^^^s:/>'2 
(=  OE.  lenpen)  points  to  a  teut. 
langa-tina-  'the  long  day';  for 
the  second  element  cp.  goth. 
sin-teins  'daily',  SLOV.  diniy  skr. 
dina  'day'. 

lentil  me.  lentil  fr.  fr.  lentille\ 
source  the  synon.  lat.  leniicula 
{lens  —  leJitis  lentil'). 

leper  me.  lepre  'leprosy'  fr.  fr. 
lepre  'leprosy'   (lat.  lepra). 

less  me.  lesse  lasse  oe.  Idssa 
'smaller  fr.  a  Teut.  base  laisizan- 
=  OFRis.  lessa;  the  adv.  e.  less 
me.  les  OE.  Ids  answers  to  OSAX. 
lis  (teut.  laisiz).  For  the  superl. 
c^.  least.  A  primitive  adj.  laisa- 
is  LITH.  lesas    little,   small'. 

-less  suffix  =  ME.  -l§s  OE.  -leas: 
prop.  adj.  meaning  loose. 

lesson  ME.  lessoun  fr.  fr.  le(07i'. 
source  LAT.  lectio{nem). 

lest  'that  not'  me.  teste  shor- 
tened for  the  list  the  oe.  fy  Ids 
pe  'for  the  reason  less  that'; 
for  OE.  Ids  =  me.  les   cp.  less. 


let^  vb.  me.  lete  oe.  litan  Idtan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  IStan,  o^.-ldta, 
OSAX.  Idtan,  ohg.  Idi^yin  G.  lassen, 
DU.  laten:  TEUT.y"/^^  lat  'permit'. 

let^  vb.  'hinder'  me.  l^tte  oe. 
lettan  fr.  a  base  latjan  'to  make 
slow'  (teut.  lata-  'slow'  see  un- 
der late)  =  GOTH,  latjan  'tarry' 
ON.  letjay  OSAX.  lettian,  ohg. 
lezzan    (g.  verletzen),    du.   letten. 

letter  me.  lettre  fr.  fr.  lettre 
(lat.   litter  a). 

lettuce  late  me.  letiife',  allied 
to  FR.  laitue  =  LAT.  Idctuca 
(whence  ohg.  lattuH). 

levy  fr.  fr.  levie  (fr.  lever  = 
LAT.  levare). 

lewd  ME.  Ii7£jed  oe.  kkved  'un- 
learned' fr.  i,AT.  Uncus  cp.  /^ji^^. 

lick  vb.  ME.  likke  oe.  liccian  = 
OSAX.  likhon,  ohg.  I'eckon  g. 
Iccken,  GOTH,  '^likkon.  teut.  ///^y^^/z 
belongs  to  the  Aryan  \f  Ugh 
'lick'  in  GOTH,  laigon,  gr.  "kU/ix) 
'lick'  —  Xi/v^vco  'taste  secretly', 
SKR.  V"r//^  //^  'lick',  OSLOV.  //5(3; 
{lizatt)  and  lith.  leziii-'\ick\  lat. 
//«i^(7  and  perhaps  lat.  lingua 
LITH.  I'ezuvis  'tongue',  oiR.  //^zV;/ 
*Uck'. 

lid  sb.  {eye-lid)  me.  /zV/  oe.  M^/ 
'cover,  lid'  =  du.  lid  lid,  cover, 
OHG.  ///  (older  hlit)  G.  lid  (in 
augenlid  'eyelid'),  on.  lid  'cover, 
gate'.  Cp.  the  teut.  \[^hlid  in 
the  str.  vb.  OE.  OSAX.  hlidan 
cover'. 

lie^  vb.  'speak  falsely'  me.  lie 
earlier  lie  Uie  OE.  leogan  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  liogan,  du.  liegen,  G. 
liigen,    on.  Ijuga,     goth.    liugan 


124 


like 


str.  vb.  'tell  a  falsehood'.  The 
TEUT.  \l^leug  answers  to  an  Aryan 
\(^leugh  -  lugh  in  oslov.  luzq 
{litgati)  vb.  'lie'  —  luza  sb.  'lie'. 

lie^  vb.  'rest,  repose'  me.  lie 
lin  OE.  licgafi  =  OSAX.  liggia?t, 
DU.  liggen^  OHG.  licken  G.  liegen, 
ON.  liggja,  GOTH,  ligan  str.  vb. 
'lie'.  The  str.  vb.  teut.  ligjan 
is  derived  fr.  the  Aryan  yflegh 
in  GR.  Xey.tqov  Xh/og  'bed'  — • 
aXo/OQ  'wife'  —  Xs/co  'bedridden 
woman'  —  Xo^sm  'bear  —  Xoxoc, 
'ambush,  lair',  lat.  lecius  'bed', 
OSLOV.  legq  (lezati)  'lie'.  Cp.  lay 
and  lair.  * 

lief  adj.  me.  lef  oe.  Ic'of  (cp. 
I  e  mm  an)  ■=  OSAX.  liof,  DU.  lie/, 
OHG.  Hob  [Hub)  G.  lieb  'dear,  lief, 
ON.  IJufr,  GOTH.  Hu/s  dear  :  Teut. 
base  leuba-  adj.  'lief  from  the 
TEUT.   \flub  in  love. 

liege  ME.  lege  (by-form  lige)  fr. 
OFR.  liege  lige  fr.  lige. 

life  ME.  OE.  ///  =:  OSAX.  lif, 
ON.  /(/,  OHG.  lib  'life'  (g.  /^/^, 
DU.  lijf  'body') ;  allied  to  the 
TEUT.  \piib  in  live\  a  lost  str. 
vb.  Itban  cp.  under  leave  vb. 
Outside  of  teut.,  gr.  Xma^soa 
'remain'  points  to  an  Aryan  \flip. 

lift  vb.  ME.  lifte  fr.  scand.  lypta\ 
cogn.  w.  loft. 

light  sb.  ME.  light  OE.  leoht  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  lioht ,  DU.  G.  Hcht 
'light'.  The  dental  of  the  word 
is  formative  as  seen  in  goth. 
liuh-af  'light";  cp.  the  Aryan 
\fluk:  leuk  in  lat.  luceo  'shine', 
GR.  Xi:V/.6c,  'white',  skr.  rue  'shine'. 
—     Hence     lighten     vb.     me. 


light(e)ne  (where  the  n  is 
formative)  'become  light'  and 
lightning  verbal  sb.  'an  il- 
luminating flash'  (with  the  suffix 
-ing). 

light  adj.  ME.  light  oe.  liht  leoht 
=  DU.  ligt,  OHG.  Itht  G.  leicht, 
ON.  littr,  GOTH,  leihts:  Teut. 
base  linhta-  for  lenkto-1  Perhaps 
cogn.  w.  GR.  IXayyc.  'small',  lith. 
lengwus  lengwasW^i .  See  lung. 

—  Hence  also  lights  'animal's 
lungs'.  —  light  V  vb.  'alight, 
descend'  me.  lihte  oe.  lihtan  lit. 
'make  light,  relieve  a  horse  of 
his  burden'  fr.  oe.  liht  =  light. 
—  lighten  vb.  ident.  w.  light 
vb.  (w.  formative  -en).  —  light 
in  the  phrase  "to  make  light  of 
somebody"  represents  me.  Hte  oe. 
lyt  'little,  small',  which  is  cogn. 
w.  little. 

like  vb.  me.  like  oe.  lidan  wk. 
vb.  'please'  =  goth.  leikan  (pret. 
leikaidd)  'please',  du.  lijken  'suit', 
ON.  lika  'please':  deriv.  of  like 
adj.  or  cogn.  w.  OIR.  ligach 
'beautiful'  —  lig 'color,  splendor'? 

like  adj.  me.  lik  earHer  ilik  oe. 
•^elic  =  GOTH,  galeiks,  on.  glikr, 
OSAX.  giltk,  DU.  gelijk,  ohg. 
gilih  (hh)  G.  gleich.  The  Teut. 
adj.  ga-lika-  is  a  comp.  of  the 
particle  goth.  ^rt:-  and  a  sb.  lika- 
'body',  the  comp.  meaning  having 
the  same  body';  cp.  goth.  leik, 
OSAX.  ON.  lik  'body',  oe.  lic-homa 
'body',  G.  leiche  —  leichnam 
'corpse.  Cp.  -ly,  which  and 
such.  —  Hence  liken  vb.  me. 
likne  'compare'. 


lily  —  lion 


25 


lily  ME.  lilie  OE.  lilie  (plur. 
lilian)  =  OHG.  /i/ia  G.  /i/ie,  DU. 
k/ie :  source  lat.  plur.  Ma  'lily', 
whence  also  OSAX.  /////  'lily'. 

limb  ikiE.  /im  oe.  //>«  (plur. 
leomti)  =  ON.  /?>«;'  'limb':  Teut. 
base  li-ma-  cogn.  w.  Goth,  li-pus, 
OHG.  li-dj  OSAX.  li-thy  OE.  //•/ 
'limb';  cp.  also  lith.  I'emu 
'stature,  growth':  aryan  \f"lL 

lime^  sb.  'viscous  substance, 
bird-lime'  me.  oe.  lim  'cement, 
glue'  =  DU.  lijm,  G.  leim  ohg. 
Itnij  ON.  lim  'glue':  teut.  lima- 
is  allied  to  teut.  laima-  (see 
loatn).  LAT.  limus  'slime'  cor- 
responds to  Ihne  in  form,  to 
loam  in  meaning,  \flai  It  is 
attested  by  on.  leir  (Teut.  base 
lai-z-a-)  'clay,  loam'  and  lat.  li-no 
'rub  over,   daub'. 

lime  sb.  'the  linden-tree',  cor- 
rupted fr.  earlier  line-tree  for 
lind-tree\  see  linden. 

lime^  sb.  'a  kind  of  citron' 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  lime  'a  lime'; 
ident.   w.  lemon. 

linch-pin  earlier  lins-pin  me. 
lins  OE.  lynes  =  osAX.  lunisa, 
DU.  luns  lens,  G.  lUnse)  allied  to 
OHG.  liming  and  ohg.  mhg.  lun 
'linch-pin'.  The  primit.  base 
luni-,  if  fr.  an  ARYAN  Ini- ,  is 
perhaps  ident.  w.  skr.  di:ii  'linch- 
pin';   cp.  OE.    d-lynnan    'loosen'. 

lindentree  me.  linde  oe.  lind 
'lime-tree'  :=  ohg.  linta  G.  du. 
linde,  on.  sw.  dan.  lind\  Teut. 
base  Undo  pre-TEUT.  lent  a-,  if 
allied  to  gr.  sXarrj  'fir-tree'  or 
LITH.  lenta  'board*. 


line  ME.  OE.  line  =  du.  lijn, 
ohg.  lina  MHG.  MLG.  line  g.  leine, 
ON.  lina  'cord,  rope' :  Teut.  base 
lin-jbn-  prop,  'the  thing  made  of 
flax  ;   cp.  linen. 

lineage  me.  linage  adopted  fr. 
lignage'.  source  lat.  linea  'aline. 

linen  adj.  and  sb.  (orig.  only 
adj.)  ME.  OE.  linen  adj.  ^=  osAX. 
OHG.  linin  G.  leinen  linnen,  du. 
linen  'made  of  flax':  deriv.  of 
OE.  lin  'flax'  =  osAX.  ohg.  lin, 
GOTH,  lein  sb.  'linnen';  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  linum,  GR.  Xivoy  y  OSLOV. 
linii  'flax'. 

linger  vb.  extended  fr.  me. 
lenge  vb.  'tarry'  w.  the  frequent 
suffix  -ef,  OE.  lengan  prolong' 
fr.  long. 

link  sb.  'ring  in  a  chain'  fr.  an 
unrecorded  me;  *lenk  ^link'. 
SCAND.  loanword  fr.  an  orig. 
hlenk-  cp.  ON.  hlekkr  {iox'^hlenh-), 
sw.  lank,  DAN.  Icenke  link'.  There 
was  a  genuine  oe.  hlencc  'link' 
fr.  a  base  hlankjon-',  but  the 
guttural  of  link  shows  that  the 
word  may  not  be  the  develop- 
ment of  OE.  hlence. 

linnet  sb.  me.  Ii7iet  adopted 
fr.  FR.  linot{te)  'a  linnet'  fr.  fr. 
lin  'flax'  so  called  from  feeding 
on  the  seed  of  flax  or  hemp; 
cp.  G.  hdnfling  'linnet'  fr.  hanf 
'hemp'.  Cp.  OE.  linece  'carduelis' 
and  linetwige  'linnet'. 

linseed  short  for  me.  lin-sed 
prop,  'flax-seed';   cp.  linen. 

lion  ME.  lioun  earlier  leiln :  bor- 
rowed in  the  12'''  cent.  fr.  fr. 
lion',   source  lat.  leonem  (Jeo). 


126 


lip   —  loath 


lip  ME.  lippe  OE.  lippa  =  osax. 
'^lippia^  DU.  lipy  MLG.  lippe  (whence 
G.  lippe)]  cogn.  w.  the  synon. 
OSAX.  lepur  =  ohg.  le^ur  and 
OHG.  le/s  lip'.  LAT.  labium  'lip' 
with  the  Teut.  group  points  to 
an  ARYAN   \pieb  lab. 

lisp  vb.  (Scotch  wlisp)  me. 
lispe  {lipse)  formed  fr.  the  adj. 
OE.  wlisp  wlips  'Usping'  =  ohg. 
I'e/s  (for  ^^wlefs)  'stammering'; 
akin  to  DU.  lispen^  G.  lispebi  'lisp': 
TEUT.  s/^wlifs  —  pre-TEUT.  wlips. 

list^  sb.  ME.  list  short  for  OE. 
list  =  DU.  lijst^  G.  leiste  'list, 
border'  ohg.  liste  'border'.  — 
Ident.  w.  list^  'catalogue'  fr. 
FR.  liste^  which  is  of  Teut.  origin 
(ohg.  lista  'border,   strip'). 

list  vb.  ME.  liste  oe.  lystan  'desire' 
derived  fr.  lust. 

listen  vb.  me.  listene  earlier 
form  liste  oe.  hlystan  'hear' ;  allied 
to  OE.  hlos-nian,  OHG.  {h)losen 
'hear",  ON.  hlera  (goth.  *hluza?t) 
'listen'.  An  Aryan  yfklus  'hear' 
is  evident  in  skr.  frus-fi  'obe- 
dience', OSLOV.  slysati  vb.  'hear', 
LITH.  klausyti  'hear*,  ON.  hlus-t 
'ear';  cymr.  ^/^i"/ 'ear'.    C\).  leer. 

litter  ]ME.  lit&e  fr.  ofr.  litiere 
(fr.  litiere)  'a  horse-litter'  (lat. 
type  lee  tar  ia  fr.  led  us  'bed'). 

little  short  for  ME.  oe.  litel 
=  GOTH,  leifils  'small',  on.  litill 
'little'.  Relation  to  the  synon. 
DU.  luttel,  OSAX.  luitil,  OHG.  luzzil, 
oe.  lyttel  'little'  is  obscure. 

live  vb.  me.  live  earlier  form 
lizne  libbe  oe.  libban  {lifiati)  wk. 
vb.  =  GOTH,    libatiy    ohg.   leben 


G.  leben,  du.  leven,  osax.  libbian', 
cogn.  w.  oe.  belifan  =  ohg. 
biliban  G.  bleiben'.  teut.  \f  lib  see 
under  leave  vb.  and  life. 

liver  ME.  livre  oe.  lifer  =:  du. 
lever,  ohg.  libara  I'ebara  G.  leber, 
ON.  lifr.  Connection  of  teut. 
libro-  w.  the  synon.  GR.  rj-naQ, 
LAT.  j'ecur,  SKR.  yakrt  and  the 
two  assumed  stems  "^lik  and  "^Ijek 
is   doubtful. 

livery  me.  liver 6  fr.  fr.  livrde. 

lizard  me.  lesarde  fr.  fr.  lizard 
'lizard'   (=  LAT.  lacertd). 

lo  interj.  me.  Ig  oe.  ld\  a  pre- 
historic oe.  "^Idw  for  TEUT.  laiw 
is  warranted  by  ohg.  lew-es  'lo'! 
Perhaps  teut.  lai-wa-  is  con- 
nected with  lai-pa-  in  loath. 

loadstar  see  lode- star. 

loaf  me.  Igf  oe.  hldf:  Teut. 
base  hlaiba-  in  goth.  hlaifs 
bread',  ON.  hleifr,  ohg.  leib  G. 
laib\  akin  to  lith.  kl'epas  'bread'. 
See  lady,  la?nmas  and  lord. 

loam  ME.  lorn  oe.  lam  =  ohg. 
leim  G.  lehm,  du.  leem:  Teut. 
base  lai-ma-  fr.  the  ARYAN  y"// 
under  //;«^. 

loan  ME.  Ion  fr.  on.  Idn  'a  loan'. 
There  was  a  genuine  oe.  Z;?/? 
fr.  a  teut.  laihniz',  cp.  ohg. 
/<?/^^;2  'a  thing  granted'  and  on. 
Mn  fr.  a  teut.  laihna-{zl) :  teut. 
\flihw  (goth.  leihtvan  'lend', 
ohg.  lihan  g.  leihen,  oe.  //^« 
pret.  /<i-^  'lend,  give)  =  aryan 
\fliq  in  LAT.  linquere  'leave',  gr. 
XduHv,  sw.  ric  'leave'. 

loath  adj.  me.  loth  oe.  Idp 
'hateful'    =    on.  leidr    'loathed', 


lobster 


lore 


27 


OHG.  leid  odious',  OSAX.  leth\ 
cogn.  w.  OHG.  lida?i  G.  leiden 
'suffer.  Perhaps  there  was  an 
ARYAN   \("ll  lai  cp.   lo. 

lobster  me.  lopstre  oe.  loppestre 
earlier  loptist  'lobster':  adoption 
fr.  LAT.  locusta    'lobster,  locust'. 

loch  OE.  loh  'lake':  a  Gaelic 
word;  cp.  GAEL.  IR.  loch  'lake' 
(ident.  w.  LAT.  laciis ,  OE.  lagu 
'sea'  under  lake).  \ 

lock!  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  me.  Igke 
louke  OE.  Itican  'lock,  enclose'  = 
GOTH,  galukan  'shut  up',  ohg. 
luhhatiy  DU.  luiken.    , 

lock  2  (of  hair)  me.  lok  (plur. 
lockes)  OE.  locc  (plur.  loccas)   = 

DU.    lok^     ON.    lokk7'y     OHG.    lok     G. 

locke'.  Teut.  base  lokka-  cogn.  w. 
GR.   XvyiHx)    I  bend. 

lode-star  me.  Igde-sterre  con- 
tains OE.  "^eldd  way,  course'  (cf. 
ON.  leidarstjarna  =  G.  leitstern), 
which  is  cogn.  w.  lead  vb.  = 
TEUT.  laidjan  'guide,  lead'.  Cp. 
me.  Igdes7nan  'pilot'  and  e.  lode- 
stone. 

lodge  vb.  ME.  logge  vb.  adopted 
fr.  FR.  loger\  E.  lodge  me.  logge 
'lodge,  tent'  fr.  fr.  loge  orig.  'a 
small  house'?  Source  a  lat. 
type  laubia  fr.  ohg.  louba  'an 
arbor'  (g.  laube  'a  covered  hall'; 
allied  to  leaf). 

loft  sb.  me.  loft  'an  upper 
room'  borrowed  fr.  ON.  /t^/ 'upper 
story,  balcony',  which  has  also 
the  meaning  'air,  sky'  =  goth. 
Iuft7is ,  g.  luft^  OE.  lyft  'air'. 
Hence   lift  vb. 

loin  late  me.  loine:  adopted  fr. 


OFR.  logfie  now  longe  (lat.  type 
*lumbea  fr.  LAT.  lumbus  loin'). 

loiter  vb.  me.  loitre. 

loll  vb.  me.  lolle. 

lone  short  for  alone. 

long  adj.  ME.  OE.  long  (Jang) 
=  OSAX.  langj  DU.  ohg.  g.  langy 
ON.  langTy  GOTH,  laggs]  cogn.  w. 
synon.  lat.  longus  (whence  it. 
lungo,  FR.  long)  ;  cp.  linger.  — 
long  vb.  ME.  longe  OE.  langian 
'long  after,  long'  =  osAX. 
langoian,  G.   verlangen  'wish  for'. 

look  vb.  ME.  Igke  earlier  Igkic 
OE.  Igcian  ==  OSAX.  lokon  (ohg. 
luogen  g.  lug  en).  The  early 
history  of  the  TEUT.  \f  lok  (Jog) 
is  obscure;  cp.  skr.  laks  'notice, 
perceive'  and  cymr.  llygat  corn. 
lag  at  'eye'. 

loom  sb.  me.  Igme  oe.  le-lgma 
(andlp7hd)  'a  tool,  implement'; 
perh.  akin  to  oe.  lelgme  =  ohg. 
giluomo  gilavio  'frequently',  ohg. 
gastluomi  'hospital'. 

loose  adj.  me.  Ids  (lous)  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  Iguss  =  goth. 
laus,  OE.  l§'as  (cp.  less),  DU.  los, 
OSAX.  OHG.  Ids  g.  los.  The 
common  teut.  adj.  lausa-  is  a 
deriv.  of  the  \f  his  'be  loose' 
under  lose. 

lord  ME.  lord  short  for  Igverd 
OE.  hldford  prop,  hldf-weard 
loaf-ward'  —  'keeper  of  bread' 
(cp.  OE.  y^/^/"  under  loaf):  the 
masc.  corresponding  to  the 
fem.  formation  lady  =  oe. 
hldf-diie.  Both  compounds  are 
peculiar  to  English. 

lore  me.  lore  oe.  Idr  infl.   Idre 


28 


lose  —   lump 


=  OHG.  OSAX.  leriiy  g.  lehre^  du. 
leer'.  Teut.  base  laizo-^  whence 
GOTH,  laisjanj  OE.  Idran,  oho. 
l^ran  G.  lehren,  DU.  leeren  'teach'. 
See  also  learn  for  the  teut. 
y"  //s:  laiz, 
lose  ME.  /<?j"^  mostly  forlese  oe. 
forleosan  str.  vb.  ^  goth.  /r^- 
liusan,  osAX.  ohg.  farliosan  g. 
verlieren  str.  vb.  loseV  An  Aryan 
Y"  /zi^^  (cp.  loose)  may  be  an 
extended  form  of  V"  /^^  in  gr. 
Avw  'I  release',  lat.  luere.  — 
loss  sb.  ME.  OE.  los  'destruction'. 

lot     ME.      lot     OE.      hlot     =r     DU. 

lot\  ident.  w.  oe.  hlyt  =  goth. 
hlauts,  ohg.  /<?5  G.  loos :  Teut. 
base  hlauti-  :  teut.  y/^  -^Z?^/  hlaut 
in  ON.  /^^'^7^z  str.  vb.  'get  by 
lot',  OE.  hleotan,  ohg.  {h)lio'i^yin. 
loud  adj.  i^iE.  /<92^^/  OE.  i^/z^^ 
=  OSAX.  hlud,  DU.  //^/<y,  OHG. 
{h)lut  G.  /^?//:  the  Teut.  base 
hlil-da-  (cp.  r<?/rt^,  <?/^,  couth) 
was   orig.   a  part,  with  suffix  -to 

(lat.    -^2^^,    GR.    -TOQy    SKJl.    -Z^^) ; 

pre-TEUT.  klu-tO'S  (skr.  frutdSy 
GR.  yilvTog,  LAT.  inclutiis  'famous') 
fr.  an  Aryan  V"  >^/i!^  in  skr.  c^u 
'hear',  GR.  xA-u  w  —  v.Khoq. 

lough  'lake'  fr.  ir.  gall.  loch\ 
see  /<?^^. 

louse  ME.  loiLs  (plur.  lis)  oe. 
lus  (plur.  /y^)  =  DU.  luisy  ohg. 
/zz^  G.  /^2/^,  ON.  lus  (plur.  /f^^): 
Teut.  base  liis-y  derived  perh. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  V"  lus  'destroy' 
under  loose  and  lose\  cp.  gr. 
cpd^siQ  'louse'  —  (p&iiQOJ  'I  de- 
stroy'. 

lovage     fr.    fr.    liveche    mixed 


w.  iviE.  luvestiche  oe.  lufestice. 
Source  of  the  whole  group  lat. 
ligusticum  'lovage'. 

love  ME.  love  oe.  lufu  = 
GOTH,  ludo,  ohg.  lu^a  'love': 
Teut.  base  lubon-  allied  to  the 
TEUT.  adji  leicba-  =  lief.  An 
ARYAN  \plubh  'desire'  is  evident 
in  LAT.  lubidoy  skr.  Ibblia  'desire' 
and  SKR.   sf  lubh  'to   desfre'. 

low,  adj.  ME.  Igw  earlier  lag 
late  OE.  ldg\  borrowed  fr.  on. 
Idgr  'low'  (sw.  Idgy  dan.  lav) 
=  DU.  laagy  which  are  derived 
from  the  teut.  \r  leg  lag  'lie'. 
Hence  low  prop,  'lying  flat'. 

low  vb.  ME.  Ip'we  OE.  hlgwait 
'low';  cp.  DU.  loeietiy  ohg.  luoien 
low':  TEUT.  sf  hid ,  pre-TEUT. 
kid  in  LAT.  cld-mdre  'cry. 

lower  vb.  me.  loure  =  ivrao. 
luren  G.  lauern  'lurk';   cp.  lurk. 

luck  found  since  the  15***  cent.; 
ident.  w.  DU.  luk  geluk  'good 
fortune',  mhg.  gelUcke  G.  gliicky 
OFRis.  luk.  Akin  to  G.  locken^ 
DU.  locken  'entice,  allure'. 

lucre  ME.  lucre  fr.  fr.  lucre  = 
LAT.   lucrum. 

lug  vb.  ME.  lugge  'drag,  lug'; 
cogn.  w.  sw.  lugga. 

lukewarm  fr.  me.  leuke  {lake) 
earlier  hleuk\  perh.  contr.  fr. 
an  unrecorded  oe.  "^hUowoc 
'lukewarm';  cogn.  w.  ime.  lewe 
OE.  hleowe  'lukewarm'  =  on. 
hlyr  'warm'  (ohg.  hldo  G.  lau 
'lukewarm'). 

lull  ME.  lulle  =  DU.  lullen, 
DAN.  lullcy  sw.  lulla. 

lump    sb.    ME.     lumpe     lompc\ 


lung  —  magpie 


29 


ident.  w.  du.  lonip  'a  lump',  G. 
Iu7tipen  'rags'. 

lung  ]VIE.  lunge  longe  oe.  lungen  \ 
^^  ON.  lunga,  DU.  long  J  OHG. 
lunga  G.  lunge  'lung':  Teut.  base  \ 
lungon-j-,  allied  to  an  Aryan 
adj.  bnghu-  'light'  =  gr.  sXa/vc, 
SKR.  lag/iu  'light'.  Cp.  lights 
as  synon.  with  lungs.  See 
light   for    the    ARYAN   \f  lengh. 

lure  sb.  me.  Hire  fr.  fr.  leurre 
'bait*;  source  a  teut.  lopra- 
=  MHG.  luoder  'bait'  (g.  ludei-). 

lurk  vb.  me.  lurke\  derived  fr. 
ME.  lour  en  (=  lower)  as  hark 
fr.  hear  J  talk  fr.  /^//. 

lust    sb.    ME.    OE.    lust  'desire' 

=    OSAX.    DU.    G.  ON.  lust^    GOTH. 

lustus  'desire':  a  common  Teut. 
formation,  prob.  allied  to  the 
ARYAN    \p  las    'desire'    in    gr. 


XiXaioiLiaij  SKR.  yf  las  for  lals 
'desire',  lat.  las-civus. 

lute  sb.  ME.  lute\  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  lilt  leut  =  FR.  luth\  ident. 
w.  DU.  luit,  G.  lautCy  IT.  liuto 
leutOy  SPAN.  laud.  Source  ARAB. 
al  ud  'lute'. 

-ly  adj. -suffix  me.  -ly  -li  earlier 
-lich{e)    oe.    -lie    =     osAX.    -lik, 

DU.    lijk,    OHG.    -lich    G.    -lich,     ON. 

-likry  GOTH,  'leiks.  Orig.  the 
same  as  lika-  'body'  discussed 
under  like  (goth.  wa  Ira -leiks 
'manly'  prop,  "having  the  body 
of  a  man). 

lye  sb.  ME.  Hie  oe.  Ic'ah  (infl. 
l(age);  cp.  synon.  du.  loog^  ohg. 
louga  G.  lauge  ^  on.  Igug  'warm 
bath':  prob.  connected  with  the 
ARYAN  \flou  lu  'bathe'  (cp. 
lather). 


M 


mace  a  big  club'  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  mace  fr.  7tiasse\  source 
a  LAT.  type    "^matea    'a    beetle'. 

mackerel  me.  makeril  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  maquerel  (fr.  maquereaii) 
=  DU.  makreel,  whence  G.  mak- 
rele :  source  med.-lat.  maearellus 
maquerellus  'a  mackerel'. 

machine  (^  g.  mas  chine,  du. 
machine)  fr.  fr.  machine:  source 
LAT.  machina  gr.  ^irjj^av?/  'a 
device'. 

mad  adj.  me.  mad  oe.  ^emced 
prop,      '^emdded:     part,     of    oe. 

English  Etymology. 


lemddan  'drive  mad',  deriv.  from 
the  OE.  adj.  ^emad  'mad'  = 
oSAX.  gimed  'foolish',  ohg.  gimeit 
Yoolish',  GOTH,  ga-maids  'frail, 
feeble'. 

madder  sb.  me.  '^maddre.  oe. 
mcBdre  (mcedrel)  =  on.  madra, 
OHG.  mdtara]  cogn.  du.  lg. 
mede  'madder'? 

niaggot  late  me.  maggot  maggat] 
prob.  fr.  cymr.  maceiad  macai 
'a  maggot'? 

magpie  sb.  'a  bird';  mag 
short    for  Magot  =  fr.   Margot 


so 


maid  —   malt 


'Marguerite',  also  'magpie';  J>ie 
=  FR.  pie  fr.  LAT.  pica  'a 
magpie';  see  pie. 

maid  :me.  maidc  oe.  mceiden 
:=  OHG.  magatin'.  Teut.  base 
magadina-  is  diminutive  of  a 
TEUT. -GOTH.  magiip-  'a  girl, 
virgin'  =  OE.  mcBiep ,  OSAX. 
magath,  du.  w^/^,  ohg.  magad 
G.  wrt-^^/  —  mddchen.  Allied  to 
the  Teut.-Goth.  base  7nagu-  'boy' 
=  ON.  7nggr  'boy,  son',  oe. 
magu. 

maili  sb.  adapted  fr.  fr. 
maille  'mail'  (also  'a  mesh  of  a 
net') :  source  lat.  macula  'a 
spot,   hole,  mesh  of  a  net'. 

mail  2  sb.  me.  male  'a  bag, 
wallet'  borrowed  fr.  the  synon. 
OFR.  male  =  fr.  malle  (ohg. 
malha  'a  leather  bag'). 

maim  vb.  me.  ?naime  prop. 
maine  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  mehaigner 
'torment'. 

main  sb.  me.  main  oe.  mce-^en 
'strength*  =  ohg.  magan  megin, 
OSAX.  ON.  megin  'strength' :  teut. 
\(^mag  in  anight  and  may. 

main  adj.  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
maine  magne  'chief'  (lat.  magnus 
great'). 

maintain  vb.  me.  maintene 
adopted  fr.  fr.  maintenir  (lat. 
type  manutenere  'hold  by  the 
hand'). 

maize  sb.  =  fr.  mais^  g. 
mais\  adopted  fr.  span.  maiz. 
Columbus  is  said  to  have  im- 
ported the  Haytian  name  mahis 
and  the  cereal  to  Spain  whence 


it  was  adopted  by  the  other 
mod.  languages. 

make  vb.  jnie.  make  oe.  macian 
=  OSAX.  fuakon ,  du.  ma  ken, 
ohg.  mahhon  'make,  also  fit  or 
fasten  together'  G.  7nachen'. 
Teut.  base  niakon  'join,  belong 
together.  Cp.  with  goth.  ^makon 
the  ON.  comparat.  ?nakara  'more 
suitable,  fitting',  oe.  lemcec  'fit, 
suitable',  ohg.  gimah  'con- 
venient, comfortable'  G.  gemach ; 
OE.  ^emcBdcea  'husband,  wife'  (e. 
make  companion,  spouse,  E. 
match  'spouse'). 

malady  sb.  me.  maladie  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  maladie  fr.  fr. 
?nalade  (source  male  'ill,  bad' 
and  aptus  'disposed'). 

male  adj.  jvde.  male  adopted 
fr.  FR.  male  (source  lat.  dimin. 
7?iascidus. 

malice  sb.  me.  ??talice  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  malice  (source  lat.  7na- 
litia  'ill  will').  —  malign  adj. 
adopted  fr.  fr.  malin  (f.  7naligne) 
'malignant'  (source  7nalignu77i  i.  e. 
male  ge7ius  'ill-born). 

mall  sb.  ME.  malle  melle  mail 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  7nail  'a  mall': 
source  lat.  malleus  'a  hammer'. 
—  Hence  mallet  sb.  me.  maillet 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  maillet  a  mallet'. 

mallow  ME.  malwe  oe.  7nealwe 
=  DU.  7/ialuwe:  borrowed  fr. 
lat.  7nalva^  whence  also  fr. 
mauve,  span.  it.  77ialva,  G.  malve. 
Cp.  mauve, 

malt  sb.  ME.  malt  oe.  mealt 
=^  OSAX.  ON.  malt,  du.  77iout, 
G.  77talz.     The  Teut.  base  malta- 


many 


31 


fr.  a  TEUT.y^w^//  in  OE.  m'eltan 
'dissolve,  melt'  with  which  is 
allied  the  on.  adj.  7nalir  'rotten' 
=  OHG.  malz  'melting  away, 
soft'  so  that  '^malt  is  perh.  the 
adjectival  neut.  sb.  meaning  'that 
which  is  soft'.      Cp.  melt. 

man  sb.  me.  oe.  man  vion{n7i) 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  DU.  MLG.  man 
G.  mann,  on.  madr^  GOTH,  manna 
'mankind,  man'.  In  oe.,  man  mgn 
(n  =  nn)  denotes  'man'  and 
'woman'  (cp.  oe.  wifmon  r=  e. 
womati).  goth.-teut.  mann-  is 
based  on  older  manw-  manu-  (as 
chin  is  based  on  an  Aryan 
ke7iw-  genu-),  indo-eur.  mdnu 
'mankind'  appears  in  skr.  as 
Manu,  but  it  signified  also  the 
'father  of  mankind';  cp.  also 
skr.  mantis  and  ifianusa  'homo' 
and  OSLOV.  mqzi  'man'. 

mane  sb.  me.  mane  oe.  manu  = 
OHG.  mana  G.  mcihne,  DU.  maan^ 
on.  mgn,  sw.  dan.  man.  The 
Teut.  base  mano-  'mane'  shows 
a  later  development  of  meaning; 
the  older  meaning  was  'neck';  cp. 
ON.  men  J  oe.  ?npte,  ohg.  menni 
'necklace',  cogn.  with  lat.  monile 
'necklace*,  ocelt.  f.iaviuy.rjg  = 
OIR.  muince  'necklace'.  In  lieu 
of  ARYAN  w<7i^^  'neck'  occurs  skr. 
ma?tyd  'nape',  closely  allied  to 
OIR.  7nuin  nndnil  'nape'. 

mange  sb.  shortened  fr.  the 
adj.  me.  ^maunge  which  is  bor- 
rowed from  the  fr.  part,  mangi 
lit.  'eaten';  cp.  fr.  mangaison 
'mange'.  —  manger  sb.  me. 
maung^r  borrowed    fr.  FR.  man- 


geoire  'manger,   stable'  (fr.  7nan- 
ger  'eat    =  lat.  manducare^. 

mangle  vb.  ME.  mange  leh^qaenX. 
and  weakened  for  "^mankele  fr. 
ME.  manke  oe.  ^emancian^  which 
was  prob.  formed  from  an  adj. 
oe.  "^manc^^DXS.mank'.  loanword 
fr.  LAT.  mancus  adj.  'maimed'. 

mangle  sb.  borrowed  fr.  du. 
mangel  (=  sw.  G.  mangel)]  dimin. 
of  a  simple  word  represented 
by  G.  mange  'a  mangle'  =  it. 
mangano' a  machine  for  smoothing 
linen,  a  war-engine'  fr.  lat.  man- 
ganum  =  GR.  f.iayyavov  'a  war- 
machine'. 

manikin  manakin  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  mannequin  =-  DU.  manneken\ 
cp.  G.  mdnnchen,  du.  mannetje: 
all  diminutives  of  man.  a 

mankind     sb.     me.     mankinde       \ 
earlier    man-kin     oe.     mon-cynn. 
See    man    and  kin^    also    kind. 

manner  me.  manure  borrowed 
fr.    OFR.  manere  =  fr.  maniere. 

mantle  me.  mantel  (a  form 
mauntelis  unrecorded)  =  DU.  sw. 
DAN.  mantel',  ON.  mgttull  and  OE. 
mentel  rest  on  a  lost  lat.  mantu- 
lum  mantilu?n  (fr.  LAT.  mantum  = 
FR.  mante,  it.  manto  'a  cloak'), 
whence  also  G.?nanteloilG.mantal] 
cogn.  w.  FR.  manteau,  it.  mantello 
(lat.  type   ^mantellum). 

many  me.  mani  many  oe.  mani^ 
monei'.  Teut.  base  ?nanaga-  = 
osAX.  OHG.  manag  G.  7nanch,  DU. 
menig,  on.  margr.  Cogn.  w.  oiR. 
menicc  IR.  minic  'frequently'  (base 
menecci-  ?)  and  cymr.  maint,  bret. 
mefit  (celt,  base  manti-). 
9* 


132 


map  —  marsh 


map  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr.  mappe 
=  IT.  LAT.  mappa  prop.  *a  nap- 
kin, table-cloth'. 

maple  sb.  me.  ?ndpel  oe.  ^mcepel 
"^mapul  in  mapoltreo  mapulder  'a 
maple-tree':  perh.  ident.  w.  ohg. 
ma'i^yxUra  (g.  massholder)^  which 
points  to  TEUT.  matlU',  whilst 
the  E.  word  points  to  a  base 
maplu-. 

mar  vb.  me.  7nerre  oe.  dmerra?i 
dmyrran  wk.  vb.  'to  hinder,  ob- 
struct' ■=^  GOTH,  marzjan  'offend', 
OHG.  marren,  du.  marren  'tarry': 
TEUT. -ARYAN  \fmarz  7nars, 

miarble  me.  marble  mdrbre  fr. 
FR.  marbre]  source  lat.  mar7nor. 

march  sb.  me.  mdrche  'march, 
boundary'  fr.  fr.  marche  'bound- 
ary'. The  Fr.  word  is  of  Teut. 
P  origin;  cp.  goth.  marka^  oe. 
mearCy  OSAX.  ohg.  marka  'bound- 
ary* which  are  primitively  related 
to  LAT.  margo  'border,  edge', 
avest.  merezu  'border',  IR.  mruig 
'shire'  (Celt,  base  mrogi-),  Cp. 
mark. 

march  vb.  fr.  fr.  marcher. 

March  (the  month)  me.  (since 
the  12*''  cent.)  March  fr.  fr. 
mars}  Source  lat.  Martins  mensis 
(whence  ohg.  merzo  G.  fndrz^  lg. 
merte) . 

mare  me.  mire  oe.  mire  myre: 
Teut.  base  marhjbn-  (=  ohg. 
merihha  G.  mdhre^  DU.  merie,  on. 
''  merr)j  deriv.  fr.  teut.  mar  ha- 
'horse'  in  oe.  mearh,  ohg.  marah, 
ON.  marr  'horse'  (see  marshal). 
There  is  a  pre-TEUT.  marka-  in 
the   Celt,    languages;    cp.  gall. 


7narca,  ir.  gael.  marc ,  cymr. 
CORN,   march  'horse'. 

margin  me.  mdrgin{e)  fr.  lat. 
marginem  (nom.  sing.  lat.  margo 
=  FR.  marge). 

mark^  sb.  'line,  dot,  cut'  i^ie. 
marke  oe.  mearc  =  du.  on.  fnarky 
MHG.  marc  (gen.  markes)  G. 
marke  (goth.  marka  'boundary'). 
—  Hence  mark  vb.  me.  marke 
OE.  mearcian  =  on.  marka,  osAX. 
markdn\  cp.  DU.  G.  inerken  = 
GOTH,  "^markjan. 

mark''^  sb.  'a  unit  of  weight, 
a  coin'  me.  7nark  late  OE.  fjiarc. 
borrowed  fr.  on.  7nprky  whence 
also  DU.  G.  mark  (med.-lat. 
marcd) . 

market  sb.  me.  market  late  oe. 
(ii*^  cent.)  markit  7narcdt\  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  '^market  fr.  marcM 
(it.  mercato)  =  lat.  mercdtus 
'market',  whence  also  ohg.  markdt 
7nerchdt  G.  DU.  77tarkt.    See  mart. 

maroon  adj.  'chestnut-colored' 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  ma7'ro7i  =  it. 
77tarro7ie  'a  chestnut'. 

marrow  me.  marow  77iary  oe. 
mearh  77iearg  =  osAX.  marg, 
ohg.  mar(a)g  g.  mark,  du.  merg, 
ON.  mergr:  Teut.  base  77iazga- 
=  ARYAN  "^mazgho-  in  OSLOV. 
mozgUj  ZEND  mazga,  skr.  7fiaJJa7i 
'marrow'.  The  root  is  skr.  77tajj 
'immerge'  =  lat.  mergere. 

marry  vb.  me.  77iarie  vb.  adopt- 
ed fr.  FR.  tnarier'.  source  lat. 
maritare  'marry'.  —  Hence  mar- 
riage ME.  mai'idge  =  fr.  mariage. 

marsh  me.  mersh  oe.  mersc 
earliest     form     merisc    =    iviDU. 


marshal   —  mastiff 


133 


maersc/ie,  lg.  g.  marsc^,  dan. 
marsk'.  Teut.  base  maris ka-  = 
]VIED.  -  LAT.  mariscus  'swamp', 
whence  ofr.  ?naresc  fr.  marais. 
Source  teut.  mari-  'ocean'  {;= 
LAT.  mare)  in  OE.  mere^  ohg.  meri 
G.  meer,  on.  marry  goth.  marei. 

marshal  ime.  mar{e)schal  adopt- 
ed fr.  OFR.  mareschal  =  fr. 
marichaly  span,  mariscal^  it.  ma- 
rz>(:<2/^ *a marshal,  farrier.  Source 
a  teut.  marha-skalkaz  'horse- 
thane'  ==  OHG.  marah-scalc  (ohg. 
mar  ah  'a  horse'  =  E.  in  are  and 
ohg.  scalch  =  OE.  scea/c  me. 
schalkj  ON.  skdlkr  y  OSAX.  skalk^ 
GOTH,  skalks  'servant'. 

mart  sb.  short  for  inarket. 

marten  short  for  martern  orig. 
martre  me.  martre  adopted  fr. 
fr.  7}iartre  (=  IT.  martora,  span. 
7?iartii).  The  Fr.  word,  which 
supplanted  a  genuine  OE.  mearp, 
is  of  IVut.  origin:  ON.  mgrdr^ 
OHG.  7nardar  G.  marder ,  du. 
marter\  osAX.  '^marthar  inferred 
fr.  the   adj.  marthrin. 

martin  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
martin  y  orig.  the  proper  name 
Martin^  which  was  applied  to 
various  birds  and  animals;  cp. 
robin  red-breast. 

martyr  sb.  me.  martir  oe.  mar- 
tyr ■=^  OSAX.  fnartir,  ohg.  rnartyr, 
GOTH,  martyr  (with  suffix  DU. 
martelaary  ohg.  martirdi'i  G.  mdr- 
tyrer) :  fr.  lat.-gr.  martyr  'a  wit- 
ness'. 

marvel  vb.  jvie.  merveile  bor- 
rowed fr.  fr.  merveiller]  source 
LAT.  mirabilia  'wonderful  thiners'. 


mash  vb.  masche  vb.  mix'  (oE. 
i^mdscianT)  =  G.  7?ieischen'.  prob. 
cogn.  w.  OSLOV.  7nezga  'sap  of 
trees'  (oslov.  ^^  =  teut.  skT), 
Cp.  mix. 

mask  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
masque,  whence  also  G.  DU. 
DAN.  7naske  sw.  7nask. 

mason  me.  mdsoun  adopted 
fr.  FR.  7na(on]  source  a  type 
matio  'a  maison'  -=^  ohg.  7nezzo 
G.  stein7netz    a  stone- mason'. 

mass^  sb.  'a  lump  of  matter' 
late  ME.  77iasse  borrowed  fr.  FR. 
masse  (=  it.  7nassd) :  source 
LAT.  77iassa  'a  lump,  a  mass', 
whence  also  ohg.  7nassa  G. 
mass'e. 

mass^  sb.  'the  eucharist  me. 
masse  oe.  7ncssse\  evidently 
identical  w.  osAX.  missa,  du. 
7tdSy  OHG.  77iessa  7nissa  G.  7nesse\ 
a  Christian  word  from  med.- 
LAT.  77ussa  'mass'  =  fr.  7nesse 
(whence  me.  7nesse). 

mast    ME.    mast    oe.    7ncest  = 

DU.    LG.    G.    sw.     DAN.    mast,     ON. 

mastr.  In  accordance  with 
Grimm's  law,  the  Teut.  base 
77iasta-  is  based  on  pre-TEUT. 
7?iazdo-  =  LAT.  mdlus  (for  "^mddus) 
'a  mast'.  -^' 

mastjpr  sb.  me.  maister  late 
OE.  7n^ester  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  N 
maistre  fr.  7naitre  (=  IT.  maestro)  : 
source  lat.  7n agister ,  whence 
also  OSAX.  77iestar,  du.  meester, 
OHG.  7neistar  G.  meister.  See 
7nister. 

mastiff  ME.  mestif  mastlfsido^fied 
fr.   OFR.  mestif  prop,  an  adj.  fr. 


134 


mat 


mayor 


the  sb.  OFR.  7nastin  (fr.  matin) 
'a  mastiff'. 

mat  ME.  matte  oe.  meatta  = 
DU.  mat,  OHG.  matta  G.  matte, 
IT.  ;^zrt'//^  borrowed  fr.  LAT. 
matta  'a  rug',    whence  fr.  natte. 

match  ^  sb.  me.  macche  oe. 
■^emcecca  'a  companion'  ident.  w. 
oe.    ie7naca  sb.   =  E.  make. 

match^  sb.  'the  wick  of  a 
candle,  a  match'  me.  macche 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  meche  'match 
of  a  lamp' :  source  lat.  myxa 
'the  nozzle  of  a  lamp'. 

mate  sb.  'a  companion'  aiE. 
mdte  =  DU.  maat,  OSAX.  *gmato, 
OHG.  gimai^y)  mhg.  ge7na':^i^ey  oe. 
'^-^emdta  (wanting)  would  -  be 
derived  from  oe.  mete  =  meat\ 
hence  mate    prop,    'mess-mate'. 

mate  adj.  me.  mdte  mat  'con- 
founded, dejected  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  FR.  7nat  (=  SPAN,  mate, 
IT.  matto).  Source  the  Arab.- 
Pers.  expression  in  the  chess- 
play  schah  7ndt  'the  king  is  dead'. 

matins,  mattins  'morning 
prayers'  me.  matin{e)s\  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  matins  plur.  of  matin 
'morning':  source  lat.  rnatutinus 
'belonging  to  the  morning';  cp. 
LAT.  hora  viatiLtma  in  OHG.  mettina 
G.  7nette  'matutinal  service'. 

matter  sb.  me.  ///<^//r<?  adopted 
fr.  FR.  matiei-e)  source  LAT. 
7nate7'ia  'materials'. 

miattock  me.  mattok  oe.  77tattoc 
prob.  fr.  CYMR.  7?iatog  a.  hoe'; 
but  osLov.  motyka  and  lith. 
matikas  'mattock'  point  to  a  Teut. 
word. 


miattress  ivie.  materas  (=  du. 
matras)  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  mate- 
ras =  FR.  mate/as  =  med.-lat. 
matratium'.  source  ARAB,  matrah 
prop,  'a  place  where  something 
is  thrown'. 

maudlin     adj.     corrupted    fr. 

ME.  Maude  kin  =  Mag  delaine  ■= 
OFR.  Magdeleine,  lat.-gr.  Mag- 
dalena.  Maria  Magdalena  was 
considered  a  type  of  sorrowing 
penitence. 

maul  vb.  me.  malle  'strike  with 
a  mall'  formed  fr.  the  w^.  sb. 
malle  'a  mall'  borrowed  fr.  ir. 
7nail  'a  mall',  whence  also  7nalL 

Maundy  Thursday  me.  maunde 
thursdai  fr.  ofr.  mandd  (=  OHG. 
MHG.  ma7iddt)  'the  ceremony  of 
Christ's  washing  his  disciples' 
feet':  source  lat.  77ianddtum  ac- 
cording to  John  XIII  34. 

mauve  'mallow  color'  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  77iauve  'a  mallow'  =  lat. 
7/ialva',  ident.  w.  7n allow. 

maw  ME.  7nawe  oe.  maga 
'stomach'  =  ohg.  mago  'sto- 
mach' G.  magen,  DU.  maag,  on. 
magi  'stomach'. 

may  vb.,  me.  mai  oe.  vk^i  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  G.  DU.  mag,  ON.  ma, 
GOTH.  mag.  teut.  \fmag{7n}ig) 
fr.  ARYAN  magh  is  closely  allied 
to  OSLOV.  77rogq  mosti  'be    able'. 

May  ikiE.  may  7nai  fr.  .fr.  Mai 
(lat.  Mains  7nensis). 

mayor  sb.  me.  7naire  adopted 
fr.  FR.  77iaire'.  source  LAT.  7?iajor 
'greater'. 


35 


me  pers.  pron.  dat.  and  ace. 
ME.  OE.  me  fr.  a  Teut.  and  Aryan 
stem  fne-  in  goth.  mis  7?ii-k, 
G.  mi-r  fni-chy  lat.  mihi  me\  gr. 
I (.101  (.IS  liie;  SKR.  mahyam 
tne  dat.,  mam  md  ace;  base 
ma-. 

mead^  sb.  me.  mcde  oe.  meodo 
=  DU.  MLG.  viede  ohg.  m'eto 
mitu  G.  met^  ON.  mjgdr'.  base 
teut.  medii  =  aryan  "^medhti^  cp. 
SKR.  mddhu  'honey,  sweet  di;ink', 
GR.  (.dd^v  wine'  (allied  (.istKco 
'I  am  drunk',  ^«£^;; 'drunkenness'), 
OSLOV.  medil  'honey,  wine',  lith. 
midus  'mead'  —  mediis  'honey',  IR. 
mid. 

mead^  sb.  'meadow'  (now  in 
poetry)  me.  m^'de  o^.'?nced  (gen. 
mcedwe)  =  du.  mat  mlg.  mdde 
OLG.  mdtha  mada,  ofris.  meth, 
G.  matte  J  goth.  ^medwa'.  based 
on  a  teut.  \^  maj>  7n^d,  con- 
nected w.  LAT.  7fiito  'I  mow, 
reap'  and  showing  a  shorter 
form  me  in  E.  mow.  But  the 
GOTH.  *w^  might  represent 
the  root  and  two,  the  suffix.  — 
meadow  aie.  medwe  oe.  mmi 
gen.  mcedwe.  Mead  and  meadow 
are  related  as  shade  and  sha- 
dow.    Cp.  mead. 

meagre  adj.  me.  megre  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  maigre  (=  span. 
IT.  mag7'o) '.  source  LAT.  macer 
'lean,  thin,   meagre',      oe.  7nceier 

(=^  DU.  MLG.  G.   77iage7-  OHG.  77iaga7', 

on.  7}iag7'  is  common  Teut.). 
The  Teut.  forms  with  lat. 
77iace7',  GR.  (lay.tdvoi^  'tall',  ,a«>r- 
Qog    long'   have    prob.    com6  fr. 


an  ARYAN  \f  mdk  'thin,  long'. 
LITH.  mdzas  'small'  and  ohg. 
7tiagar  might  point  to  a  common 
\p  magh.  Perh.  the  Teut.  group 
comes  fr.   vulg.    lat. -it.   magro. 

meaP  sb.  'flour'  me.  7ricle  oe. 
m'elo  (gen.  771'ehves)  =  OSAX. 
m'elo,  DU.  DAN.  7/iee/,  ohg.  f7i'eio 
(gen.  77i'elawes)  c.  7/iehly  on.  7?ijgl: 
Teut.  base  ^7n'elwa-  'flour  meal' 
lit.  'that  which  is  ground'  from 
a  Teut.  and  aryan  V"  fnel  'grind' 
seen  in  oSAX.  ohg.  goth.  ma  Ian 
DU.  7nale7i  g.  mahle7iy  on.  mala 
'grind';  cp.  lat.  77iolOy  gr.  (ivWw, 
OSLOV.  77ielja  (77ileti}y  lith.  77ialu 
(77idlti),  OIR.  77ieli77i  'grind';  cp. 
771  ill. 

mieaP  sb.  'a  repast'  me.  ;«// 
=  OSAX.  77idly  DU.  maal,  G.  77iahl, 
ON.  77idl,  OHG.  *;//^/  wanting  with 
this  meaning;  ident.  w.  goth. 
7nel  time',  oe.  mcel  'time'. 

miean  adj.  me.  mme  oe.  ie77icene 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  ga-7iiaini-  =^ 
GOTH.  ga77iains ,  OSAX.  gi77ieni, 
OHG.  gitneiiii  G.  gemei7z,  DU. 
ge7nee7i\  cogn.  w.  lat.  r^;w- 
mu7iis    for  com-moi7ii-s;    cp.    lat. 

^/?72/f^    with    GOTH.    rt-Z/^i-    =:    ARYAN 

oino-s. 

mean  vb.  ]vie.  w/;?^  oe.  7n(Ena7i 
=  OSAX.  menian.  Ou.  77iee7ie7t, 
OHG.  77ieinen  7?iei'na7i  g.  77iei7ien, 
0]Si.f7/ei7ia,  GOTK. '^7/iai7ija72;  oslov. 
7//e7ijq  mmiti  is  closely  allied. 
Connected  with  y"  7na7i  'think'  in 
77iindl 

mean  adj.  me.  w/«^  adj. 'middle' 
contracted    fr.    '^7nejcn    =~-    ofr. 


136 


ineasies  —  mercy 


meyen  fr.  moyen  'intermediate': 
source  lat.  medidnus. 

measles  sb.  me.  fnesel  sb. 
leper'  —  adj.  leprous':  loan- 
word fr.  OFR.?;z(?i'^/=LAT.  misellus. 

measure  sb.  me.  m^silre  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  mesure  (=  span. 
mestira ,  it.  misurd)  from  lat. 
mensura. 

meat  me.  7ne'te  oe.  meie  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  mati-  =  OSAX.  metiy 
DU.  met  (in  -wursi),  OHG.  7nax, 
ON.  7}iatr^  GOTH,  mats  'food'. 

medal  borrowed  fr.  fr.  7}ii- 
daille  (=  span,  medalla ,  it. 
medaglid)\  source  a  lat.  type 
metallea  fr.  LAT.  vietallum. 

meddle  me.  ?nedle  (fnc'le)  'mix' 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  medler  mesler 
=  FR.  me/er :  source  a  lat.  type 
miscu/are  'mix'  fr.  lat.  miscere 
'mix'.  —  medley  sb.  me.  mcd/e 
adopted  fr.  ofr.  med/e  mesle 
(fem.  medic e  =  fr.  meUe)  part, 
of  ofr.  tncdler  'mix'. 

medlar  sb.  me.  medle-tre  fr. 
OFR.  7?iesliei'  mesle  'medlar-tree': 
source  lat.  mespilum  'a  med- 
lar\ 

meed  sb.  ikiE.  oe.  med  (oe. 
once  meo7'd)  =  osAX.  mMa, 
DU.  miedc^  OHG.  meta  miata  G. 
miete  'hire' ;  GOTH,  mizdo  'reward 
(the  z  of  which  was  lost  in 
Teut.  with  lengthening  of  i  to 
e)  fr.  an  aryan  mizdho-  in  GR. 
/tiiGt^og  'wages,  pay,  hire',  oslov. 
mzzda^  AVEST.  mtzda  'wages', 
oind.  midhd  (for  mizdho)  'contest, 
match,  booty'  (perh.  orig.  'a 
prize'  by  inference  fr.   the  skr. 


adj.  midhvds  'spending  lavishly'). 

meek  adj.  me.  mek  (late  oe. 
^fndoc)  borrowed  fr.  the  equiv. 
on.  mjukr  =  sw.  mjickj  DAN. 
myg  'soft',  cp.  DU.  muik  'soft', 
GOTH.  77iuks  (inferred  fr.  miika- 
model  'meekness'). 

meet  vb.  me.  mete  oe.  metaTt 
vb.  =  osAX.  TTidtiaTz,  du.  77ioete7t, 
ON.  77i(jeta,  GOTH.  gamdtja7i  'meet' : 

TEUT.     \l^77Wt. 

mieet  adj.  me.  m^te  oe.  "^emckte 
=  OFRis.  77tete,  MLG.  7ndte,  ohg. 
gi7ndyt\   cp.  771  ete. 

melt  vb.  ME.  melte  oe.  m'elta7i\ 
for  the  \P  melt  see  malt.  An 
Aryan  y"  77ield  is  evident  in  skr. 
77irdu  'soft,  tender',  GR.  f^iiXdi^iv 
'cook'. 

menace  sb.  me.  7ne7idce  77ia7idce 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  me7tace  (lat. 
minacia)   'threat'. 

mend  vb.  mende  short  for 
amCTide  borrowed  fr.  fr.  a77ie7ide7' 
(lat.     e77te7tdare).      See    a 771  e 71  d. 

menial  (prop,  adj.,  but  also 
used  as  sb.)  me.  meiTieal  formed 
with  the  suffix  -a I  fr.  me.  mei7ii 
7naini  'a  household'.  This  is 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  mesne  77ieis7iee 
answering  to  a  lat.  type  *;a/<7;2- 
sio7iata. 

merchant  me.  77iarchau7it  7na7'- 
chaund  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  777ai'- 
cha7tt  =  FR.  marchaTid:  source 
LAT.  77tercaj'i  'buy'  (cp.  ma7'ket). 

mercy  me.  77ierfi .  borrowed 
from  FR.  me7'ci  (source  med.- 
LAT.  w^r^^^ 'mercy,  pity'  extended 
fr.  LAT.  me7'X  'traffic').  See 
7na7'ket,  i7jei'cha7zt. 


mid 


137 


merge  vb.  adopted  fr.  lat. 
mergere  'plunge  under  water'. 

merit  me.  merit  fr.    fr.  mirite. 

mermaid  me.  mer-maide]  oe. 
mere  'ocean'  me.  mere  agree 
with  OHG.  OSAX.  meri,  goth. 
marei  'ocean';  cp.  marsh. 

merry  adj.  me.  mirie  oe.  inyrj^e 
from  a  Teut.  base  murgi-  'short' 
in  OHG.  ffiurgfdri  of  short  hfe', 
Swiss  tnu7'g  'raannikin';  cp.  goth. 
mmirgjan  'shorten'.  The  adj. 
TEUT.  viurgu-  'short'  =  IE. 
mrghu-  corresponds  to  gr.  ^qol- 
/vc  'short'   (for  *«^a/t;'c). 

mesh  sb.  me.  mesche  oe.  mcksce 
=  ON.  ?npskve,  OHG.  mdsca  G. 
7naschc\  the  Teut,  base  *mesgen 
belongs  to  the  IE.  mezg  in  lith. 
mdzgas  'knot'  from  the  vb.  mezgii 
(megsti) 'knot,  weave  nets';  hence 
mesk  may  be  traced  to  a  teut. 
\^  ?nes(/'  (ARYAN  mezg  'braid ). 

mete  vb.  me.  met^  oe.  metan  = 
OSAX.  metan,  du.  mefen,  ohg. 
nieip^an  G.  messeuy  ON.  meta^  goth. 
mitan  with  which  is  allied'  GOTH. 
7nitdn  'think  over',  ohg.  m'ei^'ipn 
moderate'.  The  teut.  \("met  is 
based  on  tVie  Aryan  \f^fned  in 
GR.  usdoiLiat  I  devise'  —  ued'iov 
'counselor'  —  jubdiuvog  a  corn- 
measure',  LAT.  modus  'manner' 
—  ?nodius  'a  corn-measure',  GOTH. 
mita^s  'measure'. 

mess  sb.  me.  messe  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  7nes  FR.  7nets  (source 
LAT.  missus  fr.  mittere)  'send'  and 
in  MED. -LAT.  'put,  place'). 

message  me.  message  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  message',  lat.  type  missatica 


an  extension  of  lat.  missus.  — 
Hence  messenger  (with  the 
insertion  of  n  as  in  passenger^ 
ME.  messag^r  formed  fr.  message 
with  the  suffix  -er  denoting  'the 
agent'. 
metal  me.  7netal   borrowed   fr. 

FR.    77lHal. 

miete  vb.  'measure'  me.  mete 
oe.  metaTi  sw.  vb.  'measure'  = 
GOTH.  7nitan,  G.  messcTi  ohg.  irie-yj^an^ 
DU.  meten. 

mettle  ident.  w.  j/ietal  but 
meaning  now  'spirit,  ardor'. 

mew  vb.  onomatopoetic  like 
DU.  maauweriy  g.  maueii ;  imitative 
of  a  cat's   cry. 

mew  me.  mhv  oe.  77i(hv\  cp. 
DU.  i7ieeuw,  ON.  md^r^  G.  mowe: 
TEUT.   base  77iai'w-. 

mickle  me.  mikel  77iichd  mukel 
7nuchely  oe.  7}tidel  7nycel  =  goth. 
ffiikils ,  ON.  mikill  7/iykill,  osAX. 
jnikil,  OHG.   77iihhil\   cp.   much. 

mid-  adj.  me.  7nid  oe.  mid  midd 
=  OSAX.  7/iiddi,  OHG.  7nitti  g.  7nit-, 
ON.  77iidr,  GOTH,  midjis.  In  mod. 
e.  and  in  mod.  G.,  the  adjectives 
E.  mid-  =  G.  tTiit-  are  only  used  in 
compounds  as  e.  midday^  77iidlent, 
midsum7nery  77iidwinter\  G.  ?7tittag, 
mitte7'nacht,  mittwoch  (orig.  dat. 
sing.).  The  teut.  stem  midja- 
answers  to  Aryan  midhyo\  cp. 
GR.  LiiiiOQ  (for  ^nsdjog),  skr. 
7nddhyasy  lat.  medius.  —  middle 
adj.  and  sb.  me.  oe.  7niddel  =-- 
DU.  middely  ohg.  /;//////  G.  mittel\ 
with  formative  -/  from  the  adj. 
mid. 


138 


midge 


milt 


midge  me.  7mgge  oe.  my  eg  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  mugjo-  =  osax. 
muggiuy  DU.  mugy  OHG.  mucka  g. 
milcke.  From  on.  my  it  may  be 
inferred  that  the  West-Teut. 
guttural  is  secondary. 

midst  formed  with  excrescent  / 
from  ME.  in  middes  equivalent  to 
amid. 

mien  borrowed  fr.  fr.  mine  fr. 
IT.  7?nna  =  oiT.  mena  'fashion, 
carriage  ofman:  sourceMED.-LAT. 
mina?e  'conduct,   lead'. 

miight  ME.  mig/if  oe.  mi/i^  meaht 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  maht^  du.  magt^ 
G.  machty  ON.  mdttr,  goth.  tnahts. 
The  common  teut.  "^mahti  is  an 
old  verbal  abstract  from  goth. 
magan  (like  oslov.  mosti  from 
*?nokii  from  mogq  'clean).  See 
may. 

milch  adj.  jvie.  milche  oe.  "^  my  Ice'. 
deriv.  of  milk\  cp.  the  equiv. 
adj's.  ON.  milkr  mj'dlkr ,  ohg. 
jn'elch  G.  melk,  oe.   m'elc. 

mild  adj.  me.  oe.  milde  = 
OSAX.  mildi ,  DU.  G.  mild  OHG. 
milii ,  ON.  7nildr ,  GOTH.  7nildeis. 
Cogn.  w.  oiR.  7?ieldach  'agreeable' 
or  blaith  'soft,  smooth'  (base 
mldti-)  ?  or  oslov.  mladil  young, 
tender',  lith.  7nildiis  'pious'? 

mildew  me.  mildew  oe.  77iiled(aw 
=  DU.  77ieeldauw,  ohg.  7mli-tou 
G.  7nehltau\  the  first  part  is  prob. 
fr.  OE.  mele  -=  goth.  milip  'honey'; 
cp.  ON.  7mlska  'a  honeyed  drink'; 
the  second  part  see  under  dew. 

mile  ME.  7nik  oe.  ;////  =  du. 
mijl^  OHG.  mila  milla  (for  "^miljd) 
G.  7neile:   borrowed  fr.  LAT.  7rnlia 


(passuum)  lit.  'thousand  paces', 
(whence  also  fr.  milk,  it.  miglia). 
The  more  frequent  plur.  77iilia 
was  adopted  in  Rom.  and  G.  as 
a  fem.  sing,  (omitting  passuimi). 

miilfoil  ME.  milfoil  fr.  fr.  fnille- 
feuille  =  LAT.  millefolium. 

milk  ME.  7nilk  oe.  meoloc  mile 
=  OSAX.  7riilu^,  DU.  r/tel^,  OHG. 
7niltik  G.  mile/i,  ON.  7nj6lk7%  GOTH. 
7niliiks.  It  is  remarkable  that  a 
common  Aryan  or  at  least  a 
West -Aryan  term  for  'milk'  is 
wanting,  although  the  \f  7nelg  = 
TEUT.  melk  'to  milk'  occurs  in  all 
the  West-Aryan  languages.  From 
a  common  Indo-Eur.  vb. :  oe. 
melean,  du.  melke7i,  ohg.  7nelchan 
G.  melken,  goth.  '^milkan.  Cp.  lat. 
77iulgere,  gr.  d/iieXysiv,  oslov. 
77des/i  (pres.  mluzq),  lith.  77iilsti 
(pres.  7?iilzii)  oiR.  mbligim  {7nlieht 
and  melg  'milk').  —  milk  vb. 
ME.  milke  OE.  meolcia7i  {=  ofris. 
melkay  on.  mjolkd)   fr.   oe.  meole. 

mill  ME.  77iille  earlier  7nilne  oe. 
myln  (whence  on.  77iylnd)  =  DU. 
7nole7i  7neulen  y  OHG.  muli{n)  G. 
77iilhle\  borrowed  fr.  late  LAT. 
common  ROM.  molina  'mill'  (for 
class.  LAT.  77iold),  whence  also 
IT.   7nulino,  FR.  7noiUin. 

millet  fr.  FR.  7nillet\  source  lat. 
miliiun  'millet'. 

milt  me.  oe.  mille  =  du.  w/7/, 
OHG.  7/iilzi  G.  77iilz,  ON.  7/iilli  l  from 
the  TEUT.  \f7fielt  seen  in  7nalt.' 
e.  and  DU.  milt  soft  roe  of  fishes' 
is  a  corruption  of  milk  (sw. 
mfolke  'milt'  fr.  7njdlk  'milk',   dan. 


139 


fiskemelk  'soft  roe  of  fishes',  lit. 
'fish-milk'). 

mince  vb.  me.  mince  oe.  viin- 
sian  wk.  vb.  'make  small'  deriv.  fr. 
OE.  min(nn)  =  du.  min  'smaller'; 
cp.  FR.  mincer  'mince'  from  mince 
'small'  of  Teut.  origin. 

mind  sb.  me.  minde  oe.  jje-mynd 
'memory,  mind':  Teut.  base 
ga-mundi-  ■=^  goth.  ga-munds 
'memory'  from  goth.  ga-munan 
=  OSAX.  {far)munan  'despise', 
ON.  mtma,  OE.  ^emunany  cp.  goth. 
mims  'purpose ,  desire ,  mind', 
ON.  mu?ir  'mind,  desire,  love', 
OE.  myne  'memory,  love'.  Allied 
to  ON.  minni  'remembrance,  mind', 
OSAX.  mi?tna,  ohg.  mifinia  and 
OHG.  minni  G.  mi?tne  'love',  orig. 
'remembrance'.  All  belong  to 
the  common  Aryan  and  teut. 
yfmen  man  'think';  cp.  Gk.  (.ikvoc 
'courage,  mind',  /Lu/iiv7JoiiO}  'I 
jremember',  lat.  memini  reminiscor 
fnens  moneOy  skr.  yfman  'think, 
believe', 

mine  possessive  pron.  me.  oe. 
min  =  OSAX.  ohg.  fmn,  du.  fnijn, 
G.  m'ein  (also  ohg.  7ntn  G.  meiner), 
0^.  minUy  GOTH,  meins'.  derived 
fr.  the  stem  7}ie-  of  the  pers. 
pron.  cp.  me  and  for  the  suffix 
cp.  SKR.  makina'xmxi^  and  thine. 

mine  sb.  UE.mine  =  du.  mij'n,  g. 
DAN.  mine:  borrowed  from  fr. 
mine  (=  span.  it.  mina) :  of  Celt, 
origin;  cp.  IR.  Gael,  m^in  'metal', 
BRET,  mefi  'stone,  metal,  cymr. 
7nwyn  'metal':  celt,  base  mena 
meina  ? 


mingle  a  frequent,  vb.  from  me. 
viinge  nienge  OE.  me  tig  an  =  OSAX. 
mengian,  du.  me/zgen,  OHG.  mengan 
g.  mengen,  goth.  ^maggj'an.  Cp. 
among. 

minnow  'a  fish'  me.  minowe  oe. 

^mynwe  (and  myne'capito)  =  ohg. 

muniwa  'capedo';   cp.  westphal. 

mcene,    hess.  tnoehnl    Etymology 

j  unknown. 

minster  me.  minster  oe.  mynster 
fr.  a  base  munistirja-  =  du. 
munster  y  OHG.  munistri  prop, 
'monastery'  then  convent-church' 
G.  mi'mster'.  after  lat.-gr.  mona- 
steriuniy  whence  also  fr.  moutier 
'monastery,   convent'. 

minstrel  me.  minis tral  7nenestral 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  7ninestrel\  source 
lat.  mifiisterialis  'an  artisan,  jester, 
buffoon'. 

mint  ^  sb.  me.  mint  oe.  mynet 
=  du.  munty  OHG.  mimi-i^  vmniyi^a 
G.  milnze'.  teut.  munita-  mimito- 
borrowed  fr.  lat.  moneta  'place 
of  coinage,  money',  whence  also 
fr.  monnaie  under  money. 

mint-  sb.  'a  plant'  me.  oe.  minte 
=  du.  mzmtj  OHG.  minza  G.  7?iinze : 
adapted  fr.  lat.  7tientha  menta 
(gr.  f.iivda) ,  whence  also  fr. 
menthe,  it.  span.  7/ienta. 

mire^  'deep  mud'  me.  mire  oe. 
?nyre  from  west-teut.  miurjon  = 
ON.  mvrr  'slime' ;  the  r  of  these 
words  is  orig.  s  =  ^;  cp.  oe.  fneos 
'moss'  by  the  side  of  oe.  ?nos 
'moss,  swamp';  G.  moos  also  signi- 
fies 'marsh';  cp.  moss.  Hence 
E.  77iire  prop,  'mossy  soil'. 

mire 2   cp.  pis7nire. 


140 


mirth  —  mole 


mirth  me.  mirthe  earlier  nmrhde 
OE.  myrgd  deriv,  fr.  OE.  myrj^e  = 
merry  with  formative  -th  (as  in. 
length,  strengtJi). 

mis  1  prefix  me.  oe.  mis-  =  du. 
mis-,  OHG.  missa-  missi-  G.  miss-, 
ON.  mis-',  GOTH,  missa-  for  "^mipta- 
(prop.  'lost')  is  an  old  part,  in 
to-  from  a  \/^mi^  seen  in  oe. 
midan  me.  mithe  'shun,  avoid' 
(=  OSAX.  midan,  ohg.  midan  G. 
meiden).  Akin  to  gir.  w/  in  mi- 
giiim  'misdeed'? 

mis  2  prefix  older  mes-  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  mes-  (fr.  ;w/-):  source 
LAT.  minus  'less'.  —  mischief 
me.  mes-chef  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
mes-chief  'a  bad  result,  damage' 
fr.  mis'*"  and  chief  (cp.  me.  bon- 
chef  'happiness').  —  miscreant 
borrowed  fr.  ofr.  mescreant 
(source  lat.   credent-em). 

miss  vb.  ME.  7nisse  oe.  missatt 
=  DU.  G.  missen,  ON.  missa,  GOTH. 
?nissjan.  Evidently  connected 
with  WEST-TEUT.  mipan  avoid'  in 
OE.  midan,  ohg.  midan  G.  meiden 
'avoid'.      Cp.  7?iis. 

miss   contr.   of  mistress. 

mist  ME.  OE.  mist  =  du.  inist, 
LG.  mist  'darkness ,  fog ,  mist', 
ON.  mistr  'darkness,  mist'. 

mister  me.  maister  =  master. 

mistle  ME.  mistel  oe.  mistel  = 
OHG.  misti/  G.  miste/,  ON.  mistel 
'mistletoe'.  —  mistletoe  oe. 
mistel  tan  (=  on.  mistilsteinn)  fr. 
;«2>/27 'bird-lime'  and  tan  'branch  . 

mite  1  sb.  'a  small  insect  me. 
oe.  mite  =  lg.  mite,  ohg.  miyi 
'a  midge,  fly  :    teut.  sTmit  'cut 


small',  whence  goth.  maitan  = 
ON.  meita  'cut'. 

mite  2  sb.  'a  very  small  portion' 
ME.  mite  borrowed  fr.  ODU.  mij't 
a  small  coin. 

mitten  me.  mitaine  borrowed 
fr.  fr.  mitaine  'a  mitten. 

mix  vb.  ME.  mixe  oe.  miscian 
=  OHG.  miskan  from  ^miskjan 
MHG.  MLG.  G.  mischen:  all  prob. 
borrowed   fr.  lat.  miscere  'mix'. 

mizzen  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
misaine  =  IT.  ?nezzana:  source 
LAT.  medius.  Ident.  w.  G.  bezaan- 
segel. 

moan  vb.ME.  mgne  (oe.  '^tndnian) 
with  the  by-form  me.  7ni?ie  OE. 
7n(Bnan  'moan. 

moat  sb.  me.  7note  borrowed 
fr.   OFR.  mote  'dike'. 

mock  fr.  fr.  se  moquer. 

mode  fr.  fr.  mode, 

moiety  borrowed  fr.  fr.  moitii 
(lat.  type  7nedietdteni) . 

moist  adj.  me,  moiste  'moist, 
fresh':  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  77ioiste 
(=  FR.  moite).  Source  lat. 
musteus  'belonging  to  new  must 
or  wine',  also  'new,  fresh'  (mustus 
'new  wine'). 

mole^  sb.  'a  mark  on  the  body' 
me.  77iple  OE.  7ndl  =  ohg.  fneil 
also  77ieila,  goth.   7nail  'a  spot'. 

mole'^  sb.  'breakwater'  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  mole  'a  bank' 
(=  rr.  mole  mold) :  source 
LAT.  moles  'a  great  heap,  a  vast 
pile'. 

mole^  sb.  'an  insectivorous 
animal'  me.  77iolle  =  DU.  moH 
Prob.    short    for    me.  77ioldeive7'p 


9^         OF  THB  '^ 

I  UNIVERSITY 


nionday  —  more^'«Sft;;^^ALIFOR^^^ 


141 


=  OHG.  moltw'erf  G.  maulwurf. 
From  ME.  mglde  OE.  mglde  'earth' 
=  ON.  mold^  OHG.  molta^  goth. 
w2//^/<:2r 'earth' and  from  they^  werp 
seen  in  goth.  wairpan\  see 
warp. 

men  day  ivie.  mgnenday  oe. 
mgnandcej^  =  du.  maandag,  OHG. 
nidnaiac  G.  montag,  on.  mdnadagr: 
the  common  Teut.  name  for 
LAT.  ///Vi-  Ltcnae  (fr.  /?/«^/,  it. 
lunedt) ;  the  first  syllable  of 
mo n day  is  ident.  w.  ?noon. 

money  me.  moneie  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  moneie  =  fr.  monnaie 
(=  SPAN.  7noneda,  it.  monetd) : 
source  lat.  inoneta.     See  ;«z«/  '. 

monger  sb.  me.  oe.  mongere  oe. 
fnangere  (=  ohg.  mangdri^  on. 
manga7'i)  formed  from  oe.  /«a«- 
^/^;z  'trade'  with  suffix  -<?r^. 
Source  LAT.  ma?igo  'a  defrauding 
trader'. 

monk  me.  ^(5*///^  oe.  viunuc  = 
OSAX.  muniky  du.  monnikj  ohg. 
munih(h)  G.  monch:  source  lat. 
7}ioiiachus  (gr.  ao}'a;(6i;),  whence 
also  FR.  w^/;^^  and  OIR.  mafiach. 

monkey  formed  like  donkey, 
source  IT.  7ftonna  mona  'ape', 
whence  also  G.  (16.  cent.)  mun- 
aff  'simia  prasiana'. 

month  ME.  mgneth  oe.  mgnap 
=  DU.  maa?id,  ohg.  mdnod  g. 
monai,  on.  mdnudr,  goth.  fnenops. 
The  common  Teut.  stem  menbp- 
'month'  (pre-TEUT.  7nendt-)  is 
ident.  w.  teut.  mman-  = 
moon. 

mood  sb.  ME.  OE.  mod  = 
OSAX.  mod,  DU.  7noedf  ohg.  w2<;^/ 


G.  mufy  GOTH,  mods,  on.  modr. 
The  orig.  meaning  of  the  teut. 
stem  moda-  was  perhaps  'strong 
emotion,  violent  excitement'  and 
was  prob.  derived  fr.  the\^ ma- 
in GR.  (.laUod^ai    desire'. 

moon  ME.  7ngfte  oe.  mona  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  mdnOy  du.  maan,  G. 
mond ,  on.  mdni,  GOTH,  fn^na 
'the  moon'.  The  Teut.  base 
menan-  (and  7nmbp-  =  7fiontJi) 
is  cogn.  with  the  greater  part 
of  the  terms  for  *moon,  month' 
in  the  other  ARYAN  languages; 
cp.  SKR.  7nds  (for  mans  7nens') 
'moon,  month'  ^-  mdsa  'month', 
GR.  firjv  (for  ^juTJv^)  'month', 
LAT.  mensis  'month',  osax.  7nes§ci 
'moon,  month',  lith.  77ienu  'moon' 
—  77ienesis'uiont\i\  OIR.  ;;z/ 'month'. 

Moor^  sb.  'an  inhabitant  of 
Barbery'  borrowed  fr.  fr.  More] 
source  lat.  Maurus,  whence 
also  SPAN.  IT.  Moro,  ohg.  Mor 
G.   Mohr. 

moor^  sb.  'a  tract  of  untilled 
land'  ME.  OE.  inpr  'a  moor,  morass, 
bog'  =  osax.  mor,  du.  7noer, 
OHG.  muor,  LG.  G.  moor',  related 
to  OE.  mere,  Ohg.  meri  'sea'  = 
LAT.  Tnare  'sea'.     See  marsh, 

morass  sb.  me.  mareis  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  marais  {=  IT. 
marese),  whence  also  du.  moras 
moeras ,  lg.  moras  (whence  G. 
7norast)  :  source  med.-lat.  mara- 
giu7n  'swamp,  marsh'. 

more  adj.  me.  more  oe.  7ndra 
=  osax.  ohg.  mero  c.  77iehr,  du. 
meer,     on.     7neiri\     goth.    maiza 


42 


niornino;   —  mother^ 


(whose  iza  is  the  OTeut.  cbm- 
parat.  suffix)  became  oe.  7?idra 
(r  from  z  by  rhotacism)  The 
stem  ma-  belongs  to  the  teut. 
adj.   me-ra-  'illustrious'. 

morning  jme.  morninge  ?nor- 
weninge  deriv.  of  OE.  morgen  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  morgan^  du.  g.  morgen, 
ON.  morgunn  and  myrgenn,  goth. 
7naurgi?is'.  a  common  teut.  word 
for  the  first  half  of  the  day 
from  day  break.   —   Cp.  evening. 

morrow;  see  morn  and  to- 
morrow. 

morsel  me.  morsel  adapted  fr. 
OFR.  morsel  {=  fr.  mor^eau, 
IT.  morsello) :  dimin.  of  lat. 
morsiim  'a  bit'. 

mortar^  'a  vessel  in  which 
substances  are  beaten  to  powder' 
ME.  mortir  oe.  7noi'Ure  {=  DU. 
mortier):  borrowed  fr.  fr.  fnortier 
(=  SPAN,  fnortero,  it.  mortajo) 
'mortar' :  source  lat.  mortdrium 
'a  vessel  in  which  substances 
are  pounded'. 

mortar^  'a  mixture  of  lime 
and  of  sand'  so  called  from  the 
vessel  in  which  it  was  made 
mortar^  me.  morter  mortier 
adopted  fr.  fr.  mortier  (= 
SPAN,  morter  0,  it.  mortajo)  y 
whence  also  du.  mortel,  mhg. 
morter  mortel  g.  m'drtet)'.  source 
LAT.   mortdriutn. 

mortgage  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
mortgage  lit.  'a  dead  pledge'. 

moss  me.  oe.  mos  'a  swamp, 
a  plant':  Teut.  base  mosa-  =- 
DU.  mos   moss,  plant',   ohg.  mos 


'a  swamp,  plant'  G.  moos  plant, 
bog',  ON.  mosi  'moss,  mire'. 
Ident.  w.  OE.  meos,  ohg.  mios 
from  a  Teut.  base  meusa-,  whence 
mire.  Outside  of  teut.,  lat. 
museus  and  OSLOV.  mucM  are 
cognate. 

most  adj.  and  adv.  'greatest 
in  size'  me.  most  pE.  mast  com- 
monly OE.  mdst  =  OS  ax.  mest, 
DU.  meest,  ohg.  G.  meist,  on.  mestr, 
GOTH,  maists.  Superl.  belonging 
to  the  compar.  more.  goth. 
maists  has  the  old  superl.  suffix 
like  GOTH.  bat'istSy  ohg.  be'2,'Z,ist, 
OE.  betst  (for  bet-est).  The  adj. 
stem  GOTH,  mers,  ohg.  md-ri, 
OE.  mcere  etc.  seems  to  be  the 
base   of  7nore  and  most. 

mote  ME.  mote  oe.  mot  (plur. 
mdtu)  'atom';  the  me.  form  are 
based  on  the  oe.  nom.  plur. 
Cp.  DU.  mot} 

moth  ME.  moththe  oe.  moppe  == 
DU.  mot'\t)y  iviHG.  G.  motte,  on.  motti, 
sw.  mott  a  moth'  with  the  by- 
forms  MHG.  matte,  oe.  mohpe  me. 
moughpe. 

mother!  me.  mgder  oe.  modor 
=  OSAX.  modar ,  du.  moeder, 
OHG.  muoter  G.  mutter,  on.  modir. 
The  common  teut.  word  for 
'mother'  (goth.  said  ^z/^^').  teut. 
modr-  'mother'  from  Aryan  mdtr- 
in  SKR.  mdtr,  gr.  /.irjTrjo  iidxrjQ, 
LAT.  mdter,  osLOV.  mati,  oir. 
mdthir  'mother'. 

mother^  'dregs,  leee'  from 
"^mudder  =  ODU.  modder  'mud, 
dregs',     DU.    moer  'dregs,    lees'. 


motley 


iff 


143 


LG.  G.  moder^  dan.  sw.  muddcr 
'mud,    mould'.      Cogn.   w.  mud. 

motley  adj.  me.  motle  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  7natteli  'clotted, 
curdled'. 

mould^  sb.  'fine  soft  earth' 
ME.  OE.  mglde  ground,  land, 
earth,  country'  =  ohg.  7nolta, 
ON.  mold  'mould',  GOTH.  7nulda 
'dust':  \f  mal  (cp.  meat)  with 
formative    d    as    in    old^    cold. 

mould^  sb.  ME.  mglde  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  molle  (fr.  moiUe)  'a 
mould':  source  lat.  7nodulus 
dimin.   of  modus  'measure'. 

moult  vb.  ME.  moute  oe.  bi- 
miUian'.  borrowed  fr.  LAT.  7nutare 
'change',  whence  also  du.  ?nuiten, 
OHG.  7tiuyLpn  G.  mausern  'change 
the  feathers  or  skin,  moult'. 

mount  vb.  adapted  fr.  fr. 
7no titer  'mount'. 

mount  sb.  me.  mount',  loanword 
from  FR.  7?iont.  Ident.  with  OE. 
7nu7it  from  LAT.  7nonte7n  (7710ns). 
The  ME.  otc  =u  is  not  the  oe. 
i2,  but  substitution  for  the  fr. 
nasal  vowel.  —  mountain  me. 
77iountaine  fr.  OFR.  montaine  = 
FR.  montagne  (lat.  type  mon- 
taned). 

mourn  vb.  me.  7nourne  oe. 
7/mrnan  str.  vb.  =  OS  AX.  mornian, 
OHG.  tnor7ien,  on.  77torna,  goth. 
7naurnan  :  ARYAN  \P  mer  in  GR. 
iibQiuva  sorrow'  and  lat.  menior. 

mouse  ME.  7710US  (plur.  77iis) 
oe.  mils  (plur.  mys)  =  DU.  muis^ 
OHG.  vius  G.  77iaus,  ON.  mus.  The 
base  771US-  occurs  in  almost  all 
ARYAN  languages.    Cp.  skr.  7nus 


'mouse'  with  the  \/"  77ius  mus 
musdy  'take  away,  rob';  also 
GR.  (.IV  q  J    lat.  77tuSy  OSLOV.  my  St. 

mouth  ME.  7nouth  oe.  77iud  = 
OSAX.  77iud,  DU.  77iond,  OHG.  mund 
G.  77iund^  ON.  7nunnr  mudr^  GOTH. 
7nunps  'mouth'.  The  teut. 
7nunpa-z  'mouth'  is  based  on 
pre-TEUT.  7ndnto-s  and  connected 
with  LAT.  mentum  'chin'. 

move  vb.  me.  move  with  the 
by-form  moeve  fr.  ofr.  movoir 
7)ievoi7-  FR.  mouvoir  =  lat. 
movere. 

mow  sb.  ME.  77iowe  mouwe  oe. 
77iuga  7}ttlwa  =  ON.  77iugi  'heap'; 
cp.  OHG.  77iii-'w'erf  'mole'  orig. 
'maker  of  mole-heaps'. 

mow  vb.  ME.  m&ive  oe.  mdwa7i 
str.  vb.  =  DU.  maaijen,  ohg. 
mden  mhg.  tncejen  G.  mdhen.  A 
common  west-teut.  sfvie  'mow' 
appears  in  oe.  mcep  (e.  tnath  in 
after '^  latter-)^  OHG.  mad  G.  7nahd 
'mowing,  swath',  and  in  GR. 
d-urjioq  'harvest'  —  d-f.id(o  'I 
mow'  and  in  lat.  metere  'reap'. 

much  me.  moche  muche  for 
earlier  muchel  oe.  7nycel  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  mukila-  (ntikila-)] 
cogn.  w.  GR.  (.uydXrj  and  f-isyacy 
SKR.  mdhan  'great*.     Cp.  mickle. 

muck  me.  muck  borrowed  fr. 
a  SCAND.  ^muk-  =  ON.  mykl 
mykr  'dung'. 

mud  ME.  mud  =  olg.  77iudde 
'mud'. 

muff  vb.  DU.  mof  lg.  g.  sw. 
muff'.  DAN.  muffe  a  new  teut. 
word     derived     fr.     fr.     moufle 


144 


mill  ben  V 


muzzle 


'mitten,  med.-lat.  muffula  (g*'^ 
cent.).  Cogn.  w.  mtifjfe  vb. 
'cover  up  warmly'  fr.  ofr.  moufle 
'mitten'. 

mulberry  me.  oe.  murberie  oe. 
mor-berie  =   du.     pioerbes    moer- 
besie  y    ohg.    viiirberi    ?ndrberi    g. 
maulbeere'y  the  /  of  the  first  part 
of  the  compound    for  r  is    the  j 
effect    of    dissimilation ;    mdr  is  ! 
LAT.  ?ndrum  'a  mulberry'.      The  | 
second    part    is    an  explanatory  | 
addition. 

mule  ME.  milk  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  mule'y  source  lat.  mulus  *a 
mule',  whence  also  it.  mulo,  g. 
maulesel  (ohg.  mtil^  oir.  oe. 
miit). 

murder  sb.  me.  morther  oe. 
mordor  =  goth.  maurpr\  from 
\pnir  nidr  'die'  and  suffix  -pra\ 
cp.  oe.  mord  =  on.  mord,  OSAX. 
morth,  DU.  rnoord^  ohg.  g.  mord 
premeditated  murder.  teut. 
morpa-  murder'  is  based  on 
pre-TEUT.  mfto-m  'death':  \Pmor 
widely  diffused  through  all  the 
Aryan  languages  signified  'die'. 
Cp.  the  SKR.  y/^mr  'die'  (nirtd-m 
'death'  —  mrtas  'dead'  —  mdrta-s 
'mortal')  -  mrtyus  'death';  lat. 
mori  'die'  —  mortmis'  dedid^  —  mors 
'death';  osi.OM.mreti  'die'  —  moru- 
su-mruti  'death'  —  mrutvu  (lat. 
mortuus)  'dead';  lith.  mirti  'die' 
—  ?nirtis  'death';  GR.  (^(joiog  (for 
*«porot,^) 'mortal'  —  dju^gorog'im- 
mortal';  oir.  marb  'dead'.  — 
murder  vb.  me.  murthre  mirthre 
oe.  myrdrian  =  ohg.  murdireuy 
GOTH,  maur^rjan    'murder,    kill'. 


murky  me.  mirke  mirk  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  myrkr  and  ident. 
w.  OE.  mirde  myrce,  oe.  myrce^ 
OSAX.  tnirki  and  on.  .  myrkr 
'dark'  represent  a  Teut.  base 
mirkwi-. 

murmur  vb.  me.  murmitre 
adopted  fr.  fr.  murmur er  (= 
SPAN,  murmurar^  it.  mormorare, 
OHG.  murmur  on  o.  murmebi)  : 
source  lat.  murmurare. 

muscle  adopted  fr.  fr.  fnuscle: 
source  lat.  musculus  'a  muscle, 
a  little  mouse',  dimin.  of  mus 
'a  mouse'  (gr.  f.ivq)  'a  mouse, 
a  muscle'.  From  the  same  source 
also  DU.  G.  muskel  'a  muscle'. 

must  sb.  ME.  OE.  must  'new 
wine'  (=  DU.  g.  most^  on.  must) 
adopted  fr.  lat.  mustum  'new 
wine',  whence  also  ofr.  moust, 
fr.  mouty  IT.  mosto.  See  7nusty, 
moist  etc.  ^ 

must  vb.  ME.  oie.  moste  pret. 
of  OE.  tnptan  =  OSAX.  motan, 
DU.  moeteUy  OHG.  muoi^an  G. 
jniisseny  goth.  motan. 

mustard  me.  mustard  mostard 
(=  DU.  mosterd  mostaard,  G. 
fnostert  {niostricJi)'.  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  moustard  =  fr.  moutard. 
Source  OFR.  moust  =  lat.  mustus 
'new  wine'. 

mute  ME.  miiet  fr.  fr.  muet. 
Source  LAT.  mutus  'dumb'. 

Vi\\y.\X.oviyis..motounmutoun2,do'^\.* . 
ed  fr.  OFR.  mo  ton  (fr.  mouton). 

muzzle  ME.  mosel  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  musel  =■  fr.  fnuseau  'muzzle'; 
perh.  orig.  identical  w.  morcel 
=  E.  morse/. 


mushrooiii 


nap 


45 


mushroom  late  me.  viushei'oun 
fr.   the   equiv.    ofr.   mousseron. 

muster  sb.  'a  show;  review, 
array;  pattern'  etc.  short  for 
ME.  7iioustre  from  ofr.  monstre 
(fr.  viontre  =  IT.  mo  sir  a)',  source 
LAT.  monstrare,  whence  also  du. 
monster,  mlg.  vmnstery   G.  muster , 


sw.  DAN.  fnonster. —  Hence  the  vb. 
muster  vb.  'exhibit,  review'  etc. 
]ME.  niust{e)re  <  OFR.  monstrer 
(fr.  montrer  =  span,  mostrar, 
IT.  mostrar e^  from  LAT.  monstrare] 
cp.  DU.  mofisteren,  mlg.  mimstereUy 
G.  mustern,  sw.  monstra,  dan. 
monstre. 


N 


nag  ME.  nagge  'horse';  cp.  odu. 
«^^^^    a  small  horse'. 

nail  ME.  //^z//  OE.  «^j^/  =  osAX. 
OHG.  nagal  du.  g.  ?iagel,  on. 
//^^/'finger-nail'  —  nag/t'wooden, 
iron  nail';  GOTH.  *nag/s  inferred 
from  the  vb.  nagljan  'nail',  teut. 
nag  la-  arose  from  ARYAN  noghlo- 
or  nokhld-\  cp.  skr.  nakhd  'nail 
of  a  finger  or  toe,  claw  of  a 
bird',  GR.  ovvx-  (nom.  oVyi)  'nail 
of  a  finger  or  toe,  claw,  hoof, 
hook',  LAT.  unguis  'claw,  talon', 
OIR.  ingen  (cymr.  ewin)  from 
mghwindy  OSLOV.  nogutt  'nail, 
claw'  (fr.  OSLOV.  noga  'foot'); 
LITH.  ndgas  'finger-nail'  —  nagii 
'horse's  hoof.  ARYAN  \/^  nokh 
nogh. 

naked  adj.  me.  naked  oe.  ndcod 
^=^  DU.  naakt,  ohg.  nackut  nahhut 
G.  nackt,  ON.  nekkvidr,  goth. 
naqaps'.  Teut.  base  naqo-da- 
naqa-da-  from  a  pre-TEUT.  nogoto- 
fiogeto-',  cp.  OIR.  «^^^/'naked' from 
a  base  nokto-  and  skr.  nagnd 
'naked'    with   suffix    na    for    ta\ 

English  Etymology. 


without  consonantal  suffix  are 
formed  osLOV.  nagu,  lith.  ?tugas 
naked'.  Allied  also  LAT.  nudus 
for  ^7io2)dtis  *nogvtaus.  —  aryan 
\fndgl 

name  sb.  me.  name  oe.  ndma 
ngma  =  osAX.  ohg.  na?no,  DU. 
naaniy  G.  name,  ON.  nafn  (for 
^namn'),  goth.  namd\  synon.  with 
SKR.  7tdma,  GR.  o-vojLia,  lat. 
nomen  and  perh.  also  ident.  with 
osLOV.  im^  fr.  *m-men  *pn-men, 
PRUSS.  emmans,  OIR.  ainm.  The 
ARYAN  base  was  no-men-,  which 
perh.  was  orig.  *gno-men-  fr.  the 
ARYA^ y/^gno  in  know.  Then 
name  prop,  meant  'name  by 
which   a  thing  is  known'. 

napi  sb.  from  the  vb.  me. 
nappe  OY.,  hnceppian  hnappian  'doze'; 
cp.  OHG.  hnaffezen  mhg.  nafzen 
vb.  'slumber'.  Perh.  cogn.  w. 
o^.hnipian,  o^.hnipna  vb.  'droop'. 

nap  2  sb.  earlier  nop  me.  noppt 
'nap',    OE.  hnoppa    ('villus')    'nap 

of   cloth'  =   DU.    nop,    MLG.    DAN. 

noppe,  osw.  nop  'nap  of  cloth  or 

10 


146 


nape  —  neck 


wool';  cogn.  w.  NORWEG.  nuppa, 
GOTH,  dishniupan    to  break'. 

nape  me.  mipe  'knob';  perh. 
with  inner  labial  for  guttural  and 
cogn.  w.   neck. 

napkin  me.  ?iapekiu  adopted  fr. 
FR.  nappe  table-cloth  with  dimin. 
suffix  'kin.  Source  a  vulg.  lat. 
"^'nappa  ==  lat.  mappa  'a  cloth". 
See  map. 

nard  me.  mnd  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  7ia?-d  (:=  SPAN.  IT.  nardo) 
=  LAT.  7iai'dus,  whence  also  G. 
narde. 

narrow-  adj.  me.  narowe  7iarwe 
OE.  nearu  =  OS  AX.  naru^  du. 
iiaar)  from  a  teut.  adj.  iiarwa- 
(used  as  fern.  sb.  in  ohg.  7iarwa 
G.  nai'he  'scar').  Cp.  ltth.  nh'-ti 
vb.  'thread'  (a  needle)  —  7iarvd 
'cell  of  the   queen-bee'. 

narwhal  (=  o.  na7'wat)  adopt- 
ed fr.  DAN.  sw.  7M7-hval  =  ON. 
nd-hvalr  'sea-unicorn.  The  se- 
cond element  see  under  whale\ 
the  first  part  is  obscure. 

nasty  adj.  corruption  of  an 
earlier  nasky\  perh.  borrowed 
fr.  sw.  dial,  naskiig  'nasty,  dirty'. 

naught  ME.  naught  oe.  ftdht 
earliet  7idwiht  =  OSAX.  niowiht 
OHG.  niowiht  g.  7ticht^  DU.  tiiet^ 
Gora.  7ii  waihts  'no  thing';  cp. 
whit. 

nave^  sb.  'the  body  of  the 
church'  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  7tave 
FR.  nef  (=  SPAN.  it.  nave^  'a 
ship'  —  'the  body  of  the  church': 
MED. -LAT.  nqvis  *the  nave  of 
a    church'    =  LAT.   ndvis    'ship'. 


j    nave 2  sb.  'the  hub  of  a  wheel' 

'  ME.   7idi}e    OE.  7idfu  =  DU.  7?aa/ 

I  aa/    7iave ,    OHG.    77a/fa     G.    77alfe, 

'on.   np/,    GOTH.    '^naba'.    an    old 

I  ARYAN    word    (base    7iobha) ;    cp. 

SKR.  7idbhi  {.'  and  nabhya  n.  'the 

nave     (of    a    wheel);    cogn.    w. 

7iavel.     See  augC7'. 

navel  sb.  me.  7zdvel{e)  oe.  nd- 
fela  =  DU.  7iavel,  OHG.  7iabiilo 
G.  7iabel,  ON.  7iajii',  goth.  '^7iabala : 
a  commonARYANword  with  a  base 
nobhalo-:  onbhalo-\  cp.  the  synon. 
GR.  df-KfaXog,  lat.  timbilicus  (tor 
'^unbilirus  "^nobilkus),  SKR.  7idbhila^ 
OIR.  ivibli7i  'navel'.  These  words 
are  ver)'  old  /-derivatives  of 
AKYKi^i  nobhd  o/ibhd  'nave,  navel'; 
cp.  LETT,  naba  'navel',  lat.  umbo 
'boss  of  a  shield'.     Cp.  nave. 

navy  me.  ndvie  ndve\  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  navee  orig.  'a  single 
ship'  (fr.  lat.  7iavis    ship'). 

nay  me.  nai\  loanword  fr.  on. 
DAN.  nei  'no,  not',  which  answers 
to  genuine  no  (cp.  aye). 

neap-tide  sb.  me.  ncp-se'soim 
OE.  nip-Jl(ki  'ebb';  a  teut.  adj. 
n'epa-  is  not  found  elsewhere. 

near  adj.  'nigh'  now  used  as 
a  positive,  but  prop,  a  compa- 
rative adverb  me.  7i€r  {ner)  OE. 
near  {7tyr)  contr.  of  ^n(aho7'  {^7na- 
hir)  =  OSAX.  OHG.  77dhSr  adv., 
DU.   77aar  adv.      Cp.  7iigh. 

neat  adj.  borrowed  fr.  fr.  7iet 
(source  lat.  fiitidus  'shining, 
clear). 

neck  ME.  nekke  oe.  hnecca  = 
DU.  nek\    cp.  OHG.  nac  hnac  (ck) 


need  —   nest 


147 


G.  nacken^  ON.  hnakki:  Teut.  base 
"^hnakkan-  for  ON.  hnakki  and 
"^hnekkan-  for  oe.  hnccca.  oiR. 
cnocc,  OBRET.  cnoch  'hill'  (stem 
CHOCC0-)  may  be  cognate,  perhips 
also  71  ape.  •      \ 

need  sb.  me.  ned  {neit)  oe.  -v/^/ 
tiyd  (ii(ad)   fr.  a  Teut.  base  naudi 

=    OSAX.     :^^^/,     DU.     noody     OHG. 

z/^/    G.     na^,     ON.    naudr,     GOTH. 
iiaups\  pre-TEUT.  nauti-  has  been 
connected     with     pruss.    nauti-  \ 
'distress';  pre-TEUT.  \l^nau. 

needle  me.  nedle  oe.  nedl  nddl 
(oldest  form  nckdl)  =  osAX.  nctdlay 
DU.  naaldy  OHG.  nddala  G.  z/^-^/.?/, 
ON.  ndly  GOTH,  nepla'.  a  common 
Teut.  word  for  'needle'  formed 
with  the  suffix  -//<?-,  Aryan  -tld-  fr. 
\^;z<?  seen  in  ohg.  ndjan  G.  ^v/Zi^^// 
'sew'.  TEUT.  V"«^  is  usually  con- 
nected with  the  ARYAN  \rw  in 
LAT.  na-e,  gr.  vim  *I  spin'  ■ —  i/7]/m 
'thread'  —  vijrpov  'spindle';  OIR. 
S7iim  'spinning'  and  snathe  'thread' 
—  STulthat   needle'. 

neeze  vb.  cp.  me.  nesinge  'snee- 
zing' and  ON.  hnjdsa,  ohg.  hnio- 
san  g.  niese?t,  du.  niezen  vb. 
'sneeze':  lYXi'Wsf  hneuSy  cogn.  w. 
the  •V'EUT.sffneus  in  oe.  fneosan 
me.  fnese  and  du.  f niezen  'to 
sneeze'  and    \f  s?ieus  in   sneeze. 

neif  neaf  me.  neve  'fist'  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  hnefi  'fist'  (sw. 
niifve,  dan.   nceve^, 

neigh  vb.  me.  niie  oe.  hmk-^an 
'neigh'  =  du.  neim  vb.  and 
MLG.  neiinge  sb.  'neighing',  mhg. 
neigen    vb.    'neigh':    of   imitative 


origin  like  ON.  gneggja  and  ohg. 
hweion    vb.  'neigh'. 

neighbor  me.  neighebow-  oe. 
n^llhebur  prop,  n^'a h-^e bur  ^=osA'K. 
ndbih'  (for  ndh-gibii}-),  iy\].nabuur, 
OHG.  ndh-gibilr  g.  nachbav.  a  com- 
mon West-Teut.  compound  of 
«/^>^  and  bower y  pointing  to 
GOTH,  ^^n^hwa-gabur. 

neither  see  either;  me.  na*uther 
OE.  ndivder  earlier  forrn  •  nd- 
hwi^der. 

nephew  me.  nevtw  borrowed 
from  FR.  neveu\  supplanting  the 
genuine  me.  n(ve  oe.  nefa  'grand- 
son, nephew'  =  on.  /z*?/^" 'relative',  ^^M 
DU.  ^(?^ 'grandson,  nephew,  cou-  ^ 
sin',  OHG.  n'evo  G.  nejfe  'sister's  (or 
brother's)  son':  Teut.  base '^<^</?2- 
from  a  pre-Teut.  base  n^pot-  ap- 
pearing in  SKR.  ndpdt  (stem 
ndptr)  'descendant,  son,  grand- 
son', GR.  avsifJiog  'a  first  cousin, 
kinsman'  —  vsnodsg  'offspring', 
i-AT.  nepos  (the  source  of  fr. 
nevett y  whence  e.  nepheui)  'a 
grandson,  also  a  nephew',  OIR. 
nia  'a  sister's  son'. 

nest  ME.  OE.  nest  =  ohg.  g. 
DU.  nest:  teut.  nesta-  =  pre-Teut. 
form  nizdo-  confirmed  by  skr. 
nida-s  'lair  of  animals'  also 
'dwelling',  armen.  nist  'seat', 
OIR.  net  'nest',  lat.  mdus  'nest' 
for  "^nizdos.  The  Aryan  ni-zdo-  is 
prop,  a  compound  of  the  aryan 

s/^sed  'sit,  seat  oneself,  and 
the  verbal  particle  7zi  preserved 
in  SKR.  (see  nether^ ;  nizdo- 
from  ni'Sedo-  means  lit.  'settle- 
ment'; cp.  SKR.  ni-sad  'sit  down, 
to* 


48 


net   —   night 


settle'.  —  nestle  vb.  me.  nest{e)le 
OE.  7iistlian  (=  du.  nesteleii,  G. 
nistelfi) :  a  frequent,  form,  lit. 
'frequent  a  nest'. 

net  ME.  OE.  net  (it)  fr.  a  Teut. 
natja-  =  OS  ax.  net  (/letti),  du. 
ON.  net,  OHG.  nezzi  G.  ;^^/2^,  GOTH. 
nati]  allied  to  on.  not  'a  large 
net'  and  lat.   nassa  'net'. 

nether  adj.  me.  nether  e  oe. 
neodera]  cogn.  w.  OSAX.  nithiri, 
DU.  nedef,  ohg.  ^/V/zW  g.  nieder 
and  OE.  ///rf'^r  =  osAX.  nithar, 
DU.  neder,  ohg.  /zzV/<r7r  g.  nieder, 
ON.  ;?/^r,  GOTH,  '^nipar'.  deriv. 
from  the  Aryan  verbal  particle 
«/  'downward'  mentioned  under 
nest  and  the  comparat.  suffix 
LAT.  -ter,  GR.  -TbQog,  skr.  -/^r^r. 

nettle  me.  «^///^  oe.  nete/e  == 
DU.  MLG.  ^^/^/,  OHG.  nei^y.la  g. 
nessel]  with  dimin.  suffix  -z'/^;?- 
from  a  more  original  form  seen 
in  ohg.  ^^55^?  'nettle',  goth.  '^nata 
and  "^natild'y  possibly  connected 
with  net  and  with  the  redupli- 
cated OIR.  nenaid  (base  nenat-) 
nettle';   cp.  lith.  notere  'nettle'. 

never  adv.  me.  never  oe.  ndfre 
from  ne    not'  and  ckfre  =  ever. 

new  adj.  me.  newe'  oe.  neowe 
{tiiive)  =  osAx.  OHG.  nimvi,  du. 
nieuw,  G.  neu,  on.  «jr,  goth.  inujis. 
The  common  teut.  niuja-  from 
pre-TEUT.  niuyo-  answers  to  skr. 
navy  as  naviyas  (and  ndvas),  lith. 
natijas  navas  (osLOV.  /z^e^z^,  lat. 
novus,  OR.  r60c);  prob.  connected 
with  the  ARYAN  particle  nil  'now', 
so  that  that  which  is  new'  means 
now,   recent'.      Cp.  now. 


newt  with  secondary  ?i  from 
ME.  eute  evete  oe.  efete\  not  found 
in  the  other  Teut.  languages. 
Teut.  base  abiton-l 

next  adj.  me.  next  oe.  niehst 
nehst  :=-  OSAX.  ohg.  nahist  G. 
ndchst:  superl.  of  oe.  niah  =  e. 
nigh.     See  also  near. 

nice  me.  ni^e  'foolish'  fr.  ofr. 
ni(;e  'slothful,  idle,  dull';  source 
LAT.   nescins  'ignorant'. 

niche  borrowed  fr.  fr.  niche 
=1  IT.  nicchia  'a  recess  in  the 
wall'. 

nickname  short  for  earlier 
nekendine  me.  eke-ndnie  prop,  'ad- 
ditional name';  cp.  on.  auknafn, 
DAN.  ognavn  'nickname'.  For  OE. 
icanycean  'to  add'  cp.  eke.  The 
initial  ;/  of  nickna7ne  is  secon- 
dary as  in  newt. 

niece  me.  ne^e  fr.  fr.  niece: 
source  med.-lat.  neptia  'a  niece' 
=  LAT.  neptis  a'  grand-daughter, 

niece'. 
niggard    sb.    me.    nigard   with 

the  by-form  me.  nigoun  'niggard'; 

the  formation  of  the  Me.  words 

points  to  Fr.   influence. 
nigh  adj.   adv.    and  prep.  me. 

neigh    oe.    neh    earlier    ncah    = 

OSAX.  ndh,  ohg.  ndh  G.  nahe,  on. 

nd-r,    goth.   n^hws    'nigh,    near': 

Teut.   base  nehwa-   =  pre-TEUT. 

neko-    neqe-.       Cp.     near,     next 

and  neighbour. 
night    ME.    flight    {naught^     oe.-- 

niht  (neaht)   =-  osax.   ohg.  naht, 

DU.  g.  nacht,  on.  ndtt  nott,   goth. 

nahts :     teut.     7zaht-    from    pre- 

TEUT.  nokt'\   cp.  LAT.   nox    (stem 


nightingale   —   nose 


149 


nocti-),  GR.  vvS,  (wXT-),  SKR. 
ndkta  —  naktan  —  ndkti^  lith. 
naktisj  OSLOV.  nosti.  See  fort- 
night, sennight. 

nightingale  me.  nightengdle  oe. 
nihte-gcile  =  osax.  ohg.  nahti-gala, 
DU.  nachtegaal,  g.  nachtigall  'a 
nighting-ale':  from  oe.  niht  (gen. 
fiihte)  =  night  and  teut.  galan 
str.   vb.  'sing'.      Cp.  sta7iyel. 

nightmare  me.  nighfemdre)  oe. 
OHG.  ON.  mara  a  night -mare' 
(du.   nach'-merrie   nightmare'). 

nightshade  oe.  niht-sceadu  from 
OE.  7iiht  :=  E.  night  and  oe. 
sceadu  =  e.  shade. 

nimble  adj.  ivrE.  niniel  Ht. 'ready 
to  catch'  from  OE.  niman  vb. 
'take,  seize';  for  the  suffix  cp. 
brittle. 

nine  me.  nine  oe.  nigone  without 
inflexion  nigon  neogon  =  osax. 
nigtin,  T>\j.negen\  cp.  goth.  ohg. 
niu?i  G.  neun,  on.  niii  'nine':  the 
forms  with  g  are  based  on  teut. 
'^negun  for  '^neivmiy  whilst  goth. 
and  OHG.  niun  are  based  ovi^newn. 
The  numeral  is  common  to  all 
Aryan  languages  in  the  form 
new?n  newn ;  cp.  skr.  ndvan,  la  r. 
noveniy  gr.   tVj'g'a,   OIR.  noi. 

nit  ME.  nite  oe.  hnitu  =  du. 
neet,  mlg.  /z^/^  z?//,  ohg.  nii^  g. 
«/>;•.  gr.  ;oWg  (plur.  ;om)fc) 
'egg  of  lice,  bee-bugs  and  fleas' 
may  be  allied,  if  y.(o)vtd  is 
common  to  both  languages.  Cp. 
also  SLAV,  gnida  and  alban.  i)cni 
from  ^kenidd. 

no  adv.  me.  no  oe.  nd  (==  on. 


nei  cp.  rt-j)  from  ne  'not'  and 
^'  'aye,   ever'. 

noble  me.  jwble  fr.  fr.  noble  = 
LAT.   nobilis. 

nod  vb.  me.  nodde\  cogn.  w. 
ohg.  hnutten  'vibrate'  mhg.  notteti 
'stake'  and  on.  hnjoda  vb.  ham- 
mer': TRi^T.s/^hmid. 

noddle  'head'  me.  7iodle. 

noise  sb.  me.  ?ioise  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  ;2<?zV^ 'quarrel' ;  source  lat. 
nausea  'nausea'. 

noisome  adj.  of  me.  noy  nuy 
'annoyance,  hurt'  earlier  me.  anui 
fr.  FR.  emiui  (ofr.  ajini)]  cp. 
annoy. 

none  me.  ngn  oe.  ndn  from  ne 
'not'  and  dn  =  one. 

nook  me.   npk  'corner'. 

noon  me.  oe.  non  =  osax.  ohg. 
nona,  DU.  noen^  G.  none,  on.  7t6n, 
Source  lat.  nona  (sc.  hora^  lit. 
'the  ninth'  (hour)  with  an  ex- 
tension of  meaning  'midday, 
twelve  o'clock'. 

nor  me.  nor  short  for  7iother 
'neither',  oe.  ndwder  contr^  of 
ndhwceder  'neither'  from  oe.  nd  ■= 
no  and  oe.  hwcEder  =  whether. 

north  ME.  north(e)  oe.  nor^  = 
DU.  noord,  ohg.  G.  nord,  on.  nordr, 
sw.  dan.  nord\  it.  Span,  norte, 
fr.   nord  are   of  Teut.   origin. 

northern  me.  norther7ie  oe.  nor-, 
derne  prehistoric  *norprceni  fr.  a 
TEUT.  type  norproni  ^=  ohg.  7tor- 
driwniy    ON.    norrKn7i    'northern'. 

nose  ME.  7igse  oe.  7i6su  (jidsii) 
'the  nose';  cp.  du.  neus,  ohg. 
nasa  G.7iase,  on.7ips:  TEiJ'T.'^/iasd'- 
nosb-    nose'  =  aryan  7iaS')  cp. 


y^ 


I50 


not  —  nut 


SKR.  ndsa  nas,  oslov.  nosu,  lith. 
7idsis,  LAT.  ndsus  naves.  —  nostril 
ME.  nosethirl  oe.  nos-pyrel  {iices- 
^yrl)  lit.  'a  nose-orifice'  from 
OF.. ?iosunasu=:^ nose  and  of.. pyrel 
'a  perforation,   orifice'. 

not  ME.  not  short  for  nought 
OE.  nauJU  ndiviht  =  osax.  ofiG, 
niowiht,  du.  niet,  G.  /z/V/^/.  From 
OE.  ne  'not'  and  oe.  diviht  ^= 
aught. 

notch  also  nock  me.  nokke  = 
ODU.  noch  'a  notch  in  the  head 
of  an  arrow',  osw.noe/ia  'a  notch': 
source  ofr.  hoche  'notch'  ? 

note  ME.  note  adopted  fr.  fr. 
note:  source  lat.  nota  'a  mark, 
sign,  note'.  —  notice  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  notice  'notice'  =  lat.  ?iotitia 
'knowledge,   acquaintance'. 

noun  sb.  borrowed,  fr.  ofr.  non 
=  FR.  nom  'a  nameT  ""source 
LAT.   nomen  'a  name  . 

nourish  vb.  me.  nurisshe  vb. 
adopted  fr.  ofr.  noriss-  the  stem 
of  certain  forms  of  ofr.  norrir 
=  FR.  nourrir  'nourish':  source 
LAT.  nutrire   'feed'.      Cp.   nurse. 

now  ME.  now  oe.  nu  =  osax. 
7iu,  DU.  nu,  OHG.  nu  G.  nu(n),  on. 
m/,  GOTH,  nu:  a  common  aryan 
adv.;  cp.  skr.  nu  niin-iun  'now', 
GR.  vv  VVI-,  LAT.  mmc  (with  the  c 
ofhi-c),  OSLV.  7zyne 'no\Wy  lith.  nu. 
Cp.  ne7£>. 

nude  adj.  fr.  fr.  nmte  =  lat. 
tiudus  'naked'. 

nuisance  sb.  me.  noisaunfe  bor- 
rowed fr.    FR.  nuisance    'a  hurt': 


a  verbal  noun  formed  fr.  the 
pres.  part,  of  fr.  nuire  =  lat. 
nocere    hurt,   injure'. 

numb  adj.  me.  nome  no7?ien  prop, 
part,  of  ME.  nmte  =  oe.  niman 
'take,  overpower,  deprive  of  sen- 
sation'; cp.  Q"^.  numinn  'bereft' 
(of  life,   of  speech). 

number  adopted  fr.  vw.novibre-. 
source  lat.  numerus  'a  number'. 
—  numerous  adj.  adopted  fr. 
FR.  ntmicreux  (for  the  usual  ?i07ti- 
breux)  fr.  lat.  mmierosus  adj. 
'numerous . 

nun  ME.  nonne  oe.  7tunne  =^  du. 
7ton,  OHG.  nunna  G.  non7ie.  In  the 
S'*'  cent,  adopted  fr.  lat.  noniia 
(orig.  meaning 'mother')  ;  cp.  fr. 
nonne,  it.  nonna  'a  nun'.  ^ 

nurse  sb.  contr.  of  me.  norige 
nurife:  loanword  fr.  ofr.  7iui'rice 
=  FR.  nouri'ice.  Source  lat. 
nuti'ic-e77i\  nurse'.  — nurture  sb. 
ME.  7io7'ti'ire  adopted  fr.  opt^.  no- 
riture  (=  ¥R.7iour?'iture^  :  source 
LAT.  nutritura  'nourishment .  See 
nourish. 

nut  ME.  7tote  nute  oe.  hnutu  = 
DU.  noot^  OHG.  7iu^^  G.  nuss,  on. 
hnot'wxi^.  The  Teut.  base  hnut- 
points  to  \^  k7tud  (seen  in  oir. 
cnu  'nut'?).  —  nutmeg  me.  7tote- 
muge  mit77iegge  from  me.  nut  = 
nut  and  me.  77iuge  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  7nnge  'musk'  =  lat.  77iuscus 
'musk  ?  Cp.  OFR.  77iuguette  fr. 
7nuguet  'a  nutmeg'  =  ital.  noce 
moscada. 


oaf  —   on 


O 


oaf  ident.  with  elf\  perh.  oe. 
celf  or  rather  borrowed  fr.  ON. 
dlfr  'elf. 

oak  ME.  ok  OE.  dc  fr.  a  Teiit. 
base  aik-  =:  on.  eik^  du.  eik^ 
OHG.  ^//^  G.  eiche'.  all  with  the 
same  meaning  'oak';  perh.  cogn. 
w.   GR.  alyavsTj  'spear'  —  Aiyic,. 

oakum  me.  gkiimb  oe.  d-cimiba 
'tow';  cp.  OHG.  d-katuhi  *tow': 
prop,  'that  which  is  combed 
out'.     For  oe.  comb  cp.  co?nb. 

oar  ME.  pre  oe.  dr  (infl.  are) 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  airo-  =  on.  dr 
(dan.  rtTrt^r^,  sw.  dra).  If  teut. 
^/r^-  is  an  aryan  eryd-y  sfer  in 
OR.  sgevriQ  'oarsman'  —  spsT/twg 
'oar  might  be  cognate,  cp.  ro7a. 

oast  ME.  ps^  OE.  dsf  'kiln,  dry- 
inghouse'  =  du.  ees/:  teut.  ^/>///- 
cogn.  w.  hhrv.aesius  'glowing  heat'; 
ARYAN  V"  ^i'ih  'burn'  in  GR.  alifog 
'heat'. 

oath     ME.    py/l     oe.     d/    =    GOTH. 

ai/s,  ON.  e2'dr,  du.  eed,  ohc.  g. 
eid  'oath':  teut.  ai/a-  fr.  a  pre- 
TEUT.  ^2V<?-  in  OiR.  oe//i  'oath';  perh. 
y/^ai  in  ohg.  e7oa  'law'. 

oats  ME.  ptes  plur.  of  ^//c'  oe. 
d/a. 

oblige  vb.  me-  ob/i^'-e  =  fr. 
obltger,  LAT.  obligare. 

obtain   fr.   fr.  obtenir. 

odd  ME.  odde  'distinguished, 
special':  loanword  fr.  on.  oddi  'a 
triangle',   which  also   means  'an 


odd  number'  {standask  I  odda 
'be  at  odds,   quarrel'). 

of  ME.    OE.  of  =    GOTH.  ON.  DU. 

of,  OHG.  aba  g.  ab:  aryan  apo  in 
GR.  cino,  SKR.  d/>a  'away.  —  off 
orig.  ident.   w.  o/. 

offend  vb.  me.  offende  fr.  fr. 
offe7idre  ^=-  LAT.  offendere. 

offer   vb.    me.  offre   oe.    offrian 

j  wk.   vb.  'offer':  loanword  fr.  lat. 

offerre  'offer';    cp.    du.    offer  sb. 

offering'    and    osax.    offrbn    vb. 

offer'. 

office  ME.  office  fr.  fr.  office  =■- 
LAT.  officium  'duty'. 

often  earlier  oft  me.  ofte  oe.  oft 

I  =    on.  Opty    GOTH.    uftOy    OHG.  ofto 

\  G.  oft  'frequently'.  The  adv. 
points  to  a  Teut.  adj.  of-ta-^ 
which  is  perh.  part,  of  an  aryan 
\fuq  =  SKR.   uc  'to   be  wont'. 

oil    ME.    oi/e    (olie)    fr.  ofr.  oile 
=   FR.   huile  'oil'   (lat.  oleuffi). 
'    ointment  me.  oine?/tent  fr.   ofr. 
oignenient'.  deriv.  of  fr.  oindre  = 
LAT.   ungere  vb.  'anoint'. 

old  me.  old  OE.  did  (Jald) :  Teut. 
base  alda-  =  osax.  aid,  ohg.  g. 
alt,  ON.  <7/^/r,  DU.  (?z<;^'old';  cogn. 
w.  GOTH,  al/eis  'old'  and  usalpan 
'grow  old'.  A  primitive  teut. 
and  ARYAN  \fat^xQ)\N  cp.  in  goth 
alan  =^  lat.  alere  'nourish'. 

on  ME.  OE.  on  =  GOTH,  ana 
'on',  G.  an  ohg.  ana,  DU.  aan, 
ON.  d  (for  *^/^) :  cogn.  w.  gr. 
dva,  SKR.   ana. 


52 


once  —  otter 


once  ME.  ones  late  oe.  dues  (com- 
monly cenes)',  orig.  genitive  of 
OE.  an  =  one',  cp.  G.  ei?ist  ohg. 
eines.  —  one  me.  on  oe.  an  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  aina-z  =  goth.  ains, 
ON.  emn,  du.  ^<?«,  G.  ^w.  aryan 
oino-s  may  be  inferred  fr.  lat.  zinus 
(for  oinos),  ir.  ^^«,  cymr.  z<f;?,  gr. 
oh'o'c',   cogn.    w.  SKR.   e-ka  'one'. 

onion  me.  onioun  fr.  fr.  oignon 
whence  also  flam,  anjoen  du. 
ajuin  fr.  o\y\5.onjuiin  :  source  lat. 
imioinefn) ,  whence  also  ok.  ynne 
'onion'  fr.  west-teut.  ^imnjon-  = 
TEUT.   unjon-. 

only  me.  pnll  earlier  pnlic  OE. 
dnlic  'unique'.     From  one. 

ooze  me.  wpse  oe.  w^'j-  (infl. 
7Z)pse^  juice';  perh.  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  wansa-  in  on.  vds  'wetness'; 
cp.  mlg.  wbse  'juice'. 

or  conj.  me.  or  shortened  fr. 
an  earlier  odr,  which  supplants 
OE.  odde  'or'  under  the  influence 
of  OE.  dwder  dhwceder  =--  me. 
auther  outher  'either'  {'one  of  two') 

or  adv.  'ere'ME.  or  late  oe.  (rare) 
dr;  commonly  oe.  cer  me.  ^r  'ere'. 
See  ere. 

orange  me.  orenge  fr.  ofr.  orenge 
=  FR.  orange. 

open  ME.  open  oe.  open  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  opana-  =  ohg.  offan 
G.  offtn,  OSAX.  opan,  du.  open, 
on.opinn.  The  adj.  has  the  form 
of  a  participle  and  points  to  a 
lost  verbal  root   (eupl  w'epT). 

orchard  me.  orchard  oe.  orcerd 
older  ort-ieara  (=  goth.  aicrii- 
gards  'garden  ) :  adoption  of  lat. 
hortus  (for   the   mute   h    cp.    it. 


orto)\  GOTH,  aurtja  'gardener'  and 
OHG.  orzon  'cultivate'  point  also  to 
\.KT.  hortus.  The  (T/^  of  the  E.  word 
is  owing  to  a  fusion  of  /  -f-  5 
(oe.  ori  -\-  leard).  oe.  j^eard'  ' 
garden'  (cp.  yard  and  garden) 
is  added  in  explanation  of  lat. 
hortus  (=  teut.  ort), 

ordain  vb.  me.  ordaine  fr.  ofr. 
ordener  =  lat.  ordmare.  —  ordre 
me.  ordre  fr.  fr.  ordre  =  lat.- 
ordinem  (nom.  or  do). 

ordure  (Shakesp.)  'excrement' 
me.   ordure  fr.  fr.  ordure. 

ore  me.  or  oe.  dr  'brass'  =  goth. 
ais  'brass'  {aiza-smipa  'copper- 
smitli),  ON.  eir,  ohg.  er  'brass'; 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  aes  'ore,  bronze', 
SKR.  ay  as  'iron. 

origin  me.  origine  fr.  fr.  origine. 

orison  'prayer'  me.  oreisoun  fr. 
FR.  oraiso7i  'prayer':  source  lat. 
oratio-ne?n. 

orts  ME.  ortes  plur.  of  a  sing. 
^ort  OE.  "^oret  for  '^or-cet',  cp.  LG. 
ort  'what  is  left  by  the  cattle 
in  eating'  and  goth.  uzeta  'crib': 
prefix  or  'out'  and  y/^et  in  eat. 

ostrich  ME.  ostriche  fr.  ofr. 
OS  true  he  =  fr.  autruche\  source 
LAT.  avis  struthio  'ostrich',  whence 
oe.  stryta,  OHG.  struT^  (g.  vogel 
Strauss)   and  also  it.  struzzo. 

other  ME.  other  oe.  oder  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  anpera- ^=^GOTiA.anpar , 
OHG.  G.  DU.  ander,  on.  a?inarr', 
cogn.  w.  LiTH.  antraSy  skr.  antara 
and  anya  'other'. 

otter  ME.  oter  oe.  otor  =  du. 
G.  otter  OHG.  ottar,  on.  otr :  base 
TEUT.  y/^otra-  =  ARYAN  ?idro-  cogn. 


ouch 


pack 


153 


w.  water;  otter  prop,  'the  water 
animal'.  Cp.  gr.  vdga  'a  water- 
snake'  and  closely  allied  to  the 
Teut.  group  oslov.  vydra,  lith. 
lidra  'otter'. 

ouch  ME.  ouche  commonly  7ioiiche 
'necklace,  collar'  fr.  ofr.  nouche 
prop,  nose  he  (=  ohg.   nusea). 

ought  =  aught. 
"  ounce    ME.  oun^e    fr.    fr.   ofice\ 
source  lat.  mieia,  whence    also 
inch. 

our  ME.  oure  oe.  lire  for  *usre 
:=  GOTH,  unsara'.  from  the  Teut. 
pron.   tms\   cp.   tis. 

ousel  ME.  psel  oe.  gsle  for  *omsle 
teut.  anisla  =  ohg.  amsala  G. 
amsel  'ousel'. 

out  ME.  oute   OE.^iite  earlier   ut 

=    GOTH,    lltf    ON.    tit,     OHG.    1(7,    G. 

aus,  DU.  uit.  Cp.  SKR.  ud  'up,  out'. 

outlaw  ME.  outlawe  late  oe. 
titlaga  fr.  ON.  utlagi\  cp.  lat. 
exlex  and  see  law. 

outrage  me.  outrage  fr.  fr.  ou- 
trage (=  source  a  lat.  type 
zdtra-ticuni). 

oven    ME.    ,^^«    OE.   ^^/^  =  OHG. 

ovan  G.  <7/<?^,  DD.  oven,  on.  <?/>/ 
and  GOTH,  auhns  'oven';  an  ori- 
ginal meaning  of  the  Teut.  word 
is  preserved  in  oe.  ofnet  'vessel'. 


An  ARYAN  type  ugno-  is  found  in 
GR.   invdc;    oven'. 

over  ME.  pzfer  oe.  o/er  =  goth. 
u/ar,  ohg.  uhar,  on.  o/r,  du. 
over;  cp.  g.  ul?er  ohg.  udiri. 
Outside  of  the  Teut.  languages, 
GR.  vTifp  and  SKR.  updri  'above' 
are  cognate. 

owe  vb.  ME.  p7£^e  oe.  dga/i 
possess'  ^  GOTH,  aigari,  ohg. 
eigan  'possess' :  aryan  y"  aik  in 
SKR.  If  'possess'.  — •  ought  me. 
pug  hie  oe.  dhte  is  the  pret.  tense  of 
oe.  dgan  and  own  me.  diven  oe. 
dgen  is  part.  =  ohg;  eigan  G. 
eigen^  osax.  egan.  The  vb.  own 
me.  pune  OE.  dgnian  'possess'  is 
a  deriv.   of  the  adj.  own, 

owl  ME.  oule  OE.  Hie  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  24Wumldn-\  cp.  ohg.  tiwila  G. 
<?«/<?;  on.  sw.  ugla  points  to  a 
GOTH,  "^uggwalon-.  The  word  is 
sound-imitation. 

ox     ME.    ox     OE.     ^^rtr     =     GOTH. 

auhsa,  ohg.  ^/^j-^  g.  ochse,  on.  ^;c? 
?^;c/,  DU.  os'ox  :  Teut.  base  ohsan-, 
ARYAN  ukson-  in  SKR.  uksan  'ox', 
CYMR.  ych. 

oyster  me.  oistre  fr.  ofr.  oistre 
:=  FR.  huitre  'oyster':  source 
LAT.  ostrea,  whence  also  oe,  pstre, 
G.  auster,  du.  oester. 


pace  ME.  pdfe  pas  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pas  =  LAT.  passus  'a  step'. 

pack  sb.  ME.  packe  =  BU.pak, 
ON.  pakki,   G.  packy  it.  pacco,  fr. 


paquet\  bret.  /rt-/^:  source  and 
history  of  the  group  unknown. 
—  package  formed  by  adding 
the  fr.  suffix  -age  =  lat.   -aticum 


154 


pact  —  pall 


to  the  sb.  pack.  — -  packet 
formed  fr.   the  fr.  dSxniw.  paqiiet. 

pact  adopted  fr.  fr.  pacte  = 
LAT./^7^//<;;«,  whence  also  YY.patto^ 
DU.   G.  pacht  'rent-contract'. 

paddock  iME./rt;/^/^<?/^;  the  ending 
-ock  is  a  dimin.  suffix  as  in  bul- 
lock^ hillock.     Primit.  ME. /rt;^/^/(? 

'frog  ^SCAND./rtr^/^/rt-,  DU.  LG.  FRIES. 

padde  (o.  schildpatt).  There  exists 
also  LG.  pad-hucke  'paddock',  the 
second  element  of  which  is  lg. 
hucke     paddock'. 

page  sb.  ME.  pdj:;e  fr.  yyl.  page 
(whence  G.  page).  Source  gr. 
naidiov  'a  little  boy'. 

page-  sb.  (of  a  book)  fr.  ofr. 
page.  Source  i^ki .  p dgina y  whence 
-also  OFK.pagene  (ue. pdgine pdge?tt 
'page')  and  ohg.  peine  (rare) 
page'.  —  pageant  orig.  'the 
movable  scaffold  on  which  the  old 
mysteries  were  acted'  me.  pdgent 
—  earlier  form  pdgine  'pageant'. 
Source  med.-lat.  pagina  'scaffold 
=  LAT.  pagi7ia  'a  page',  also  'a 
plank  of  wood'.  For  the  excres- 
cent t  in  pageant  cp.  parch7nent. 

pail  ME.  pail  oe.  pce^el  'bucket' 
:='D\].  pegel peily  hG.  pegel,  whence 
G./<^(f/ 'water-gauge'  is  borrowed. 

pain  ME.  peine  fr.  fr.  peine: 
source  lat.  poena^  whence  also 
OE.  pin  =■  E.  pine.  -^ 

painim  ^i^.painim  'heathendom' 
fr.  ofr.  paenwie  =  lat.  paga- 
nismus  'heathendom'. 

paint  vb.  me.  painte  peifite  vb. 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  peint,  part,  of 
peindre  =  \.k\\  ping  ere  'paint'.  See 
depaint. 


pair  ME.  peir  fr.  fr.  paire  (= 
SPAN,  par,  IT.  paro  pajd)  :  source 
LAT. /rt!r 'alike',  whence  mhg. /><zr 
G.  paar  'pair'.      See  peer. 

palace  me.  paleis  palais  fr.  fr. 
palaisy  whence  also  MHG.  palas 
(rare  paleis)  G.  palast'.  source 
MED.-LAT.  palatiimi. 

palate  fr.  the  synon.  lat.  pa- 
ldtu7n  (me.  palit  paldt  from  ofr. 
palat). 

pale  adj.  ue.  pale  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pdle:  source  lat.  pallidus 
'pale'. 

pale  sb.  ME.  pdl{e)  'stake'  fr. 
FR.  pale  'stake  or  pole'.  Source 
LAT.  pdlus  'a  stake'.  For  the 
rare   OE.  pdl  'stake'  see  pole. 

palfrey  me.  pal(e)frei  palefrai 
fr.  onfr.  palefrei  =  fr.  pale/roi. 
Source  i^h^x:.  par  aver  edus  an  extra 
post-horse'  which  is  also  the 
source  of  ohg.  p/er/r id  G.  p/erd 
and  IT.  palafreno,  ^VAi>i.pala/ren. 
The  Lat.  word  is  a  compound  of 
GR.  TTCiQct  and  gallo-lat.  veredus 
'horse'  {I'heda  is  Gallo-Lat.  for 
'travelling  carriage'  and  vc  is  a 
Celt,  prefix)  ;  hence  naga-veredus 
was  orig.  the  horse  in  reserve'. 

palisade  Shakesp.  palisado  = 
fr.  palissade,  span,  palizada,  it. 
palizzata.  All  equiv.  and  deriv. 
fr.  lat.  pdlus  'a  stake'.  Cp. 
pale  and  pole. 

pall  me.  pal  OE.  pcell'.  source 
lat.  pallium.  The  adoption 
cannot  have  occurred  before 
the  literary  period  of  Anglo- 
I  Saxon,  as  we  should  expect  an 
OE.  form  ^pelle  "^pylle    'wrapper'. 


palm  —  parchment 


155 


LAT.  paila  cannot  be  the  source, 
as  it  never  was  the  ecclesiastical 
terminus  technicus,  but  rather 
palliimi. 

palm  'inner  part  of  the  hand' 
ME.  paume  palme'.  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  palme  =  pautne.  Source 
i^AT.palma  'the  palm  of  the  liand' 
(cogn.  w.  OY..  fohn  under  feel). 

palm  2  sb.  'a  tree'  me.  palm  oe. 
pdhn'.  a  bible  word,  i^at.  palma 
'a  palm-tree'. 

palsy  ME.  pal(e)sie  oldest  form 
parlesie  fr.  fr.  paralysie:  source 
LAT.  paralysis  'palsy',  which  was 
used  in  oe.  as  paralysis. 

pan  me.  oe.  panne  =  ohg. 
pfanna  G.  pfanne,  on.  sw.  panna^ 
DV.pan:  TEVT. panna  is  regarded 
as  a  transformation  oii.A.T.  paiina 
(or  rather  *patna)   "a  basin'. 

pane  me.  pane  'patch,  piece, 
pane'  fr.  fr. /<?«  a  pane,  piece, 
or  pannel':  source  lat.  pannus 
'a  cloth,  rag,  patch'.  —  panel 
pannel  me.  pand  'a  piece  of 
cloth'  (=  DU.  fianeel)  fr.  OFR. 
panel  YV^. pamieau.  Source  a  lat. 
type  panellus  fr.  pannus. 

pannier  me.  panier  'bread- 
basket' fr.  FR.  panier  (=  lat. 
pdndrium  'bread-basket',  whence 
also  DU.  paander,  osax.  pancri, 
ohg.  pfandri). 

pansy  borrowed  fr.  fr.  pensie: 
derived  from  fr.  penser  'think' 
(cp.  G.  vergissmcinnicht  as  the 
name   of  a  flower). 

pant  vb.  i^"^^  cent,  pante  paunie 
fr.    OFR.   pantoyer    (cp.    fr.   pan- 


teler)     'gasp,     pant';      cp.     ofr. 

pantais  =  e.  pantas  (in  falconry) 
'a  disease   of  hawks'. 

pantaloons  fr.  fr.  pantalon. 
The  FR.  word  prop,  meant 
trowsers  worn  by  the  Venetians 
who  were  called  Pantalo?ie  after 
the  patron  Saint  of  Venice,  St. 
Pantaleone. 
pantry    me.    pan(e)trle    fr.    fr. 

paneierie  (derived  fr.    la'I'.  panis 
'bread'). 

paper  me.  paper  earlier  paper 
fr.  fr.  papier  =  lat.  papyrus 
(cp.  also  tape?'),  whence  also 
G.  DU.  papier.  In  late  oe.  (i  i*'* 
cent.),    a   rare  paper    (cp.   ohg. 

pa  fur)   'papyrus    is   found. 

paradise  me.  paradis  (parais) 
fr.  OFR.  paradis  (parais  pare'is) 
—  FR.  paradis ,  it.  paradise. 
Source  lat.  paradisus^  whence 
also  ohg.  osax.  paradis  g.  para- 
dies,  DU.  paradijSy    on.  sw.   dan. 

paradis.     The    corresp.   oe.  term 
was  neorxnawgng. 

paramour  me.  paratnour  'lover, 
concubine'.  Source  the  fr. 
phrase  par  amour  by  love'  (cp.  me. 

par  de    by  God'  —  par  fay  'by 

j  my  faith'  and  perhaps). 

I    parcel  ivie.  parcel  prop.  par^H 

I  fr.   FR.  parcelle    (lat.   type    */^r- 

\ticella  derived  ir.  particula). 

j    parch  vb.   prop,   the  same    as 

pierce  fr.  ue.  perche  perfe. 

j    parchment    me.   parche7Jiin    fr. 

I  FR.  parchemin   (du.  perkament  fr. 

I  OFR.     parcamiri) '.      source      lat. 
pergamena    {charta)     parchment'. 

I  Tlie    city    of  Pergamon    in*  Asia 


t56 


pardon   —  pastry 


Minor  was  famous  for  the  in- 
vention of  parchment.  The  ex- 
crescent /  in  NE.  parchment  is  the 
same  as  in  tyrant;   cp.  pageant. 

pardon  sb.  me.  pardoiin  from 
FR.  pardon',  source  lat.  per- 
donare  'remit  a  debt',  whence 
FR.  pardomter. 

pare  vb.  me.  pare  fr.  fr.  parer 
r=   LAT.  parare. 

parish  me.  parisshe  earlier 
parosche  fr.  ofr.  paroche  =  fr. 
paroisse'.  source  'Lh.T.  pareecia  (gr. 
Tragoixia),  an  ecclesiastical  ter- 
minus technicus. 

paritory  see  pellitory. 

park  ME.  park  short  for  oe. 
pearroc,  ident.  w.  du.  mlg.  perk 
'a  park',  oho.  pferrih  G.  pferch 
'an  inclosure,  sheepfold':  source 
a  Celt,  base  parraka-  (parrika-) 
in  FR.  pare,  it.  parco.  Cogn.  w. 
SPAN,  parra  'fruitwall,  espalier 
for  vine'  and  provenc.  par  ran 
'small  garden'. 

parlour  me.  parlour  fr.  fr. 
parloir  'conversation  room'  (fr. 
parler  'speak). 

parrot  for  earlier  (15*^  cent.) 
perrot  ■=  fr.  Perrot  Pierrot 
'little  Peter  (in  fr.  also  used 
as  a  name  for  a  sparrow). 

parsley  me.  persli  earlier  form 
per  sit  fr.  fr.  persil  —  lat.  petroseli- 
niim  'parsley'  (cf.  G.  OE.  peter  silie). 

parsnip  late  me.  parsnipe  pas- 
7iipe  fr.  OFR.  pastenaqite  =  lat. 
pasiinaca  'parsnip'. 

parson  me.  persoun  ident.  w. 
person,  med.-lat.  persona  also 
meailt  'curate,   parson'. 


part  sb.  me.  part  fr.  fr.  part 
(=  SPAN.  it.  parte^ :  source 
lat.  pars-partem.  —  part  vb. 
me.  parte  vb.  fr.  fr.  partir  = 
LAT.  partiri  partire  'divide,  part . 
—  partake  vb.  me.  part  tdke\ 
cp.  G..  teU  nehmen.  —  party  sb. 
me.  parti(e)  fr.  fr.  partie,  whence 
also  MHG.  partte  G.  partei,  du. 
partij',  IT.  partita  =  lat.  type 
\  partita. 

partridge  me.  per  trie  he  fr.  ofr. 
pertris,  whence  also  du.  patrijs 
(ODU.  pertrise) :  source  LkT.perdix- 
peraice7?i. 

parvis  me.  parvis  fr.  fr.  parvis 
porch  of  a  church';  ident.  w. 
paradise.  The  church-porch 
is  called  in  several  languages 
paradise  (esp.  the  portico  of 
St.  Peter's  church,  Rome,  was 
called  paradtsus^. 

pass  vb.  me.  passe  {pdfe)  vb. 
fr.  FR.  passer  (it.  med.  -  lat. 
passare  'step,  walk'  fr.  i.h.1::.  passiis 
'step'.  —  passage  me.  passage 
fr.  FR.  passage.  —  passenger 
earlier  passager  me.  passag^r; 
cp.  messenger  for  the  secon- 
dary n. 

paste  sb.  me.  paste  fr.  ofr. 
paste  =  FR.  pdte\  source  late 
lat.  pasta  'paste'. 

pastern  earlier  pastron  repre- 
sents an  unrecorded  iA^.*past(ii)- 
roun  fr.  the  synon.  ofr.  pasturon 
=  FR.  pdturon. 

pastime  for  pass-time,  an  imi- 
tation of  the  synon.  'P'R.passe-tcmps. 

pastry  sb.  me.  pdst^  'pie'  fr. 
OFK. past^  (^ea.T\ier past^th,  whence 


patch  —  peat 


157 


ODU.    pasteide     =     du.    pastei) : 
derived  fr.  i^at. pasta  z=i  paste. 

patch  ME.  pacche]  perh.  ident. 
w. .  LG.  plakke  'a  piece'. 

path  ME.  path  oe.  peep  =  du. 
LG.  pad,  OHO.  pfaih  pfad  G.  pfad 
"a  way':  Teut.  base  papa-y  not 
cogn.  w.  GR.  narog  'a  way', 
SKR.  pat/i  'a  way',  avest.  pap 
way'.  But  cp.  oe.  pceppan  'tread', 
"LG.pedden  vb. 'tread',  ^\^o.pfetten. 

pattern  me.  patroiin  borrowed 
fr.   FR.  patron  'pattern'. 

pause  adopted  fr.  fr.  pause 
=  LAT.  pausa. 

pave  vb.  me.  pave  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  paver  'pave'  (lat.  pavire 
beat'). 

paw  sb.  ME.  pane  poiie  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  i)Oue  {==  PROV. 
paiita  'a  paw') ;  ident.  w.  du. 
poot,  G.  pfote'.  it  is  uncertain 
whether  the  base  pauta  is  orig. 
Celt,   or  Teut. 

pawn^  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
pan  'a  pawn,  gage,  pledge'; 
perh.  ident.  w.  ofris.  du.  pand^ 
OHG.  pfant  G.  pfand. 

pawn-  sb.  (at  chess)  me.  paun 
poiin  borrowed  fr.  OFR.  poon 
paon  peon  =  fr.  pion :  source 
n.pedone  prop,  'a  footman  (lat. 
pedo-nem).  Cp.  on.  ped-madr 
pawn  at  chess'. 

paxwax  late  me.  pax-wax 
'tendon  of  the  neck';  cp.  ohg. 
7valto7iiahso,  ofris.  waldewaxe  'ner- 
vus'  and  wax  for  the  second  ele- 
ment of  the  compound.  The  first 
part  of  E.  paxwax  (dial.  e.  fax- 
wax  is  obscure. 


I    pay    vb.  ME.    paie    vb.    fr.    fr. 

\ payer  (prop,  'satisfy,  content'  = 
\.K\\  pacare  'pacify'),  whence  also 

I  DU.  paaien  'pay". 

I    pea    (plur.  peas)  fr.  me.  pcs{e)y 

I  the  s  of  which  was    considered 

j  to    be    the    plural    ending,      me. 

\p^s  points    to  ONFR.  pels  =   fr. 

\pois.  Source  lat.  pisum  'a  pea', 
whence  also   OE.  pisu. 

peace  me.  pes  earlier  pais  (= 
DU.  mlg.  peisy  mlg.  pais^  fr. 
OFR.  pais  =  fr.  paix  (lat.  pax- 
pace7fi) . 

peach  late  me.  pce/ie  fr.  fr. 
pee/ie  for  pesche  =  it.  pesca,  lat. 
persicum  'a  peach'.  Fr.  the  lat. 
word,   g.  pfirsichy   "DXj.perztky   oe. 

persoc   'a  peach'    are    borrowed. 
peacock  me.  pe-cock  and  pea- 
hen   ME.  p(-henne   point    to    oe. 

pc^a  with  the  by-form  pdwa  'pea- 
cock :  source  LAT.  pdvo-nemy 
whence     also     ohg.    pfdwo     o. 

pfau,  DU.  pauw,  on.  pdfugi\  cp. 
FR.  paon    peacock'. 

pear  me.  p{re  oe.  pern  'a  pear' 
^=  ODU.  pere,  du.  lg.  peer :  loan- 
word fr.  the  equival.  lat.  pirum 
(whence    also    G.    dime)   =  fr. 

poire  'a  pear'.      Cp.  perry. 

pearl  me.  p6rle  fr.  fr.  perle  = 

OHG.  p'erala  G.   perle,    it.  perla: 

source  lat.  pirula  (for  pilula  *a 

little  ball'?). 

peasant    fr.    fr.  paysan\     cp. 

pheasant  fr.   fr.  faisan  and  see 

parchment. 

peat  for  beat  (see  purse  for 
the   change   of  b  to  /). 


58 


pebble  —   penny 


pebble  sb.  me.  pibbel-stgn  and 
puble-stgn  OE.  papol-stdn  popol-stdn 
'a  pebble-stone'. 

peck  vb.   a  var.   oi  pick. 

peck  sb.  ME.  pekke  'a  measure'; 
perh.  akin  to  fr.  picotin  *a  mea- 
sure'. 

pedant    sb.    (=    du.    g.    dan. 

sw.    pedant)     borrowed    fr.    fr. 

pSdant,    IT.  pedante^    the  ultimate 

source  of  which  is  GR.  Traid^v'siv 

educate'. 

pedigree  late  me.  petegrew 
petigrii:  perh.  adopted  fr.  FR. 
pied  de  gi'ue  'a  crane's  foot'? 

peel  vb.  adopted  fr.  fr.  peler. 
Source  lat.  pellts  'skin'. 

peep^  vb.  'chirp'  me.  "^pepe  pipe 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  piper.  Source 
LAT.  pipare  =  or.  ■nnmiC,^iv 
'chirp*:  sound  -  imitation;  for 
variant  in  form  see  pipe. 

peep^  vb.  look  pryingly';  cp. 
0¥'R..pipe7'  'peep'  —  la  pipe  dii  jour 
'the  peep   of  day'. 

peer  sb.  me.  pere  per  borrowed 
fr.  OY^.  per  peer  ^v..  pair.  Source 
LAT.  par  'equal';   see  pair. 

peer^  vb.  'appear'  me.  pere 
short  for  ME.  appere  =  appear. 

peer^  vb,  'pry'  me.  pire  =^  lg. 
piren    look  closely'. 

peevish  adj.  me.  pevisch  peviche 
pevdige.  The  ending  (cp.  par- 
tridge and  parish)  points  to 
FR.   origin. 

peg  sb.  me.  oe.  pegge]  akin  to 
DAN.  pigy  sw.  pigg  'spike',  lg. 
pigge  'peg'. 


pellitory  sb.  late  me.  paritoiHe 
fr.  FR.  paritoire,  which  goes  back 
to  a  LAT.  type  ^parietaria  'the 
plant  of  the  walls'? 

pelt  sb.  ME.  pelt  'a  sheep-skin' 
(e.  peltry  ==  du.  pelterij,  mlg. 
pelti'ie  fr.  y\\.  pelletrie)\  ident.  w. 
G.  pelz  ohg.  pelli'^.  Source  a 
Rom.  ty\>&  pellicia  =  fr.  pelisse, 
IT.  pelliccia.      Cp.  pilch. 

pelt  vb.  ME.  pelte  also  pilte  pulte, 
the  latter  forms  corresponding 
to  OE.  piltan  pyltan.  Source 
LAT.  pultare  'beat,  strike'? 

pen  sb.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
pentie.  Source  lat.  penna  'a 
feather'. 

pen  vb.  ME.  penne  oe.  onpennan 
'impound,  enclose':  prob.  con- 
nected with  pound'^  and  lg. 
tope?inen  'bar,  bolt*  —  Uppennen 
'open'. 

penance  me.  penaimce  fr.  ofr. 
pena?tce  older  pen'eance  =  lat. 
poenitentia  'penitence'. 

pencil  orig.  'a  hair-brush'  me. 

pengH  fr.    ofr.  pine  el  fr.  pinceau 

a  brush'.     Source  lat.  penicillus 

'a  painter's   brush',  whence  also 

G.  pinsel. 

pennon  pennant  me.  penoun 
borrowed  fr.  OFR.  pefinon  'a  flag, 
streamer'  (for  the  secondary  /  of 
pennant  see  pageant,  parch- 
ment). Source  i.m:.  penna  'wing, 
feather'. 

penny  me.  pent  plur.  penies 
(contr.  pens,  whence  e.  pence) 
OE.  penil  pennij^  penni?ig  pending 
=    OS  AX.    pending  penning,    du. 


people  —   pester 


59 


penintig^  ohg.  phaTiiinc  pfenting 
pfcfining  G.  pfe?inig,  on.  permingr. 
The  word  may  be  derived  fr. 
pan^  so  that  the  form  of  the 
pefinies  may  have  suggested  the 
word  or  it  may  .have  been  asso- 
ciated with  the  base  '^pand 
imder  pawn}  For  the  suffix 
-i?7g  cp.  shilling,  fa?- thing. 

people  ME.  peple  people  bor- 
rowed fr.  0¥^.pueple  fr.  peuple, 
whence  also  G.pobel.  Source  lat. 
populus  'people'  (cp.  also  du. 
peupel. 

pepper  me.  peper  piper  oe. 
pipor  ==  DU.  peper,  ohg.  pfeffar 
G.  pfeffer,  on.  piparr'.  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  piper  (whence  also  it. 
pepe,  FR.  poivre).  Cp.  oslov. 
pipru  'pepper'. 

perceive  vb.  me.  perceive  fr. 
OFR.  percevervR.  apercevoir.  Source 
LAT.  percipcre  'apprehend'. 

perch'  'a  rod'  me_^  p^rche  fr. 
the  synon.  fr.  pcrche.  Source 
LAT.  pertica  'a  pole,   bar?  ^ 

perch^  'a  fish'  me.  pirche  bor- 
rowed fr.  FR.  perche.  Source  lat. 
perca  =   GR.   nsgY.rj    a  perch'. 

perchance    cp.   perhaps.    — 

perdy  (Shakesp.)  by  God' 
me.  parde  =  fr.  par  dieu  'by 
God'. 

perform  vb.  me.  perfourme  ear- 
lier parfourne  borrowed  fr.  OFR. 
pa7'fournir  'perform', 

perhaps    (late    me.  perhappous 

1 5^*^  cent.)  and  perchance  have 
the  FR.  preposition  par  (per)  in 
imitation     of     me.     peraventUre- 


parauntre  and  per  cas\  haps  is 
the  plur.  of  hap  under  happy 
(cp.  paramour'). 

peril  me.  peril  fr.  fr.  piril. 
Source    lat.  periculum    'danger'. 

perish  vb.  me.  perisshe  bor- 
rowed fr.  the  stem  of  some 
forms  of  the  fr.  verb  phir 
'perish'. 

deriwig  formerly  periwigge  per- 
wicke  borrowed  fr.  YV^. perruque  {wi 
being  substituted  for  fr.  ii) ; 
cp.   also   G.  perrilcke,    du.  pruik. 

periwinkle;  cp.  the  synon. 
me.  pervenke  oe.  pervince.  Source 
LAT.  pervinca    'a    twining    plant'. 

perry  adopted  fr.  fr.  poiri 
'perry',  formed  fr.  a  vulgar  lat. 
type  "^piratus  'perry,  drink  made 
of  pears'  {\.k.T.pirum  under/^^r). 

person  me.  p^rsoun  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  personne.  Source  lat. 
persona',  ident.   w.  parson. 

pert  adj.  me.  pert  'pert,  plain, 
clever,  bold';  cp.  Odu.  gepertich 
flam,  pertig  'alert'.  The  group 
goes  back  to   fr.  apert. 

pertain  vb.  me.  part^nc  bor- 
rowed fr.  OFR.  partenir.  Source 
i.AT.  pertinere  'belong'. 

peruke  ident.  w.  periwig. 

pervious  adj.  borrowed  fr. 
LAT.  perviiis  'passable'. 

pest  borrowed  fr.  fr.  peste. 
Source  lat.  pestis  plague'. 
!  pester  vb.  short  for  impester 
\  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  empestrer 
I  'pester,  entangle'  fr.  empetrer. 
I    pet     sb.     'a     tame     animal,     a 


i6o 


pet  —  pile 


favored  child'  short  for  earlier 
peat  (me.   *///). 

petty  adj.  me.  petit  adopted  fr. 
FR.  petit  'small'. 

pew  sb.  ME.  pile  (piiwe)  fr. 
OFR.  puie  'an  elevated  space', 
an  open  gallery  with  rails', 
whence  also  du.  ptd ,  ofris. 
poie.  Source  lat.  podium  'a 
balcony'. 

pewet  peewit  so  called  from 
its  plaintive  cry;  the  earlier 
by-form  puet  points  to  a  fr. 
source. 

pewter  late  me.  p(uter  adopted 
fr.  OFR.  peutre  {pe autre)  a  kind 
of  metal'.  It  stands  for  '^peltre 
=  SPAN,  peltre,  it.  peltro  'pewter'; 
cp.   DU.  piauter. 

pheasant  me.  fcsaunt  earlier 
fesaun  fr.  FR.  faisan  ■=^  it. 
fagiano.  Source  lat.  phasidnus, 
GR.  cpaGiavog  'bird  of  Phasis  in 
Colchis',  whence  also  OYiG.  fasdn 
G.  fas  an. 

phial  vial  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
phiole  (fr.  fiole).  Source  lat. 
phiala,  GR.  (pidkrj  'a  broad,  flat, 
shallow  cup'. 

philtre  borrowed  from  fr. 
philtre.  Source  lat.  philtrum^ 
GR.   ipiXxQOv  'a  love  potion'. 

phlegm  adopted  fr.  fr.  phlegme. 
Source  lat.  GR.  phlegma  a  flame, 
inflammation,   phlegm'. 

pick  vb.  ME.  pikke  oe.  pician  = 
LG.    DU.  pikken,   G.  picken. 

picket  borrowed  fr.  fr.  piquet 
picquet  'a  little  pick  axe',  dirain. 
of  OE.  pic  'a  pike'  under  pike. 


pickle  sb.  me.  pike  I  =^  t>\5.  pekel, 
MhG.pekel  G.pokel]  prob.  h. pickle, 
frequentative  of  pick  'pickout, 
cleanse'. 

picnic  a  modern  word  arising 
about  1700  and  soon  received 
into  fr.  {^piquenique  about  1740) 
and  GERM,  i^picknick  2^o\i\,  1770). 

pie  ME.  pie  fr.  fr.  pie  'a  broiled 
remnant  of  a  shoulder  of  mutton". 

pie  (in  magpie)  we.  pie  fr.  ofr. 
pie  ■=  lat.  pica. 

piebald  composed  of  pie  'a 
magpie'  and  bald  'streaked'. 

piece  iME.  pefe  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
piece. 

pier  ME.  pere  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
piere,  fr.  pierre  =  i.A.i.petra  'stone*. 

pierce  vb.  me.  perfe  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  percer  'pierce',  me.  by- 
form  perche. 

piety  adopted  fr.  fr.  piiti 
'piety'  =  lat.  pietdte^n)  ident.  w. 
pity. 

pig  ME.  pigge. 

pigeon  late  me.  pigoun  fr.  fr. 
pigeon.  Source  lat.  pipio{neni) 
'a  chirper'.     See  peep  oxid  pipe. 

pike  ME.  pike  oe.  pic  =  du. 
pick,  G.  piek;  cp.  pick. 

pilch    ME.  pilc/ie   oe.  piUe  pylce 

fur.      Source    med.-lat.    ^    it. 

pelliccia    felt',    whence    also    fr. 

pelisse  and  ohg.  pellH  G.  pelz,  du. 


pels    fur    (primitive   source  la'J\ 
pellis^.      C^.  pelt. 

pile  ^  sb.  'an  arrow'  me.  oe.  /// 
(=  du.  pijl,  OHG.  pfU  G.  pfeil, 
ON.  pud)  :  borrowed  fr.  lat.  pilum 
'a  javelin',  whence  o^K. pile,  span. 
IT.  pilo  'a  javelin,  pestle'.      The 


pile 


pipe 


i6i 


corresponding  Goth,  word  was 
arhwazna]  cp.  on.  gr,  oe.  earh 
=  LAT.  arcus, 

pile  2  sb.  'a  .heap'  ^m.pile  'tower, 
castle'  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  pile  a 
pier,  pyramid  fr.  pile  *a  mole* 
=  SPAN,  pila  'a  pillar,  trough', 
Yi.pila  'trough'.  Source  hkT.pila 
'a  pier   of   stone'.     See  pillar. 

pile*^  sb.  'a  tumor'  (now  used 
in  plur.)   fr.  lat.  pila  'a  ball'. 

pile*  sb.  'hair'  borrowed  fr.  ofr. 
peil  FR.  poil  =  SPAN.  IT.  pelo. 
Source  LAT.  ptlus  *a  hair'. 

pilfer  borrowed  fr.  ofr.  pelfrer 
'pilfer'. 

pilgrim  me.  pilgrim  borrowed 
fr.  MUG. pilgrim.  Source  med.-lat. 
peregrinus  (late  lat.  pelegrinus)^ 
whence  'E'K.  pterin,  it.  pellegrinOj 
SPAN,  peregrino,  du.  pelgrim. 

pill  =^  G.  T>k^.  pille  prob.  bor- 
rowed fr.  the  dimin.  fr.  pilule. 
Source   LAT.  piliila  *a  pill'. 

pillar  ME.  piler  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  pilicr  (^  SPAN,  pilar,  it. 
piliere).  Source  med.-lat.  pilar e 
pildrius  (lat.  pila)  'pillar',  whence 
also  OHG.  pftldri  G.  pfeiler\  du. 
pilaar  is  Y^.  pilier,  but  Tt\5.  pij'ler 
is  LAT.  pilar e. 

pillory  sb.  me.  pilgry  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  pilori  'a  pillory'. 

pillow  sb.  ME.  pilwe  oe.  pyle 
"^pylwe  =  DU.  peuluw ,  ohg. 
pfuliwi{n)  also  pfulwo  g.  pfiihl'. 
borrowed  fr.  lat.  pulvinus  'cu- 
shion'.     Cp.  cushion. 

pilot  sb.  borrowed  fr.  yk.  pilote 
=-    SPAN.     IT.   piloto   pilota  y     du. 

English  Etymology. 


pilooty  G.pilote.  Origin  unknown. 
The  word  occurs  in  Germ,  and 
Engl,  since  the  i^^^  cent.;  in 
Germ,  it  appears  first  in  the 
It.  form  piloto.  Perh.  the  It. 
word  became  European  through 
the  commerce  with  Genoa  and 
Venice. 

pimpernel  sb.  fr.  fr.  pimprenelle 
pi7fipinelle. 

pin  sb.  ME.  OE.  pi  fin  ==  du.  lg. 
pin.  Source  LAT.  penna  'a  pin, 
nail'. 

pinch  vb.  my.,  pine  he  borrowed 
fr.   FR.  pincer. 

pine  sb.  me.  pine  oe,  *pin(tr^o) 
'pine-tree':  borrowed h.LkT.pinus 
'a  pine,  whence  ¥R.pin  (p\5. pijn), 
SPAN.  IT.  pino  'a  pine-tree'. 

pine  vb.  me.  pine  oe.  pinian 
'torment'  ==  on.  pina,  du.  pij'nen, 
OHG.  pfinon  pinon  (g.  peinigen)  : 
deriv.  fr.  oe.  pin  =  ohg.  pina  G. 
pein.  ^owxc^LkT. pivna  (pronounc- 
ed pena). 

pinfold;   see  poiutd'^. 

pint  sb.  late  me.  pinte  fr.  fr. 
pinte  (whence  du.  pint,  lg.  pinte 
'can'):  source  lat.  pincta. 

pip  sb.  ME.  pippe  =  du.  lg.  pip, 
G.  pips  ohg.  pfiffi'l, :  borrowed  fr. 
a  vulgar  lat.  pippita  (=  laT. 
pituita)  'phlegm',  whence  also 
FR.  pipie,  SPAN,  pepita,   it.  pipita. 

pipe  sb.  ME.  oe.  pipe  =  du.  pijp, 
LG.  pipe,  OUG.  pfi/a  G.  pfeife,  on. 
pipa  :  borrowed  fr.  med.-lat.  pipa, 
whence  also  the  synon.  fr.  pipe, 
sp\^.  pipa,  \T.  piva.  Source  lat. 
pipdre  'chirp'. 

11 


l62 


pit  —   plant 


pit    sb.   ME.  //■/    OE.  pyt  (it)  = 

DU.  pllt^  LG.  /////   OHG.  pUZZi  pfuzzi 

G.  pfiltze'.  TEUT.  putjus'.  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  puteus  'a  well,  pit',  whence 
also  VT.  pozzOf  SF AN.  poza,  FK.ptiifs 
and  OIR.  cm//ie,  cymr.  peUn  'well, 
pit'. 
pitch    sb.  ME.  pic/i    OE.  pic  =r 

OSAX.    ODU.  pik    DU.  peky    OHG.  pe/i  I 

^^/^  (M)  G.pec/i,  ON.  M:  borrowed 
fr.  LAT.  pix  (pic-)  'pitch',  whence 

also    FR.   poix,     SPAN.  /^S:,     IT.  pCCC 

'pitch'. 

^  pitcher  sb.  me. picc^e'r  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  picher.  Source  med.-lat. 
picdrium,  a  by-form  of  late  lat. 
bicdrium  under  beaker. 

pith  sb.  ME.  pithe  oe.  pida  cog- 
nate w.  DU.  pit  ODU.  pitte  'pith' 
and  MLG.  pedik  'pith'.  A  West- 
Teut.  h2JS>^  pipan-  is  to  be  assum- 
ed, perh.  a  teut.  pipwon-  in- 
stead of  qipwon-:   \fgtt? 

pittance  sb.  ME.pitaunfe  (=mlg. 
pitancie)  borrowed  fr.  FR.  pitance 
'meat,  food,   daily  subsistance'. 

pity  sb.  me.  pite  fr.  fr.  /////. 
Source  LAT.  pietdtem. 

place  me.  pld^e  fr.  fr.  place 
{=  SPAN,  plaza  y  IT.  piazza). 
Source  lat.  platea  =  gr.  -nXaxsia 
'a  street'.  G.  platz  and  nn.  plaats 
are  also   of  Fr.  origin. 

plague  me.  (14^*^  cent.)  pldge 
adopted  fr.  Li\T.  pldga  'an  injury' 
whence  du.  plaag ,  ohg.  pldga 
G.  plage  and  it.  piaga,  fr.  plate, 

plaice  ME.  plaice  borrowed  fr. 
FR.  plaise  OFR.  pldise.  Source 
MED.-LAT.  pla^sa  prop,  platessa  'a 


flat-fish',  whence  also  DU.  pladijs, 
G.  platteise. 

plain  adj.  me.  plain  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  plain  (whence  also  DU. 
pleiri)  =  SPAN,  piano,  it.  piano. 
Source  lat.  pldnus    flat,   even'. 

plain  sb.  me.  pleine  adopted 
fr.  FR.  plaine  =■  span,  plana,  it. 
piano.  Source  lat.  pldnum  'a 
plain'. 

plaint  sb.  me.  pleinte  plainte  fr. 
FR.  plainte  (=  lat.  planctus 
'lamentation'). 

plait  vb.  ME.plaite  'fold'  derived 
fr.  OFR.  pleit  (ploit)  sb.  'fold'. 
Source  hkii. plicare  'fold,  braid'. 

plan  -adopted  fr.  fr.  plan, 
whence  DU.  g.  plan.  Source 
I.M:.  pldnusV^i,  plane',  whence 
SPAN,  plan,  YT.  piano.  Sqq plain, 
plane. 

plane  adj.  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
plane  (=  span,  piano,  it.  piano). 
Source    lat.  pldnus   'flat,  level'. 

plane  sb.  'a  carpenter's  tool' 
late  me.  plane  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
plane.  Source  med.-lat.  pldna 
'a   carpenter's  tool'. 

plane-tree  me.  pldne{-tre)  =  du. 
plaan-boom  fr.  fr.  plane.  Source 
lat.  platanus  'plane-tree'. 

plank  me.  planke  borrowed  fr. 
onfr.  planke  fr.  planche  (=  span. 
plancha,  it.  pianca).  Source 
med.-lat.  pianca,  whence  du. 
plank,  G.  planke. 

plant  me.  plante  oe.  plant  =  du. 
plant,  OHG.  pflanza  G.  pflanze 
(on.  plantd) :  fr.  lat.  planta, 
whence    also    fk.  plante,    span. 


plash  —   pluck 


163 


planta,  it.  pianta.  In  me.  we  find 
also  plaunte  sb.  vb.  as  adap- 
tion of  FR.  plante  —  planter,  — 
plantain  m^. plantain  (^plauntain  f) 
borrowed  fr.  y^. plantain.  Source 
LAT.  plantago  i^plantaginein)  'a 
plantain'. 

plash  ME.  plasche  borrowed  fr. 
ODU.  plasch  DU.  plas  'water- 
puddle'. 

plaster  me.  piastre  plaister  fr. 
OFR.  piastre  (^plaistre  ^  whence 
T>\; . pleisier)  cp.  fr.  pldtre.  Source 
GR.-LAT.  e/LiTrXaffrgov  =  IT. 
empiastro,  fr.  empldtre  'plaster. 
LAT.  emplastrufn  =  med.-lat. 
plastrum  'gypsum',  whence  OHG. 
pflastar  G.  pflaster. 

plat  plot  ME.  OE.  plot  (tt).  See 
plot.' 

plate  ME.  plate  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  plate  plaite  'plate  -  armor, 
ingot,  silver  fr.  plat,  whence 
DU.  plat,  G.  platte.  Source  a 
MED.-LAT.  plata  'plate  of  metal' 
(gr.  nXarvc)- 

platoon  fr.  FR.  peloton  'a  ball, 
platoon'. 

platter  me.  plater  fr.  ofr.  platel 
'a  plate'  =  fr.  plateau  also 
'waiter'. 

play  vb.  me.  plaie  pleie  OE. 
plegian  'play'  and  play  sb.  me. 
plaie  pleie  OE.  pl'ega.  The  other 
teut.  languages  have  no  such 
root  as  pleg  'play'. 

plea  sb.  ME.  ///  plai  'debate' 
fr.  OFR.  pie  plai  with  the  by- 
forms  plait  plaid.  Source  MED.- 
lat.  placitum  'a  decree,  sen- 
tence'.   —    plead   vb.  me.  pl^de 


plaide  fr.  fr.  plaider  'plead, 
argue',  whence  also  DU.  pleiten 
'sue'. 

please  vb.  me.  plese  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  plesir  plaisir  (fr.  plaire 
'please').  Source  lat.  placer e 
please'.  —  pleasure  (late  me. 
plcsiire  15*^^  cent.)*  fr.  the  fr. 
infinit.  plaisir,  but  influenced  by 
abstract  nouns  such  as  nature 
leisure. 

pledge  sb.  me.  plegge  fr.  ofr. 
plege  (YK.pleige)  'a  surety',  which 
is  related  to  OSAX.  plegan  ohg. 
pfl'egan  'be  responsible  for, 
answer  for'   (cp.  plight^. 

plenty  me.  plente  fr.  ofr.  plenti^ 
source  lat.  plinitdtem. 

plier  see  ply. 

plight  sb.  me.  plight  oe.  pliht 
formed  by  means  of  the  abstract 
formative  -/  from  a  vb.  seen  in 
OE.  pldon  'risk'  (ohg.  pflegan  G. 
pflegen  whence  G.  pjlicht  'friendly 
care,  interest'). 

plot!  short  for  complot  =  fr. 
complot  'a  conspiracy'. 

plot-  sb.  me.   oe.  plot  {tt). 

plough  me.  plough  plow  OE. 
ploh  =-  DU.  ploeg,  ohg.  pfluoh 
pfiuog  G.  pflug,  ON.  plogr.  This 
Teut.  group  plbhu-  plogu-  was 
borrowed  by  the  Slav,  (serb.- 
russ.  plugii,  LiTH.  pliugas). 

plover  me.  plover  borrowed  fr. 
OFR.  plovier  fr.  pluvier.  Source 
a  LAT.   type   '^pluviarius  'rainy'. 

pluck     vb.     me.   plukke   plokke 

(^plicche)  OK.pluccian  (oe.  "^plyccan) 

=  DU.  plukken,    OHG.    "^pfiucchen 

'^pfiockon  G.  pfiucken,    on.  plokka. 

11* 


164 


plug  —  poll 


Source  a  lat.  type  "^piliiccare  ^=- 
IT.  piluccarej  fr.  iplucher.  Vulgar 
LAT.  *piluccdre  (whence  me.  pilken 
pluck')  prop,  'pluck  hairs  one 
by  one'  is  an  extension  of  lat. 
pildre. 

plug  sb.  ident.  w.  du.  plug^ 
LG.  plugge  {j)lucJi)  late  mhg.  pfloc 
G.  pflock    plug'. 

plum  ME.  ploume  oe.  plume 
(plyme)  =  DU.  pruim,  lg.  prume 
plume,  OHG.  pfruma  beside  pfiumo 
(lat.  r  changed  to  teut.  /)  G. 
pflaume'.  early  loanword  fr.  lat. 
prunum,  whence  also  fr.  prune, 
IT.  prima.      Cp.  prune. 

plumb  fr.  FR.  plomb  =  lat. 
plumb  u?n. 

plume  fr.  fr.  plume  ==  lat. 
pliima. 

plummet  me. //d?ww^/ borrowed 
fr.  FR.  plo7nbet  'a  plummet'  dimin. 
of  FR.  plomb  lead'. 

plump  adj.  borrowed  fr.  lg. 
plump,  DU.  plomp. 

plunder  vb.  adopted  fr.  mdu. 
plunderen  =  G.  plilndern  'rob, 
pillage'. 

plunge  vb.  short  for  me.  plounge'. 
borrowed  fr.  fr.  plonger  'duck, 
dive',  whence  also  du.  plonzen. 

plush  sb.  =  DU.  pluis ,  G. 
plusch ;  borrowed  fr.  fr.  peluche 
=  YY,  peluzzo.  Source  a  lat.  type 
^pilucia,  an  extension  of  lat. 
pilus  *hair . 

ply  vb.  ME.  plie  'bend'  adopted 
fr.  fr.  plier  'fold,  bend,  bow'. 
Source  lat.  plicdre  'fold'. 


poach  ^  vb.  'dress  eggs'  fr.  fr. 
pocher.  —  poach ^  vb.  'intrude 
into  preserves'  borrowed  fr.  fr. 
pocher  from  poche  'a  pouch'. 

pock  M^.  pokke  OE.pocc  ^=-.  mdu. 
pocke,  DU.  pock,  G.  LG.  pocke  'small 
pox'.  —  pocket  ME.  poket  fr.  ofr. 
poquette,  dimin.  oioY^.  pocke  poche. 
See  poke.  \ 

poignant  adj.  U¥..  pomatit poin- 
launt  fr.  FR.  poigfiant.  (Source 
LAT.  pungere).  —  point  me.  point 
fr.  FR.  point  (source  lat.  punc- 
tum)  'point'. 

poise  vb.  ME.  poise  earlier  peise 
fr.  ofr.  poiser  peiser  fr.  peser 
'to  weigh'.  Source  lat.  pensare 
'to  weigh'. 

poison  UE.  puisouit  fr.  ^^.  poison 
'poison'  =  LAT.  potio(nem)  'a 
drink'. 

poke  sb.  ME.  poke  'a  bag'  =: 
ODU.  poke,  ON.  poki.  FR.  poche  is 
perh.  an  Engl,  loanword.  Cp. 
pock. 

poke  vb.  nK.  poke  i^pouke  pucke) 
'thrust,  throw'  =:  DU.  poken,  mlg. 
puken. 

pole '  sb.  a  stake'  us.. pole  OE.pdl 
'a  pale,  pole':  source  lat.  pdlus 
'a  stake',  whence  G.  pfahl  ohg. 
MHG.  pfdl.     $iee  pale, 

pole 2  sb.   'a  pivot'   the  synon. 

FR.  pol  =   LAT.  poluS    (GR.   TTOlog) 

'a  hinge'. 

polish  vb.  ME.  polisshe  fr.  fr. 
polir  i^poliss-')   'polish'. 

poll  ME.  pol  (II)  'head'  ^  lg. 
ODU.  polle  'head';  perh.  ident.  w. 
bowl} 


pommel   —  port 


65 


pommel  me.  pomel  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  p07nel  fr.  pommeau  'the 
pommel  of  a  sword':  prop,  dimin. 
LAT.  pomum  'apple'. 

pomp  ME.  pompe  fr.  lat.  po?npa, 
whence  also  fr.  pompe. 

pond  ME.  potid  pomU. 

ponder  vb.  borrowed  fr.  lat. 
ponderare   weigh'. 

pontiff  fr.  FR.  pontif  pontife, 
LAT.  pontif  ex. 

pontoon  fr.  fr.  ponton,  it. 
pontone    'a    great  broad  bridge'. 

pool  sb.  ME.  OE.  pgl  =  DU. 
poe/,  LG.  po/,  OYiG.  pfuol  G.pfuhl'y 
perh.  akin  to  oe.  pu/i  pyll  'pool' 
=  ON.  pollr  'pool,  pond'. 

poop  borrowed  fr.  fr.  poupe  = 
LAT.  puppis  'the  hinder  part  of 
a  ship'. 

poor  adj.  me.  povre  fr.  ofr. 
povre  =  pauvre  (source  lat. 
pauper)   'poor'. 

pope  me.  pope  OE.  papa  =  lat. 
papa.  The  continental  dialects 
differ  from  the  lat.-oe.  forms; 
cp.  03AX.  pdbos^  DU.  paus,  mhg. 
babes  G.  papst. 

popinjay  late  "b^m.  popinjay  earlier 
papegai  (=  du.  papegaaiy  mlg. 
papegoie,  G.  papagai)  fr.  fr.  pape- 
gai OFR.  papegay  and  papegau  = 
it.  papagallo.  Prob.  derived  fr. 
Low  GR.  nanayug  =  arab.  ba- 
bagha  (pers.  bapga).  The  Lat. 
name  psittacus  agrees  with  GR. 
rfjiTTay.oC' 

poplar  sb.  me.  poplir{e)  ^^.  du. 
popidiery  OTtV.  pope  Her',  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  pop  Her  ■=  fr.  peuplier. 
Source     FR.    peuple    'poplar    = 


'LAT.populus  'poplar',  whence  also 
DU.  pop  el  and  G.  pappel. 

poppy  sb.  ME.  popy  oe.  popi^ 
papcsi  (about  800).  The  suffix  i 
(not  producing  umlaut)  points  to 
an  older  form  -ang  as  in  body, 
holly.  There  are  no  Teut. 
equivalents.  Usually  considered 
to   be  borrowed  fr.  i.kT.  papdver. 

porcelain  sb.  --  fr.  porcelaine, 
DU.  porselein,  G.  porzellan  (since 
the  1 6th.  cent.);  the  base  is 
it.  porcellana,  orig.  'the  Venus- 
shell',  'concha  Veneris';  this  hav- 
ing much  resemblance  to  porce- 
lain, the  name  of  the  shell  was 
transferred  to  that  of  the  cera- 
mic ware. 

porch  sb.  W£..  pore  he  borrowed 
fr.  "E^.  pore  he',  source  lat.  porti- 
cus,  from  which  OE,  portic  and 
OHG.  pforzih  are  earlier  loan- 
words. 

porcudine  occuring  in  the 
i^th — J 5th  cent's  in  the  forms 
porpentine  por point  and  porkepin 
which  go  back  to  ofr.  pore 
espin  (now  porc-ipic)  =  IT.  poreo 
spino  {poreo  spinoso)  'thornbush 
hog'.  —  pork  'flesh  of  swine' 
me.  pork  'pork,  swine'  fr.  the 
synon.  yk.  pore  (=  hhT.  por cus). 

port^  sb.  'harbor'  me.   oe.  port 

'harbor'     fr.     the     equival.     lat. 

portiis    (=  fr.   port,    it.  porto) 

harbor,  whence  also   odu.  port 

'city'. 

port'^  sb.  a  gate  fr.  fr.  porte 
z=  hAT.  porta  a  gate*,  whence 
also  o^.  port  or  port-jpat  'a  gate', 
du.  poort,  G.  p forte. 


66 


port  —  power 


port 3  sb.  'behavior  me.  port 
fr.  FR.  port  'behavior  :  deriv.  of 
LAT.  portare  'carry'. 

port*  =  Port-wine  orig.  »wine 
of  Oporto  in  Portugal«. 

portray  vb.  me.  pourtraie  fr. 
FR.  portraire.  —  portrait  =  fr. 
portrait. 

post^  sb.  'a  pillar'  me.  O'E..  post 
=  DU.  LG.  post:  early  loanword 
fr.  'LhT.  postem  (nom.  siwg.  postis), 
whence  also  G.  pfosten  ohg.  pfost 
and  FR.  poteau. 

post^  sb.  'mail  service'  =  du. 
G.  posty  FR.  postey  IT.  posta.  The 
word  is  a  native  of  Italy  and  was 
borrowed  from  there  by  the 
modern  languages  in  the  16**^ 
cent. 

post^  sb.  *a  military  post'  = 
G.  postetiy  DU.  post  fr.  it.  posto 
'guard,   post'. 

pot    ME.    OE.    pot  (tt),    =    DU.    LG. 

pot(tt)y    ON.   pottr    (swED.  potta, 
DAN.  potte) ;    akin    to  fr.  pot  = 

CYMR.  pot,    IR.  pOta. 

potato  imported  in  the  second 
half  of  the  16*  cent,  together 
with  SPAN,  patata  from  America 
(in  Hayti  the  name  was  batata 
about   1530). 

pouch  ME.  pouche  'bag'  fr.  ofr. 
pouche  (^poche)  'pocket';  akin  to 
poke. 

poult  sb.  'chicken'  {=  pullet) 
late  u^.pulte  fr.rR.^*??^/^/ 'chicken' 
{^poule  'hen').  —  poulterer  ex- 
tended for  ME.  pulter  fr.  FR. 
t)oulletier.  —  poultry  we.  pultrie 
is  derived  fr.  me.  pulter. 

pounce  vb.  see  punch. 


pound  ^  ME.  pound  oe.  pund  'a 
pound'  (weight  and  money)  = 
OSAX.  pund,  DU.  pond,  ohg.  pfunt 

G      pfund,      ON.      SW.     DAN.     pUfld 

GOTH,  pund:  borrowed  in  the 
second  cent.  fr.  lat.  pondo 
(indecl.)  'pound',  not  fr.  lat. 
pondus  'weight'. 

pound'-^  sb.  'enclosure'  me. 
pound  (shortened  in  pon-,  pun- 
fglde  'pound').  oe.  pund  'en- 
closure' with  the  verb  oe.  pyndan 
ME.  pinde  'impound,  dam  up  the 
water'  =  on.  pynda  'shut  in 
(e.  pinfold  ME.  pinfplde  'pound' 
points  to  oe.  pyndan  me.  pinde). 
Frob.  pen  oe.  pennan  is  cognate, 
if  the  base  *panjan  goes  back 
to  an  earlier  form  *pandjan:  teut. 
yfpand  pund. 

pound  vb.  'h&2i\!  -^UE.  poune  oe. 
picnian  'pound';  perh.  cognate  w. 
DU.  puiti  'ruin,   rubbish'. 

pout  vb.  ME.  poute  'sulk'  (oe. 
"^piitian}).  —  pout  sb.  (a  kind 
of  fish)  OE.  puta  or  pute  (in  the 
compound  ckleputan  'eelpouts') ; 
cp  T>\i.  puit  a  kind  of  fish.  The 
word  is  derived  from  the  vb. 
pout  {TE\j'i\ \f put):  the  fish  has 
its  name  from  its    pouting  lips. 

powder  sb.  me.  poudre  'hair- 
powder'  fr.  FR.  poudre,  whence 
also  BU.poeder,  G.  puder.  Source 
lat.  pulverem  (^pulvis),  whence 
G.pulver,  iT.polve  'dust,  powder'. 

power  me.  pouir  earlier  polr 
fr.  OFR.  po'er  =  fr.  pouvoir\ 
ident.  w.  it.  potere  and  deriv. 
fr.  lat.  potest  potui  etc. 


praise   —  proud 


167 


praise  sb.  M^.prais preis  fr.  ofr. 
preis,  ident.  with  price. 

pram  sb.  *a  flat- bottomed 
lighter  =  lg.  prahm^  DU.  praam ; 
LG.  pram,  on.  prdmr,  sw.  pram. 
DAN.  pram  are  of  Slav,  origin; 
cp.  OSLOV.  pramu  belonging  to 
the  ARYAN  \fper  'cross,  ferry' 
seen  in  fare  vb. 

prance  vb.  me.  praunce  vb. 
ident.  w.  e.  prank  vb.  me.  pranke\ 
the   sound  points  to  Fr.  origin. 

prate  vb.  late  me.  prate  =  du. 
LG.  praten  'prate',  dan.  prate 
'tattle'. 

pray  vb.  me.  preie  fr.  ofr. 
preier  =  fr.  prier  pray'  (source 
lat.  precari  'pray'). 

preach  vb.  me.  preche  fr.  fr. 
precher.  Source  church-LAT./rrt-^- 
dicare  'preach',  whence  also  OE. 
predician,  on.  predika,  du.  pre- 
dikeUy  OS  AX.  predikouy  OHG.  pre- 
digon    MHG.   G.  predigen  'preach'. 

press  vb.  me.  presse  fr.  ofr. 
presser  =^  lat.  pressarc. 

pretty  adj.  me.  "^priti  for  prati 
'pretty'  and  'clever,  cunning'; 
OE./r^/Zj 'tricky,  deceitful'.  The 
OE.  sh.prcett  ^\\i\:.  prattas  means 
'trickery'. 

prey  sb.  my.,  preie  praie  fr.  ofr. 
preie  praie  =  fr.  proie  (hence  du. 
prooi)  'prey\    Source  lat.  praeda. 

price  sb.  "siE.pris  fr.  ofr.  pris 
=  FR.  prix.  Source  lat.  pretium 
'price'.      See  prize. 

prick  sb.  me.  pricke  (j>rike)  oe. 
pricca  (^prica)  'prick,  spike'.  — 
prick  vb.  me-  pricke    i^prike  oe. 


\prician)  'prick,  spur'.  Cp.  MHG. 
\pfr'ecken,  o^i^.prikka:  teut. y"/r/y^. 
—  prickle  relation  me.  prikel 
oe.  pricel. 

pride  ws..  pride  oy.  pryda:  um- 
laut-relation to  proud. 

priest  sb.  me.  prest  oe.  preost) 
ident.  w.  ohg.  prist  priestar  mhg. 
G.  priester,  osax.  prestar,  fr.  pretre 
for  OFR.  prestre:  descendants 
of  lat.  presbyter  priest'.  But 
there  are  discrepancies  in  the 
phonetical  development  of  the 
Rom.   and  Teut.   forms* 

prime  fr.  fr.  pri?ne  —  lat. 
primus.  —  primrose  fr.  fr. 
prime  rose  =:  lat.  prima  rosa 
'  'first  rose'.  —  prince  me.  prince 
fr.  FR.  prince  (source  lat.  prin- 
ceps  —  p7i?icipem  —-  it.  principe^y 
whence    also  G.  prinz   du.  prins. 

print  vb.  me.  printe  short  for 
prente  impre?ite  fr.  fr.  empreinte 
sb.  'a  stamp,  print';  cp.  fr. 
evipreindre  =  lat.  imprimere. 

prison  ME.prisoun  fr.  fk. prison; 
source  lat.  prehensio{nem)  =  it. 
prigiofie. 

privy  ME.  prive  fr.  fr.  privi 
(=  lat.  privdtus). 

prize  vb.  me. prise  fr.  EK.priser\ 
cf.  E.  prise  fr.  YR.prix.  — prize 
sb.  'taking  or  capture  e.  g.  of 
a  ship'  fr.  fr.  prise  'seizure  (du. 
prijs,   G.  prise). 

proud  ME.  proud  late  oe.  prild 
(by-form  me.  prout  late  OE.  prut 
preie) ;  cp.  on.  priidr  'proud', 
dan.  prud  'stately'.  Cp.  the  um- 
laut-relation/r/^<?.    Source  ofr. 


i68 


prove   —  push 


proud  Valiant'  (under  prowess) 
=  FR.  preux. 

prove  vb.  ME.  prove  late  oe.  (c. 
\oQ,6) profian'.  loanword  fr.  lat. 
prodare,  whence  also  'FTL.  prouver, 
MHG.  prileven  G.  pru/en^  on.  prof  a 
and  also  me.  preve  proeve  'prove'. 
—  The  sb.  proof  is  derived  fr. 
the  vb.  (cp.  ME.  preve  prceve  = 
FR.  preuve). 

prow  ME.  "^proiie  fr.  fr.  proue 
(iT.pruaproda,  i^ki,  prord)  'prow'. 

prowess  me.  prouesse  fr.  ofr. 
pro7iesse  prowess',  abstr.  sb.  of 
OFR.  prou  proud  r=  late  oe.  prud 
s.   under  proud. 

proxy  sb.  earlier  prockesy  for 
procuracy,  cp.  proctor  late  me. 
proketour  ==  LAT.  procurator  {em). 

prune  sb.  me.  pi-ilne  fr.  fr. 
prune  =  lat.  prunum\  cp.  p luni. 

pry  vb.  me.  prie  oe.  "^priwan 
*preo7vian,  the  root  of  which  is 
evident  in  oe,  bepriwan  vb.  'wink 
with  the  eye'  —  preowothwil 
'twinkling  of  the   eye'. 

psalm  sb.  me.  psalm  =  lat. 
psahnus;   already  oe.  salm. 

puck  sb.  short  for  ME.  pouke 
oe.  plica  'demon,  hobgoblin'  = 
ON.  ptiki  'imp' ;  cp.  oe.  piicel 
'demon',  north-fries,  puk  'mis- 
chievous sprite  with  large  eyes'. 

pudding  ME.  pudding  prob. 
borrowed  fr.  FR.  boudin  'black- 
pudding'  (cp.  ME.  cuning  fr.  ofr- 
coTiin   under  cony). 

puff  vb.  ME.  puffe  OE.  "^puffian 
aside  of  0£.  pyffan  'blow':  teut. 
base  puff  on  pufpjan. 


pull  vb.  ME.  pulle  OE.  pullian 
'draw'. 

pullet  ME.  polite  fr.  y^.  poulette 
'a  young  hen',   cp.  poult. 

pulp  sb.  fr.  FR.  pulpe  =  lat. 
pulpa  'pulp'. 

pumpion  {divnm.  pumpkin)  ear- 
lier pompoun  fr.  FR.  pompon  (= 
DU.  p07npoeri)  'a  kind  of  gourde'. 
Source  lat.  pepo  {=--  fr.  pipon, 
IT.  pepone  popone). 

punish  vb.  me.  punisshe  fr.  fr. 
punir  (^puniss-)  'punish'. 

purblind  me.  purblind  orig. 
'blind  as  2,  purl  o^.  pur  means 
the  bird  'onocrotalus';  cp.  swed. 
purblind. 

purchase  vb.  me.  purchase  fr. 
FR.  pourchasser. 

purge  vb.  me.  pw-ge  fr.  fr. 
purger. 

purple  ME.  purpre  fr.  fr. 
pourpre  =  LAT.  purpura. 

purpose  vb.  me.  purpose  fr. 
OFR.  pourposer  =  fr.  proposer 
'propose'. 

purse  ME.purs  late  oe.  (c.1050) 
purs:  loanword  fr.  ofR.  borse  — - 
FR.  bourse',   cp.   lat.  bursa. 

pursue  vb.  me.  pur  site  fr.  ofr. 
porsuir  =  fr.  poursuivre  (source 
LAT.    prosequi)     'prosecute'. 

purvey  vb.  me.  porveie  fr.  ofr. 
porvoir  =  fr.  pourvoir  (lat. 
providere)   'provide'. 

push  vb.  MS.,  posse  pusse  {posshe) 
'push'  fr.  FR.  pousser  (=^  LAT. 
pulsare)  'strike,  thrust'. 


put   —   quench 


169 


put    vb.     ME.     pute    putte    vb. 
'throw,  push,  thrust'  oe.  (c.  iooo) 


fr.   OFR.  bouter    'thrust'    (cp.   oe. 
purs  purse'  fr.  OFR.  dorse  under 


potian    'thrust  ;    perh.    borrowed  \ purse). 


quail  sb.  me.  quaile  fr.  ofr. 
quaille  =-  FR.  caile  a  quail'; 
cp.  IT.  quaglia.  Source  a  vulgar 
LAT.  quaccola,  whence  also  du. 
kwakkel  r=  ODU.  quackele  'quail'. 

quaint  adj.  me.  queinty  earlier 
form  coint  (quoint)  'famous,  well- 
known,  clever,  neat,  elegant': 
loanword  fr.  OFR.  coint  neat, 
fine'    =    LAT.    cognitus    'known*. 

quake  vb.  me.  quake  oe.  cwdcian 
vb.  'quake';  cp.  o^.  cwecdean 
'move'  -=^  ODU.  quecken  shake 
one's  head':  teut.    \pqak. 

qualm  me.  qualm  'death,  pesti- 
lence, torture'  oe.  cwealm  'death, 
pestilence':  derived  fr.  the  teut. 
\f  qel  in  oe.  cw'elan  me.  quele 
vb.  'die';   cp.   quell. 

quarrel  me.  querele  fr.  fr. 
querelle  =  LAT.  querela  'a  com- 
plaint'. 

quash  vb.  me.  quasshe  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  quasser  =  FR.  casser  'break' ; 
source  lat.   quassare  'to  shake'. 

quaver  vb.  derived  fr.  me. 
qudve  (oE.  *cwdjia?t)  vb.  'tremble'; 
cogn.  w.  me.  quappe  vb.  'tremble'. 

quay  earlier  spelling  keie  late 
ME.  keie  fr.  fr.  quai. 

quean  me.  qu^ne  oe.  cwene 
'woman':  perhaps  a  scand.  loan- 
word    cp.     ON.     kona     G.    plur. 


kvenna  (=  ohg.  qu'ena  kona, 
GOTH.  qi?io)\  cp.  late  OE.  cwene- 
fugel  'a  hen-bird'  fr.  the  equiv.  on. 
kvenfugl.  There  was  a  genuine 
OE.  corresponding  cwme  'bad  wo- 
man'. The  group  rests  on  a  teut. 
q'enon-  'wife'  =  aryan  gend ;  cp. 
GR.  yvvT]  f  skr.  gnd ,  oir.  ben, 
OSLOV.  RUSS.  SERB,  zcna ,  pruss. 
gena  'wife'.  See  the  following 
word. 

queen  sb.  me.  quen  oe.  C7i'en 
queen,  distinguished  lady';  base 
qoni  for  qdni  --=  goth.  qe?iSy  ON. 
kvdn  kvckn,  osax.  qudn  'wife': 
TEUT.  qeni-  =  ARYAN,  g^ni-  (== 
skr.  j'dni  'wife')  is  of  the  same 
root  as  TEUT.  q'enon-  (see  quean) 
^=  ARYAN  gend. 

quell  vb.  ME.  quelle  oe.  cwellan 
'kill':  derived  fr.  the  str.  vb.  oe. 
cw'elan  me.  qu(le  'die'  (cp.  qualm). 
They  belong  to  the  teut.  \/"qel 
in  G.  qual  =^  oHG.  03AX.  qudla 
'torment,  torture':  aryan  yf  gel 
in  lith.  geld  'grief  —  oslov.  zali 
'suffering'. 

quench  vb.  me.  quenche  oe. 
cwencean  wk.  vb.  'extinguish' : 
derived  fr.  oe.  d-cwincan  'be 
exstinguished'  :=:  ofris.  kwinka 
'vanish'.  It  is  doubtful  whether 
OE.  cwinan  'to  be  exstinguished'  is 


70 


question 


quoth 


connected  with  e.  quench  (du. 
kwijnen  'wither'). 

question  me.  questioun  fr.  fr. 
question. 

quick  adj.  me.  quick  oe.  cwicu 
'living,  alive'  =  osax.  du.  quik, 
OHG.  MHG.  qu'ec  (g.  quecksilber 
'quicksilver  and  er quicken  vb. 
'quicken,  refresh')  G.  keck  (for 
queck)    'pert',    ON.     kvikr     kykr :  ; 

TEUT.  Y"^/^  fr.  ARYAN  Y"^?^  in  LAT. 

vivo  (vixi-victum-vivere).  There  { 
exists  an  aryan  doublet  gtw  in  \ 
GOTH,  qius  (stem  qiwa-)  adj.  | 
'alive'  =^  SKR.  jiva,  lith.  gywas,  ' 
LAT.  znvus  'living,  alive'  (cp.  i 
GR.  fiiog  'life).  See  qtcitch-\ 
grass. 

quill  sb.  ME.  quille  =  westphal. 
quick  'quill':  TEUT.  base  qili-.,  perh. 
ident.   w.  xMHG.  kil  G.  kid  'quill'. 

quilt  sb.  ME.  quilte  fr.  ofr. 
cuilte  =  LAT.  culcita  'cushion, 
pillow'. 

quince  me.  coine  quine  fr.  ofr. 
coin^^Y'R..  coing  'a  quince'  (the  ce 
of  modern  Y..  quince  belongs  prop, 
to  the  plural).  Source  lat. 
cydonia  =  it.  cotogna^  ohg. 
kutina  G.  quittCy  OE.  godceppel\ 
DU.  kwee  ODU.  quede  corresponds 
to  MHG.   quiten   =    G.   quitte. 

^quire  (of  paper)  sb.  me.  quair 
quaier  'book'  fr.  ofr.  quaier   (du. 


kohier)  =  fr.  cahier  'copy  book'. 
Source  a  late  Latin  quaternum 
'collection  of  four  leaves'  (=  it. 
quaderno  'a  quire  of  paper',  oe. 
cwdte^'fi) . 

quitch-grass  (also  quick-grass 
couch-grass^  me.  ^quicche',  oe. 
cwice  'quitch-grass'  answers  to 
DU.  kweek,  LG.  quekcy  G.  qu'ecke 
'quitch-grass'.  The  name  derives 
fr.  teut.  quiku-  'alive'  (under 
quick),  because  the  weed  seems 
not  clearable. 

quite  adv.  me.  quite  fr.  fr. 
quit. 

quiver  vb.  derived  fr.  the  adj. 
ME.  quiver,  late  OE.  cwifor  'lively, 
brisk,  eagerly';  cp.  ofr.  quivrer 
vb.  'awaken,   encourage'. 

quiver  sb.  me.  quiver  fr.  fr. 
cuivre]  ident.  w.  fr.  coivre  cuivre'. 
late  Latin  base  cucurum,  whence 
also  OE.  cocor,  ohg.  kohhar  g. 
kocher  'quiver',  du.  koker. 

quoth  {^uoth  he  'he  said) 
2,^  sing.  pret.  =  me.  quoth  earlier 
quath  oe.  cwcsd  pret.  of  me. 
qu^the  oe.  cw'edan  str.  vb.  'say, 
speak'  =  GOTH,  qipan,  on.  kveda, 
0?>kx.qttedan ,  OHG.  qu'edan  'say': 
ARYAN  spget  (by-form  ged  in  skk. 
gad  'speak'?).  Cp.  bequeath 
and  bequest. 


rabbit 


rat 


171 


R 


rabbit  cogn.  w.  odu.  robhe 
robbeken  'rabbit';  perh.  identical 
w.  DU.  rob^  G.  robbe  'phoca? 

race^  me.  r/^  oe.  r^^?  or  bor- 
rowed from  ON.  rds  *a  running': 
TEUT.  base  rha-. 

race^  'family'  fr.  fr.  race  = 
SPAN.  PORT.  raza\  source  ARAB. 
rds  'origin'. 

race^  'root'  fr.  ofr.  rah  =  lat. 
radix.  —  From  the  same  source 
also  radish  =  DU.  radijs  (fr. 
radis) . 

•  rafter  me.  rafter  oe.  rcefter\ 
formed  by  suffix  -tra-  from  the 
same  root  as  on.  rdf  'roof  and 
OHG.  rdvo  'rafter'.  Cp.  the  Aryan 
\preph  in  or.  sgscpw  —  OQO(fog. 

rag  ME.  ra^ge  (late  oe.  '^ra^^ 
inferred  from  the  adj.  raggii 
'shaggy'):  borrowed  fr.  on.  rpgg 
'shagginess'. 

rage  me.  rage  fr.  fr.  rage  = 
LAT.  rabies. 

rail  ^  ME.  rai/  reil  fr.  ofr.  reille  \ 
source  LAT.  regula,  whence  also 
G.  7iegel  OHG.  rigilj  odu.  rijchel 
'bar,   rail'. 

rail 2  ME.  rail  oe.  hrcpy,  'a  gar- 
ment'; ident.  w.  ohg.  hregil  'a 
garment':  teut.   base  hrag{i)la-. 

rain  me.  rain  rein  oe.  reyi  =  ohg. 
OLG.  regan  G.  DU.  regen,  on.  regn, 
GOTH,  rigns:  teut.  base  r'egna-. 
Cp.   Lith.    roke    'drizzling    rain'. 

raise  vb,  me.  reise  borrowed  fr.  ■ 
ON.  reisa   'raise':    causal    of  on. 
risa  =:  GOTH.  reisan\    cp.  rise.  \ 


raisin  me.  reisin  fr.  ofr.  raisin 
'a  grape,  whence  also  du.  rozijn, 
G.  rosine.  Source  lat.  racemus 
'a  bunch  of  grapes'. 

rake  me.  rake  oe.  rdca  =  du. 
raak\  ident.  w.  OHG.  rehho  G. 
recheny  on.  reka :  teut.  base  rakon- 
r'ekon-,  derived  fr.  the  str.  vb. 
GOTH,  rikan  'gather. 

ram  sb.  me.  oe.  ram  {?nm)  oe. 
rg7n  ifnni)  =  OHG.  mhg.  DU.  ram : 
teut.  base  ramma-;  perh.  cogn. 
w.   ON.  ramr  'strong. 

ramsons  me.  ramsen  oe.  hravi- 
san  plur. :  teut.  base  hra7nusan- 
also  in  G.  (dial.)  ramsen^  swed. 
ra?nsidk  'bear-garlick';  further 
allied  to  GR.  afjcfivoi-  'onion', 
IR.  erem  —  cymr.  era/  'garlick, 
lith.  kermusze  'wild  garlick'. 

range  vb.  fr.  fr.  rafiger. 

ransack  vb.  me.  ransake  fr.  on. 
rannsaka  prop,  'search  the  house': 
ON.  rann  'house'  (=  goth.  razuy 
OE.  rcEsn  ran  cern  'house');  for 
ON.  saka  see  seek, 

ransom  me.  raun^oun  (du.  rant- 
soen)  fr.  fr.  ranfon  (=  lat. 
redemptio-neni) . 

rap  vb.  ME.  rape  'rush,  hasten' 
=:  ON.  hrapa  vb.  'hasten';  cp. 
du.  rapen,  mhg.  raffen  'seize': 
TEUT.   base  hrapon. 

rape  sb.  me.  rape  (=  du.  raap^ 
fr.  lat.  rapa  'turnip'. 

rat  ME.  rat  oe.  rcet  (tt)  =r= 
G.  ratte  ohg.  ratta^  du.  rat  rot\ 


72 


rate  —  reave 


ident.  w.  fr.  rat^  it.  ratio.  History 
of  the  group  unknown. 

rate  fr.  fr.  rate  =^  lat.  ratum. 

rather  me.  rather  oe.  hrador 
prop,  'quicker,  sooner':  compa- 
rative form  of  OE.  hrade  'quickly'; 
cp.  the  adj.  OE.  hrced^  on. 
hradr  'swift',  ohg.  hrad^  du.  rad 
'quick'  fr.  a  teut.  base  hrapa-. 
Akin    to    OIR.    crothim   'I  shake'. 

rattle  vb.  me.  ratele  vb.;  cp. 
OE.  hrcetele  sb.  'rattle  wort'  and 
'LG.raielen  vb. 'rattle',  mhg.  rai^i^eln 
G.  rasseln  vb.  'rattle':  teut.  y^^r^/ 
=  ARYAN \r.^r<^^/  in  GR.  ygaSmvco 
{^\'^krot  in  GR.  Y-QOTokitbiv  vb. 
'rattle'?). 

raven  sb.  me.  raven  oe.  hrcef?! 
^  ON.  hrafn\  cp.  OHG.  hraban 
G.  rabe^  DU.  raaf\  teut.  base 
hrabiia-  hrabn-',  perh.  fr.  an 
ARYAN  \fkro  :  >^^r  in  lat.  corvus, 
GR.  xo^a^    raven'. 

ravish  vb.  me.  ravisshe  vb.  fr. 
FR.  raviss-  in  r^^^^^y  'to  ravish'. 

raw  me.  raw  oe.  hreaw  =  ohg. 
/?r^<?  /irS  G.  r^/^,  DU.  rauw,  on. 
^r<7r:  teut.  base  hrdwa-\  perh. 
cogn.  w.  SKR.  krura  'sore'  and 
LAT.  ^rz/^r  'blood'. 

ray  see  roach. 

reach  ^  vb.  me.  r(che  oe.'  r(Bcean 
fr.  a  TEUT.  type  raikjan  in  ohg. 
reihhan  G.  reichen  vb.  'reach',  du. 
reiken. 

reach  2,  r^/^/^  vb.  me.  r/^:/^^ 
OE.  hrcecean',  teut.  \fhrdk  in 
OE.  /^/-^^^  =^  ON.  /^r^>^/  'spittle' 
and  OHG.  rdhhison  to  try  to  vomit'. 

read  vb.  me.  r§de  oe.  rcedan 
vb.  =   ON.    rdda    'read';    prop. 


ident.  w.  goth.  rMan,  ohg.  rdtan 
G.  raien  vb.  advise',  on.  nz^^z 
'counsel,  consult',  read  meant 
orig.  'to  read  a  riddle'  (cp. 
riddle),  then  'to  interprete  the 
runes'  (on.  rdda  gdtu  'read  a 
riddle'  ■ —  rdda  draum  'read  a 
dream'  —  rdda  runar  read 
runes'),  skr.  has  a  correspon- 
ding y"r<2^/>^  'perform';  cp.  also 
OSLOV.   raditi. 

ready  adj.  me.  rcdi  (oe.  "^rckdii 
extended  fr.)  oe.  rckde  'ready' 
=  OHG.  reiti  'ready';  cp.  goth. 
garaids  =  on.  greidr  'ready'.  As 
G.  fertig  prop,  meant  'ready  for 
a  journey'  (g.  fahrt),  perh.  a 
TEUT;  base  raida-  'journey'  may 
be  the  source  of  the  group;  cp. 
IR.  r^id  'passable'  and  see  ride 
and  road. 

realm  sb.  me.  rialme  (rialme) 
fr.   OFR.  realme  (fr.  royaume). 

ream  late  me.  rpne  fr.  ofr. 
raime  FR.  rame\  cp.  span,  resma, 
ITAL.  risma  (g.  rics)  ream  of 
paper'.  Source  ARAB,  rizina  'a 
bundle'. 

reap  vb.  me.  ripe  oe.  riopan 
vb.  fr.  a  TEUT.  V"^2j>  'cut'  in  ripe\ 
cp.  OE.  ri/'/^r 'sickle' and  see  ripe. 

rear  vb.  me.  rire  oe.  rceran 
vb.  =  OHG.  reran  vb.  'raise'  fr. 
a  TEUT.  base  raizjan',  cp.  r/.f<? 
and  raise  for  \fris. 

rear  adj.  me.  r/;^  oe.  /^r^r. 

reason  me.  r{soun  earlier  reisoun 
fr.  FR.   raison  =  LAT.  ratio-nem. 

reave  {bereave)  vb.  me.  r/z^^ 
OE.  r(afian  vb.  =  ohg.  raubon 
G.  rauben,  goth.  {bi)raubdn  'de- 


173 


spoil',  o^.rau/a  (see  also  robe): 
derived  fr.  a  primitive  str.  vb. 
OE.  hereof an^  on.  rjufa  'to  break'. 
Cp.  SY.^.y/^lup. 

receive  vb.  me.  receive  fr.  ofr. 
recever  =  fr.  recevoir. 

reck  vb.  me.  recke  {recche)  short 
for  OE.  recean  earlier  rcecean'. 
TEUT.  base  rokjan  in  on.  rcekjUy 
OSAX.  rokian,  ohg.  ruohhan  'have 
a  care  for'. 

reckon  vb.  me.  rekne  oe.  j<?- 
r'ecenian  vb.  =  OHG.  rehhanon 
G.  rechne?i  'reckon',  du.  rekenen] 
cp.  the  TEUT.  V"r<?>^  in  ohg.  rahha 
'subject,  thing'. 

-red  suffix  in  hatred\  cp.  oe. 
feondrckden  freoiidrckden  'friend- 
ship' (Jiiwrceden  under  hind)] 
orig.  -raidin  in  goth.  ga-raidei?7S. 

red  adj.  short  for  me.  red  oe. 
r^'ad  =  TEUT.  rauda-  in  goth. 
rauds,  ohg.  rot  g.  r<?/,  du.  r^f?^/, 
ON.  raudr  'red ;  cp.  OE.  reodan 
==  ON.  r/i^V/c?  vb.  redden'  and 
ruddock  (rust).  There  is  a 
corresponding  ARYAN  \f  rudh 
reudh  in  GR.  tQvi^()6g,  SKK.rud/iird, 
OSLOV.  rzidru,  lat.  ruber  'red', 
LAT.  ri(/us,  IR.  r2/<^?^/. 

reed  sb.  me.  red  oe.  Are'od  = 
OHG.  //r/(7/  G.  DU.  riet:  teut.  base 
hreuda-. 

reek  sb.  jME.  rek  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  oe. 
reocan  'reek,  smoke'  =  on.  rjuka^ 
ohg.  riohhan  g.  riechen)  cp.  oe. 
r^^"^  rjV,  ON.  r^y/^r,  ohg.  rouh  g. 
ranch,  du.  r^^/^  'smoke'  fr.  a  teut. 
base  rauki". 

reel  me:  ;t7^  oe.  hreol\  prop,  i 
*hrcehil  fr.  a  teut.  base  "^hranhiL 


in  ON.  hrcsll  'a  weaver's  rod', 
north-fries.  r^/«/. 

rehearse  vb.  isie.  rehirfe  fr. 
OFR.   reherfer. 

rein  sb.  me.  m;?^  fr.  ofr.  m«^ 
=:  FR.  r<?;^^  (cp.  ITAL.  redina] 
source  lat.  retinere  'restrain'). 

relieve  vb.  me.  releve  fr.  fr. 
relever  =  lat.  relevare. 

rely  vb.  from  lat.  re  (as  in 
recall,  remind,  renew)  and 
E.  lie  'to  rest. 

remnant  sb.  me.  re7nenaunt  fr. 
OFR.  retnenant  'remnant'. 

rend  vb.  me.  rende  oe.  rendan 
vb.  'tear,  lacerate'  =^  ofris.  refida 
vb.  'tear,  break'. 

rennet^  sb.  fr.  the  vb.  me.  renne 
'run,  make  to  run';  cp.  under 
run. 

rennet  2  sb.  fr.  fr.  reinette. 

renounce  vb.  me.  renoun(e  fr. 
FR.  renoncer.  —  renown  me. 
renoun  fr.  fr.   renom. 

rest  sb.  me.  reste  oe.  rest:  teut. 
base  rasti-,  cp.  ohg.  rasta  'rest, 
a  measure  of  distance,  goth. 
rasta  'a  mile,  on.  rgst  'a  mile'. 
There  is  a  TEUT.y^r^i-  in  goth. 
razn  'house',  ON.  rann  (cp. 
ransack). 

retch  vb.  see  reach'^. 

ribb  ME.  ribbe  o^.  ribb  =  teut. 
ribja-  in  ON.  r//",  OHG.  ri/>j>i: 
ARYAN  spr'ebh  in  oslov.  russ. 
rebro  'rib'. 

rhythm  see  rime. 

-ric  in  bishopric  =  me.  bisshop- 
riche  oe.  bisceoprice',  cp.  oe.  r/<:<? 
'reign'  =  goth.  m/^/,  ohg.  r^M/ 


174 


G.  reich\  fr.  teut.  rik-  =  goth. 
reiks  'king'. 

rice  sb.  fr.  fr.  riz  (du.  rijst) 
=  ITAL.  riso,  G.  reis:  source 
GR.   0(>ifta  'rice'. 

rich  adj.  me.  riche  fr.  fr.  riche) 
ident.  w.  oe.  rice  'powerful',  OHG. 
rthhi  G.  7'eich,  DU.  7'ijk,  on.  rikr, 
GOTH,  reiks.  Originally  a  deriva- 
tive of  GOTH,  reiks  'king'  under 
ric.  —  riches  sb.  me.  riches se 
fr.  fr.  richesse'.  derived  fr.  fr. 
riche  =r  teut.  riki  'powerful'. 

rick  sb.  short  for  me.  rek  OE. 
hr{ac  'a  heap'  =  du.  rook,  ON. 
hraukr  (hroki)  a  heap':  teut. 
base  hrauka-y  akin  to  on.  hruga 
'a  heap'    and    ir.  cruach    'heap'. 

rid  vb.  ME.  ridde  prop,  redde 
OE.  hreddan  =  ohg.  hrettan  G. 
retterr.  teut.  base  hradjan  from 
an  ARYAN  \fkrath  in  skr.  (raihay. 
'loosen'. 

riddle  sb.  me.  redles  oe.  r/^/«?/^ 
rckdelse  =  DU.  raadse/,  OSAX. 
radisli  G.  r/z/^^/  'riddle';  cp.  OHG. 
rdtisca  rdtussa  'riddle':  teut. 
\frdd  red  under  read. 

riddle  2  sb.  'sieve'  me.  riddel 
for  OE.  hridder  =  ohg.  hritara 
G.  reiter  'sieve':  Aryan \r>^r/  in 
'LAT.  cribrum  'sieve',  gr.  -/.qivw 
and  in  goth.  hrai-ns,  ohg.  reini 
G.  rein   'clean'    (prop,    sifted'?). 

ride  me.  ride  oe.  ridan  str.  vb. 
=  OHG.  ritan  g.  reiten,  du.  rijden, 
on.  rida'.  teut.  -y^r/^/:^  pre-TEUT. 
m^/^  in  GALLO-LAT.  reda  'carriage' 
—  veredus\oYS,e  {y^ndQr palfrey) 
and  IR.  riadaim  'I  go';  see  ready. 


ridge  me.  r/^J-^  oe.  /^ryrj  (genit. 
hrycges)  ■=  teut.  hrugja-  in  oSAX. 
hruggi,  DU.  rz/^,  ohg.  hrucki  G. 
rilcken  'back',  on.  hryggr:  pre- 
TEUT.  krtikjo-,  cogn.  w.  IR.  crocenn 
sb.  'back'. 

rife  adj.  me.  oe.  rif  'abundant, 
frequent'  =  on.  rifr  'munificent, 
abundant',  odu.  rijf  'copious', 
LG.  rive  'abundant'. 

right  adj.  me.  right  oe.  riht 
earlier  "^r'iht  =  ohg.  osax.  rehl 
G.  du.  rechl,  on.  r^Ur,  goth. 
raihts  'right,  straight':  TEUT.  rehta- 
fr.  an  Aryan  r'ekto-  (==  lat.  rectus 
'right,  straight'),  prop,  participle 
fr.  a  verbal  \rr^^  in  lat.  r  eg  ere 
'to  rule';  cp.  SKR.  rju  'right, 
straight'. 

righteous  transformed  fr.  me. 
rightwis  oe.  rihtwis  =  ohg.  r'eht- 
WIS  'knowing  the  right';  see 
wise. 

rim  sb.  me.  rime  oe.  rima  rioma 
'border,  margin';  probably  cogn. 
w.  OE.  ra?id,  on.  rgnd,  ohg.  rant 
G.  DU.  rand  'border,  margin': 
TEUT.  ran-do-  for  ram-do-  (as 
sandiox  Aryan  samdho-) .  Perh. 
rind  belongs  to  the  same  Aryan 
\l^rem. 

rime^  sb.  me.  rim  'verse,  song' 
borrowed  about  1200  fr.  ofr. 
rimcj  whence  also  mhg.  rtm  G. 
reimy  DU.  rijm  (properly  Verse'). 
Source  lat.  rhythmus. 

rime''^  sb.  me.  rime  oe.  hrim  = 
DU.  rijin,  on.  hrim  'hoarfrost'; 
doubtful,  whether  ohg.  hrifo  G. 
reify  OSAX.  hripOy  du.  rijp  'hoar- 
frost' are  cognate. 


175 


rind  sb.  me.  rinde  OE.  rind 
'bark  of  a  tree'  fr.  a  teut.  base 
rindo-  (rendo-)  =  OHG.  rinta  G. 
rinde  'rind';  perh.  cogn.  w.  ohg. 
rant  G.  rand  and  OE.  rand 'border, 
margin'  under  rtm. 

ring  sb.  ME.  r/;z^  oe.  krin^-  = 
ON.  hringr,  ohg.  y^/-/^^  r/«:^  G. 
DU.  ;7/2!^:  TEUT.  base  hringa- 
{hr'enga-')  fr.  apre-TEUT.  V"-^r^«^^ 
in  OSLOV.  krqgu  'circle'  and 
kraglii    round'. 

ring  vb.  ME.  ringe  OE.  hringan 
=-=   ON.  hringja    'ring    the    bells'. 

rip  vb.  ME.  rippe  (ruppe)  OE. 
ryppan  =  hg.  rupfen  'to  tear': 
TEUT.  base  ruppjan\  cogn.  w. 
GOTH,  raupjan,  OHG.  rouffen  G. 
raufen,  oe.  rypan  r^pan  and  perh. 
allied  to  "SiYiK.sfrup  'break'. 

ripe  adj.  ME.  OE.  ripe  'mature, 
ripe'  =  WEST-TEUT.  ripi'  in  OSAX. 
ripiy  DU.  rijp,  ohg.  I'iffi  G.  reif 
'mature,  ripe';  derived  fr.  the 
TEUT.  verbal  v^rz/ 'cut'  inE.  reap 
and  OE.  rifter  sb.  'sickle'.  There- 
fore ripe  orig.  meant  'cuttable, 
fit  for  reaping'. 

rise  vb.  ME.  rise  OE.  risan  str. 
vb.  =  ON.  risa,  ohg.  rhan  str. 
vb.  'to  move  up,  rise':  teut. 
verbaly^m,  whence  also  rear 
and  raise. 

risk  sb.  fr.  fr.  risque  =  ital. 
GERM,  risico. 

rive  vb.  ME.  rive  fr.  on.  rifa 
'tear'  =  ohg.  rz/^^«  G.  reiben,  DU. 
rijven  'grate,  rub':  teut.  verbal 
\fwrib  in  odu.  mlg.  wriven  'rub'. 

river    me.  river   fr.    fr.    riviere 


riviera    sea-shore:    deriv.     from 
LAT.  ripa  'bank'. 

roach  late  me.  rgche  points  to 
a  fr.  source  (cp.  swed.  rokka, 
DAN.  rocke  'roach');  the  synon. 
ray  goes  back  to  fr.  raie  = 
LAT.  raia  'roach'. 

road  me.  rode  'journey,  road 
OE.  rdd  'journey,  road'  =  teut. 
base  raido-  (on.  reid  'riding') 
fr.  the  verbal  y"m/  in  ride. 

roar  vb.  me.  rgre  oe.  rdrian 
vb.  =  OHG.  reren  mhg.  rhen  vb. 
'low,  bellow':  teut.  base  rairanl 
or  raizan} 

roast  vb.  me.  rpste  fr.  ofr. 
rostir  =  fr.  roiir  'roast'.  Source 
a  TEUT.  vb.  raustjan  =  ohg. 
rosten  G.  rosten  'roast';  cp.  ohg. 
iviHG.  rost  G.  rost  'gridiron,  grate'. 

rob  vb.  ME.  robbe  fr.  fr.  rober. 

robe  sb.  me.  robe  fr.  fr.  robe. 
Source  a  teut.  sb.  rauba-  = 
OE.  r(af  'spoil,  clothing',  OHG. 
MHG.  roupib)  'booty,  spoil*.  Cogn. 
w.  reave. 

robin  =  fr.  Robin  the  name 
Robert. 

rock  sb.  liiE.  rock  late  oe.  rocc 
(stdnrocc)'.  borrowed  about  looo 
fr.  ONFR.  roc  (fr.  roche)  =  ital. 
rocca.    Source  celt,  rokka-} 

rock'-^  vb.  ME.  rocke  late  OE. 
roccian  'shake,  swing,  rock';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  ruckan  G.  riicken,  ON. 
rykkja  'to  pull  roughly  and  hastily': 
TEUT.y  rz//^^. 

rod  ident.  w.  rood. 

roe^  sb.  'a  female  deer'  me.  ro 
OE.    rd    earliest    form    rdha   = 


river,    stream';    ident.    w.    ital.    ohg.  r^ho:    teut.  base    raihan-- 


76 


roe  —  row 


ident.  \v.  ohg.  reh  g.  reh^  DU. 
ree^  on.  rd  fr.  a  teut.  base 
raiha-. 

roe^  sb.  'the  spawn  of  fishes' 
short  for  late  ME.  rgune\  properly 
OE.  ^hrogen  =^  on.  hrogn^  ohg. 
rogan  g.  rogen  with  the  by-form 
ohg.  7-ogo\  TEUT.  base  hrogna- 
(Jirogan-). 

rogue  sb.  fr.  fr.   rogue. 

roll  vb.  ME.  rolie  fr.  ofr.  roler 
=  FR.  roulei".  source  LAT.  roiu- 
lare. 

rood  ME.  rode  oe.  r<9V/  (obi. 
r<7^<f)  'cross',  original  meaning 
'a  rod  or  pole'.  Ident.  w.  OSAX. 
roda,  DU.  roede,  ohg.  ruota  G. 
rute  and  w.  e.  rod.  teut.  base 
rodo-,  pre-TEUT.  rddhd-  or  rata-. 

roof  ME.  rpf  OE.  /^r<i/^:  teut. 
base  hrofa-  in  on.  y^r^T/*  'shed', 
ofries.  hrof  'roof,  du.  roef 
'cabin'.  Perh.  allied  to  roost. 
IR.  cro  'roof  points  to  a  pre- 
TEUT.  form  krdpo-. 

rook  sb.  ME.  rgk  oe.  hrgc  = 
ON.  hrdkr,  OHG.  hruoh'.  TEUT. 
base  hroka-y  pre-TEUT.  krago-. 

room  sb.  me.  r<?2^;i?2  oe.  rum  = 
OHG.  r^/^2  G.  raum,  du.  r2^/»2, 
ON.  7'um,  GOTH,  rums  'room': 
T^VT,  ru-?na-  fr.  an  ARYAN xTr/z 
in  LAT.  rus  (ruris)  'open  country'. 

roost  sb.  me.  rpst  oe.  hrgst 
=  DU.  I'oest  'hen-roost',  osAX. 
hrost  'roof;  prop,  hrofsta-  and 
cogn.  w.  roof} 

root  sb.  me.  rgie  late  oe.  rot 
borrowed  fr.  the  equival.  on. 
rot:  teut.  base  wrotd-,  cogn.  w. 
E.  root  vb.  oe.  wrgtan  'grub  up' 


=  ON.  rota  'grub  up';  cp.  mhg. 
rile'i-^el  g.  rilssei. 

rope  sb.  me.  rop  oe.  rap  = 
TEUT.  base  raipa-  in  on.  reip, 
DU.  reep,  ohg.  g.  rez/'hoop,  ring, 
rope';  perh.  cogn.  w.  gr.  gai^ioQ 
'bent'. 

rose  sb.  ME.  rose  oe.  rose  (by- 
form  rose)  borrowed  fr.  lat. 
rosa,  whence  also  fr.  g.  rose 
OHG.  rosa. 

rosemary  sb.  me.  rosmarine  fr. 
OFR.  ros7narin  (fr.  romarifi)  = 
LAT.  ros  marinus  (prop,  'marin 
dew');   cp.  G.  rosmarin. 

rotten  adj.  me.  roten  =  on. 
rotinn'.  partic.  of  a  verbal y^rz^:/ 
reut  in  oe.  rotian^  osAX.  rotoji^ 
MHG.  ro'^T^en  vb.  'putrify'. 

rough  adj.  me.  rough  {roiv) 
OE.  rjih  =  OHG.  ruA  G.  rau/i 
'rough"  (du.  ruig  'rough'):  teut. 
base  ru/ia- ,  pre  -  TEUT.  rtiko-^ 
cogn.   w.  LITH.  raukas  'wrinkle'? 

round  vb.  'whisper'  me.  roune 
OE.  rtinian  =  OSAX.  ruman, 
OHG.  runen  G.  raunen  'whisper': 
derivative  of  teut.  rum-  'secret, 
mystery'  under  rune. 

round  adj.  me.  round  fr.  fr. 
rond  (ofr.  roond^=--  lat.  rottmdus), 
whence  also  G.  rund,  du.  rond 
'round'. 

row  sb.  me.  rpwe  oe.  raw  'row' 
fr.  a  TEUT.  base  raiwo-  orig. 
raigwo- ;  cogn.  w.  mhg.  rihe  g.  reihe 
'row'  and  the  str.  vb.  ohg.  rihan 
'rank,  string':  pre-TEUT.y"^^'^'^ 
reikh  in  skr.  rekhd  'line'. 

row  vb.  ME.  rpwe  oe.  rowan 
=   ON.    roa^    DU.    roeijen,    mhg. 


rowlock  —  rye 


77 


rilejen  'to  row' :  common  base 
a  strong  verbalv^r<?  in  rudder 
ME.  rgther  OE.  7'odor  =  OHG. 
ruodar  G.  ruder ^  du.  roer  'rudder': 
TEUT.  base  rb-pra-.  lat.  re-?nus 
'rudder'  and  OR.  r-fje-tjiiog  belong 
to   the   same  akya^ yfrS  :  re. 

rowlock  rollock  sb.  prop, 
'hole  for  rowing';  cp.  G.  /ock 
and  OE.  dr/oc  me.  grlock  'hole  of 
oars  . 

ruddock  sb.  me.  ruddok  oe. 
rudduc  'red-breast';  cogn.  w. 
ruddy  me.  rodi  rudy  (oe.  "^rudii) 
reddish'  and  oe.  rudu  'red 
color';   cp.  the  adj.  red, 

rude  adj.  me.  riide  fr.  fr.  I'ude 
=  LAT.  rudis  'rude'. 

rue  vb.  me.  rewe  oe.  hreowan 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  hreuwan,  ohg. 
riuwan  G.  reuen,  on.  hryggva  vb. 
'distress,  grieve':  base  a  strong 
\&x\)2X\f  hreuw.     Cp.  ruth. 

rue  sb.  (a  plant)  me.  rile  fr. 
FR.  rue  =  LAT.  rz^/rtr  'rue*. 

rule  ME.  reule  earlier  riule  fr. 
OFR.  reide  riule'.  source  lat. 
r^gula,  whence  also  oe.  regol, 
OHG.  regain  G.  regel,  fr.  regie. 

rump  late  me.  rumpe]  ident.  w. 
MHG.  G.  rump/,  DU.  romp  'trunk, 
body'. 

rumple  parallel  form  to  me. 
rimple  OE.  hrympek  and  ident. 
w.  ODU.  ro7npel  'ripple':  derived 
fr.  the  TEUT.  verbal  v'"  hremp  in 
OE.  gehrumpen  'wrinkled'  and  ohg. 
r imp/an  str.   vb.   'wrinkle'. 

run  vb.  me.  ri7ine  (part,  ironne) 
OE.  (rare)  rinnan  (mostly  yrnari) 
=  ON.  rinna^  goth.  rinnan  'run'; 

English  Etymology. 


OHG.    rifinan    g.    rinnen    str.    vb 
'run'. 

rune  the  teut.  word  for  the 
old  characters  in  writing :  OE. 
ON.  run  with  the  orig.  meaning 
'mystery,  secret'  (goth.  ohg. 
riind) ;  ident.  w.  oiR.  run  'secret'. 
Cp.   round  vb.   for  the  root. 

rung  me.  runge  oe.  hrung  (obi. 
hrunge)  goth.  hrugga  'staff',  hg. 
LG.  runge,  DU.  rong  'spar,  bolt': 
TEUT.  base  hrungo-. 

rust  ME.  rust  roust  oe.  rust  fr. 
a  TEUT.  base  rusta-\  ident.  w. 
hg.  lg.  rost  fr.  a  teut.  base 
rusta- :  derived  with  st-  formative 
from  the  Aryan  \^rud/i  (in  E. 
red  and  ruddy),  whence  also 
LAT  robii^o  'rust'  and  OSLO  v. 
rHzda  (for  '^rudjd)  'rust'. 

rush  sb.  me.  r  us  she  oe.  rysce\ 
ident.  w.  lg.  du.  rusch  'rush, 
reed'. 

rush  vb.  me.  rouse  he  =  g. 
rauschen  MRG.  ruse  hen  ^  du.  ruischen 
ODU.  ruuschen,  oswed.  ruska 
'rush':  TEUT.  base  hruskonl  There 
occurs  also  oe.  hryscan. 

ruth  sb.  me.  reuthe:  extended 
fr.  a  more  primitive  sb.  oe. 
hreow;  cp.  OE.  hreowan  str.  vb. 
'rue'  under  rue. 

rye  sb.  me.  rie  oe.  ry^e:  teut. 
base  rugi-  in  on.  rugr  'rye';  ohg. 
rocko  G.  roggen  and  osAX.  roggo 
'rye'  point  to  a  TEUT.  parallel 
base  ruggan-.  Outside  of  teut., 
OSLOV.  rUU  'rye'  (base  rugi-) 
and  LiTH.  rugiai  'rye'  show  the 
same  base  as  oe.  ry~^e  and  ON. 
rugr  =  TEUT.   base  rugi-. 

fr^  OF  THE        ^^^^ 

(university  J 


78 


sable  —  sand 


sable  sb.  me.  sable  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  sable\  ident.  w.  mhg. 
G.  zobel'.  source  a  SLAV,  word, 
Russ.  soboli  'sable'. 

sabre  saber  fr.  fr.  sabi-e  =^ 
G.  sdbelj  SERB.  RUSS.  sablj'a, 
HUNGAR.  szablya.  Source  and 
history  unknown. 

sack  sb.  'bag'  me.  sakk  oe. 
scecc  ^=  GOTH,    sakkus,    du.    zak, 

G.     sack     OHG.     MHG.     SaC     TEUT. 

base  sakku-  borrowed  fr.  lat. 
saccuSy  whence  also  ital.  sacco^ 
FR.  sac.  Source  HEBR.-Phenic. 
sak, 

sad  ME.  j^^'sad,  quiet,  serious'; 
the  ident.  oe.  jt^^/ satiated'  corre- 
sponds with  OHG.  sat  G.  satt^ 
OSAX.  sad,  ON.  sadr^  goth.  saps 
'satiated'.  There  is  an  aryan 
\f  sd  'satiate'  in  lat.  satur-satis 
and  oiR.  sathach  'satiated';  cp. 
GR.  (i-i^isvai  'satiate'. 

saddle  me.  sddel  oe.  sadol  = 
ON.  sgduU,  OHG.  satiil  G.  saitel, 
DU.  zadel'.  teut.  base  sadula-, 
perh.  borrowed  from  a  non- 
teut.  language  which  might  have 
formed  a  sb.  sadulo-  from  the 
ARYAN  \^ sed  in  sit  —   set. 

safe  ME.  sdf  earlier  sauf'.  loan- 
word fr.  FR.  sauf  -=.  LAT.  salvus\ 
cp.  save. 

sail  sb.  ME.  sail  seil  oe.  s'e'^el 
=  OHG.  s'egal  G.  segel,  du.  zeil, 
ON.  segl'.  teut.   base  segla-. 

saint  sb.  me.  seint  saint  fr.  fr. 
saint  =  LAT.  sanctus. 


sake  sb.  me.  sake  oe.  sdcu  = 
teut.  base  sako-  in  ohg.  sahha 
G.  sache,  du.  zaak  'matter,  affair'; 
perh.  based  on  the  teut.  verbal 
sakan  'content,   rebuke'. 

sale  ME.  sale  oe.  sdlu;  hence 
sell. 

sallow  sb.  ME.  salwe  earlier 
"^salge  OE.  scalh  i^sealg-)  ^=  ohg. 
\salaha\  teut.  base  salho- ;  cp. 
ON.  selja  'willow'  (base  salhjon-^. 
Prob.  cognate  w.  lat.  salix  (base 
salic-)  'willow'  and  GR.  sXi'y,rj. 

sallow  adj.  me.  sahce  oe.  seala 
salo  =  DU.  zaluw,  ON.  sglr  yellow- 
ish', OHG.  salo  'sallow':  teut. 
base  salwa-. 

salt  sb.  ME.  salt  oe.  sealt\  teut. 
base  salta-  in  GOTH.  ON.  oSAX. 
salt,  OHG.  G.  salz  salt'.  Cogn. 
w.  LAT.  saly  GR.  aXcy  osLOV.  solu 
OIR.  salann    salt'. 

salve  sb.  me.  salve  oe.  sealf 
\  (infl.  sealf e)  =  ohg.  salba  G. 
I  salbe,  DU.  zalf ;  cp.  GOTH,  salboii 
vb.  ^  o^.scalfianY..  salve  vb. 
Cognate  w.  the  ARYAN  sf  s'elp 
solp  in  SKR.  sarpis  'butter'  — 
srpra    fat',  GR.   iXnoc,    oil'. 

same  sb.  me.  same  oe.  sam  = 
GOTH,  sama,  on.  sawr,  ohg.  sam 
'the  same':  pre-TEUT.  soma-  in 
GR.  ojunc,  SKR.  sama  'the  same'. 

samplp  sb.  me.  ,saumple  earlier 
asaumple  .  fr.  OFR.  essemple  fr. 
example  =  lat.  exefnplum. 

sand  sb.  me.  oe.  sand  =  osax. 
sand,  OHG.  sant  G.  .f^/z^/,  DU.  zand, 


sap 


scoff 


179 


ON.  sandr:  teut.  base  sanda-  for 
samda-,   cp.   pre-TEUT.  saniadho-s 
in  GR.   cLf-iadoQ    sand'. 
sap    sb.    ME.    sap    OE.    seep    ==■  | 

MLG.     ODU.     sap,     MHG.     OHG.     saf\ 

G.  safi  'sap' :    teut.    base    sdpa-  \ 
borrowed  fr.    LAT.    sdpa     must'. 

satin  sb.  me.  satin  fr.  fr.  satin'. 
source  the  vulgar  LAT.  seta  'silk' 
(in  G.  seide  ohg.  sida  =  OE. 
Sid  'silk'). 

Saturday  me.  saterday  earlier 
Saterndai  OE.  Sceterndcej^  =  DU. 
zaterdag,  ofris.  saternesdag  ,west- 
PHAL.  Sdterdach'.  adaptation  of 
LAT.  Saturni  dies.  Cp.  the  names 
of  the  other  days  of  the  week. 

sauce  sb.  me.  saufe  fr.  fr. 
sauce:  source  lat.  salsa.  Hence 
sausage  fr.  fk.  saucisse. 

savage  adj.  me.  sauvdge  fr.  fr. 
sauvage  =  lat.  silvatiais. 

save  vb.  me.  save  earlier  sauve 
fr.  FR.  sauver  =  lat.  salvare 
'secure'.     Cp.  safe. 

savor  sb.  me.  sdvour  fr.  ofr. 
savour  =    lat.    sapor-em  'taste'. 

saw  ^  sb.  ME.  sawe  oe.  sage  = 
OHG.  saga,  LG.  sage,  DU.  zaag, 
ON.  spg;  cp.  the  ablaut-varia- 
tion OHG.  sega  'saw' :  derived  fr. 
an  ARYAN  \r  sek  sok  (in  lat. 
secare  'cut'),  whence  also  OE.  secg 
'sword'  and  E.   scythe. 

saw  2  sb.  ME.  sawe  OE.  sagu 
'saying'  ^  g.  sage  ohg.  saga-. 
derived  fr.  the  teut.  verb  sagain 
=  OE.  secgan  me.  sein  sain  E. 
say  and  ohg.  sagen  g.  sagen; 
cp.  ON.  seggja  'say' :  perh.  cog- 
nate w.  lith.  sakyti  vb.  'say'. 


scale'  sb.  'shell'  me.  scale'. 
loanword  fr.  ofr.  escale  fr.  6cale. 
Source  ohg.  scala    under  shell. 

scale'-  (of  a  balance)  me.  late 
OE.  skdle:  loanword  fr.  ON.  skdl 
'scale  of  a  balance';  ident.  w. 
ohg.  osax.  skdla  'bowl'. 

scarce  me.  scars  fr.  ofr.  escars 
(fr.  i- chars)  =  ital.  scar  so 
'scarce  :  source  lat.  excarsiis  = 
excarpsus  'selected'. 

scarlet  jme.  scarldt  fr.  ofr. 
cs  car  late  (fr.  dear  late)  ;  ident.  w. 
G.  scharlach,  DU.  scharlaken  (mhg. 
scharldt,  ODU.  schacrlaet).  Source 
PERS.  sakirldt. 

scathe  vb.  me.  scathe  fr.  on. 
skdda',  ident.  w.  oe.  sceppan  = 
GOTH,  skapjan  vb.  'harm'.  The 
TEUT.  \f  skap  corresponds  to  an 

ARYAN   \f  Skdth    in     GR.    (XOy.7]^7jg 

'harmless'. 

scatter  vb.  me.  scatere:  loan- 
word of  the  12''^  century  fr. 
ODU.  scateren  'scatter'? 

scent  vb.  properly  sent  (late 
ME.  sent  sb.  'scent')  fr.  ofr.  sentir 
'smeir  =  LAT.  sentir e. 

school  me.  scale  oe.  scol  (infl. 
scale)  =  OHG.  scuola  g.  schule, 
DU.  school',  loanword  fr.  lat. 
scola  (in  a  medieval  pronun- 
ciation scola),  whence  also  fr. 
kole  and  ital.  scuola. 

scissors  me.  sisoures  (isoures 
fr.  OFR.  cisoires  'scissors'  (fr. 
ciseaux). 

scoff   ME.    sco/',    cogn.    w.    the 

equiv.  ohg.  scop/  sb.  and  ofries. 

schof',    cp.    ON.  skopa   vb.    'scoff, 

mock'.     Source  and  history  un- 

12* 


:8o 


scold 


known;  the  E.  word  probably 
not  genuine  Anglosaxon. 

scold  vb.  ME.  scplde\  cognate 
w.  OHG.  sc'eltan  G.  schelten  vb. 
'scold'.  Probably  the  E.  word 
is  not  genuine  English,  but  bor- 
rowed fr.  abroad. 

score  ME,  score  late  oe.  scor 
'twenty':  loanword  fr.  on.  skor 
'notch':  source  the  teut.  \^ sker 
in  shear. 

scorn  ME.  scorn  earliest  form 
(about  1200)  scdrn'.  borrowed 
fr.  OFR.  escarn  'scorn'.  Source 
OHG.  seem  'mockery'. 

scour  vb.  ME.  scour e. 

scourge  sb.  'whip'  me.  scour'j^e 
fr.  OFR.  esciirge  (whence  also 
FR.  e scour gle  ^courgie)  'a  scourge'. 

scrape  vb.  me.  scrape  fr.  on. 
scrap  a]  cp.  mlg.  du.  schrapen 
G.  schrappen. 

scream  vb.  me.  scrcme  vb.  fr. 
ON.  skrchma  'to  scare,  terrify'. 

screw  sb.  fr.  ofr.  esc  roue,  mo- 
dern FR.  icroiL, 

scribe  sb.  me.  scribe  fr.  lat. 
scrtba. 

scrip  sb.  ME.  scrippe  fr.  on. 
skreppa, 

scurf  ME.  late  oe.  scurf  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  skurf  (=  SWED. 
skorf,  DAN.  skur7!)\  cp.  OHG. 
scorf  G.  schorf,  DU.  schiirft  'scurf. 
TEUT.  \pskcrf  skorf  in  oe.  sceor- 
fan  'to  scrape'. 

scuttle  sb.  ME.  OE.  scutel  'a 
dish,  bowl';  identical  w.  ohg. 
scw^^ila  G.  schussel,  du.  schotel, 
ON.  skutell  'dish'.  Source  lat. 
scutula  scutella. 


scythe  me.  sithe  oe.  slpe  si^pe 
'sickle'  =^  ON.  sigdr  'sickle': 
Teut.  base  sigipja-,  derived  fr. 
a  teut.  \^seg  in  ohg.  s'egansa  g. 
sense  'scythe';   cp.  saw. 

sea  ME.  s{  oe.  S(b\  ident.  w. 
GOT.  saiws,  ON.  smr,  ohg.  olg. 
seo  G.  see   du.    zee',    base  saiwi-, 

seal^  sb.  me.  s^'l  fr.  ofr.  ^r*?/ fr. 
sceau.      Source  lat.  sigiliu?n. 

seal-  (the  animal)  sb.  me.  sc'le 
OE.  seolh  (pi.  seolas)  =  ohg. 
se/a/i ,  mlg.  se/,  on.  se/r :  Teut. 
base  s'elha-. 

seam  sb.  'suture'  me.  sent  oe. 
s(a7n  =  on.  saumr,  ohg.  mhg. 
somn  g.  saum  du.  zoom :  Teut. 
base  sau-77ia-,  derived  from  the 
same  root  as  the  vb.  sew.  — 
seampstress  me.  semster  oe.  s(a- 
mestre  'a  woman  who  sews  seams'. 

sear  'withered'  me.  ser  oe.  s(ar 
=  du.  zoor  'dry',   ohg.  sor. 

search  vb.  me.  se'rche  ferc/ie 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  cercher  (=  fr. 
chercher).  •   Source  lat.    circare. 

season  sb.  me.  sesoun  (seisoun) 
fr.  OFR.  seson  fr.  saison:  source 
LAT.  satio-nem  '(time  of)  sowing'. 

seat  sb.  me.  s^te  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  scEti  'a  seat:  derivative  of 
the  TEUT.  yf  set  in  sii  and  set. 

sedge  sb.  me.  segge  oe.  secg\ 
Teut.  base  sagja-  also  in  ODU. 
mlg.  segge.  \p  sail  sag  in  OHG. 
sahar  'sedge'.  Perh.  cognate 
with  a  reduplicated  GALLO.-lat. 
si-sc-a  'sedge'  =  ir.  seisg. 

see  vb.  me.  se  oe.  seon  con- 
tracted for  "^s'ehan  =  ohg.  olg. 
s'ehan    G.    sehen  du.  zien '.    west- 


see  —  sew 


I»I 


TEUT.     sclian   =   GOTH,     saiban. 

TEUT.      \^Sd/nu    =    ARYAN    \^Se^ 

in  LAT.  se^ii/,  gr.  snta&fa,  skr. 
sac  'follow'.  The  original  mean- 
ing of  the  TEUT.  verb  probably 
was    to    follow   with    the    eyes'. 

see  sb.  'seat  of  a  bishop'  me. 
se  fr.  OFR.  S£  'seat'  =  lat.  sed€-7n 
seat'. 

seed  :\IE.  sed _  (sed)  oe.  s^d  seed 
=  OHG.  sat  G.  i>aat,  du.  zaad 
(goth.  seps  in  manaseps  'man- 
kind) :  Teut.  base  se-di-\  for 
\f  se  cp.  sow 

seek  vb.  me.  seke  oe.  secan 
(secean)  ==  got.  sokjaUy  on.  sdekja, 
OHG.  siirOhha7i  G.  siichen,  du.  zoo  ken. 

TEUT.     V^  .y^/^     =     ARYAN    xT  J"% 

in  oiR.  sdigim  'I  seek'  (lat. 
sagire  ?) 

seethe  vb.  'boil'  me.  jt^'M^  oe. 
seodan  str.  vb.  :^  on.  .y/V?^^?, 
OHG.  siodan  G.  siedett,  du.  zieden. 
In  GOTH.,  we  find  only  the  deri- 
vative j-^j-zz/jT  sb.  'sacrifice'  (prop. 
*a  burnt- offering),  teut.  \f  seup 
=  ARYAN  sfseut, 

seldom  adv.  me.  scldotn  prop. 
sdde(fi)  OE.  seldan  adv.  =  on. 
sjaldan,  ohg.  .f^7/^/«  G.  .y^//(?;2,  du. 
^^/^<f/z  adv.  Cogn.  w.  goth.  silda- 
leiks  "wonderful'. 

self  pron.  ME.  OE.  self  r=  ORG. 
selb  G.  selbst^  du.  s'^//,  on.  s/al/?'y 
GOTH,    silda:    Teut.    base    s'elba-. 

sell  vb.  ME.  sclle  (pret.  solde) 
OE.  j'^//(3';z  (pret.  sdlde)  \o  ^ivit 
=  GOTH,  saljan  to  bring  an 
offering,  on.  selja  to  hand  over, 
MHG.  seller . 

selvage,  selvedg e  cp.thesynon. 


DU.  zelfkant,  G.  (dial.)  self-efid 
and  LG.  egge\  therefore  s  civ  edge 
compound  oi  self  and  edge,  per- 
haps in  imitation  of  early  du. 
selfegge. 

send  vb.  me.  sende  (prt.  senle) 
OE.  sendan  (prt.  sende)  wk.  vb. 
=  GOTH,  sandjan ,  on.  senda, 
DU.  zendetiy  OSAX.  sendiatiy  ohg. 
s entail    g.    senden.      Derived    fr. 

GOTH,     .f//?/,     OHG.     J-/W,     OE.     .f// 

'journey'  =  oir.  i"//  'way'  (aryan 
base    sento-    sb.    —   sontejo  vb.). 

sennight  prop,  seven  night 
OE.   scofon  niht\   cp.  fourtnight. 

sermon  me.  sej-f/ioim  fr.  fr. 
serffion. 

serve  vb.  me.  se?'ve  borrowed  in 
the  12'*^  cent.  fr.  fr.  servir  (=- 
i.A.T.serz>ire).  Derivative  servant 
ME.  seivatmt  fr.  fr.  servant  and 
service  me.  sirvise  fr.  fr.  service 
(lat.  servitiiwi). 

set  vb.  ME.  .ff//^~  OE.  j-^//^;z  wk. 
vb.  :=  GOTH,  satjan,  on.  i-^/>'^7, 
DU.  zetten,  osax.  settian,  ohg. 
sezzan  G.  setzen'.  teut.  satjan 
causal  vb.  to  j-zV/^^z  =  sit.  — 
settle  vb.  ME.  setle  oe.  s'etlian 
'to  fix':  derived  fr.  oe.  s'etl  'a 
seat';  cp.  goth.  sitls^  ohg.  s'ei^-^al 
G.  sessel. 

seven  num.  me.  seven  oe.  seofone , 
prop,  seofon  ==  GOTH.  ohg.  j-//^?/;/ 
G.  sieben  du.  zeven.  Oldest  Teut. 
form  s'ep'am  in  Lex  Salica.  Jdent. 
w.  LAT.  septem,  gr.  cnro?,  skr. 
saptan. 

sever  vb.  me.  severe  fr.  ofr. 
sevrer  =  lat.  separare. 

sew  vb.  ME.  .yr«'^    oe.    scowian 


82 


shackle  —  shavv 


stwian\  cp.  GOTH,  siujan^  on. 
syja,  OHG.  siuwan  to  sew':  teut.- 
ARYAN  \fsiw  in  LAT.  suere,  skr. 
svu  'to  sew';   cp.  sea7Ji. 

shackle    sb.    me.    sc hackle    oe. 
scedcol  'a  bond';    ident.    w.    on. 
skgkull  '"^oXq  of  a  carriage',  teut.. 
\P skak  in  shake. 

shad  sb.  me.  schadde  oe.  sceadda. 
Perhaps  an  orig.  teut.  skadan- 
'herring'  is  found  in  Scadin-avia, 
if  it  originally  meant  'herring's 
isle'.  Cp.  yet  IR.  gael.  sgadan 
'herring' . 

shade,  shadow  me.  schdde  shad- 
we  oe.  sceadu  obi.  sceadwe:  Teut. 
base  skadwa-  in  du.  schaduw, 
OHG.  skato  gen.  skaiwes,  G.  schatten, 
GOTH,  skadus]  cogn.  w.  oiR.  scdth 
'shadow':  pre-TEUT.  \f  skat. 

shaft  sb.  ME.  schaft  oe.  sceaft 
=  OSAX.  shaft  y  OHG.  scaft  G. 
schaft y  ON.  skapt'.  teut.  skafta- 
prop.  a  'shaven'  pole;  cp.  shave 
and  GR.  oy.TJnr^ov  'staff,  sceptre' 
—  oy.anrov  'staff'. 

shag  'rough  hair'  oe.  sceacga 
'hair';  cogn.  w.  ON.  skegg  'beard'. 

shake  vb'.  me.  schdke  oe.  scedcan 
str.  vb.  =  ON.  skaka\  cp.  osax. 
skakdn  'to  go  away'. 

shall  vb.  me.  schal  (prt.  scholde) 
OE.  sceal  (prt.  sceolde)  ==  goth. 
skal  (skulda),  OHG.  seal  (scolda) 
g.  soil  (solte),  DU.  2rz/,  ON.  skal. 
Cogn.  w.  LiTH.  skelc-ti  'to  be 
liable'. 

shallop  see  sloop. 

shallow  ME.  schalwe  'not  deep' 
with  the  byform  me.  schpld)  not 
found  in  oe.   nor  in    the    other 


(skal-da-). 

shambles  me.  schdmel  'bench' 
oe.  scea?nol  'stool':  borrowed  fr. 
LAT.  scamellum ,  whence  also 
OHG.  OSAX.  scamdl  g.  schemel. 

shame  vb.  me.  schdnie  oe.  scednm 
=  OSAX.  skama,  ohg.  scama  G. 
schavi\  cp.  GOTH,  sik  ska7tian  'to 
shame'  =   oe.  scedmian. 

shank  vb.  me.  schanke  oe.  scean- 
ca\  cp.  G.  schenkel  'shank'  fr.  a 
lost  OHG.  ^scenkil.  Cogn.  w.  G. 
schinken  'ham'  OHG.  scinko  'shank'^ 
which  is  perh.  a  doublet  by  the 
side  of  OE.  sceanca. 

shape  vb.  me.  schdpe  str.  vb.; 

ident.    w.    oe.  scieppan  =  goth. 

(ga)skapjan  'to  create',  ohg.  seep- 

fan  'to  create'  (o.  schajfen)  :  teut. 

\fskap. 

share  sb.  'pa.rt'oE.seedj'u;  cogn. 
w.   shear. 

share  sb.  'plough-share'  me. 
schdre  oe.  scedru  =^  ohg.  seara 
G.  pflugschaai".  teut.  \fsker  'cut* 
in  shear. 

sharp  adj.  me.  scharp  oe.  scearp 
=  ON.  skafpr,  DU.  schetp,  osax. 
skarp,  OHG.  scaif  G.  scharf  adj. 
'sharp'.  TEUT.  verbal  \f  sk'erp  in 
OE.  sceorpan  str.  vb.  'to  scrape'. 

shave  vb.  me.  schdve  oe.  scedfan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  ska  ban,  ON.- 
skafiy  OHG.  scaban  G.  schaben,  du. 
sc  haven  'to  shave' :  teut.  \f  skab 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  scabere  'to  shave' 
and  prob.  w.  gr.  aydnzw  'to  dig'. 
Cp.  shaft. 

shaw  ME.  schawe  oe.  scedga 
'thicket,   small  wood';    ident.  w. 


shawm  —  shield 


183 


ON.  skagi  'promontory'  and  cogn. 
w.  ON.  skogr  'wood'  and  MHG. 
schache  'piece   of  wood'. 

shawm  me.  schahny  borrowed 
fr.  FR.  (dial.)  chalefnie,  whence 
also  G.  schalfnei;  standard  fr. 
chahimeau  fr.  a  lat.  type  cala- 
mella. 

she  ME.  sche\  functionally  cor- 
responding to  OE.  heo  (fem.  of 
he),  but  phonetically  to  oe.  seo* 
(fem.   of  the    article  se  :=  the). 

sheaf  sb.  me.  schef  oe.  sccaf'. 
teut.  base  skauba-  in  on.  skauf, 
OHG.  scouby  DU.  schoof.  Cogn.  w. 
OHG;  scobar  G.  schober  rick'  (of 
corn).  All  derivatives  of  the 
Teut.  \f  skub  in  shove  with  the 
orig.  meaning  'things  shoved 
together'.  ^ 

shear  vb.  me.  schcre  oe.  sderan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  sc'eran  du.  g. 
scheren,  on.  skera :  aryan  \/"sker 
in  LITH.  skir-ti  'separate',  cogn. 
w.  \f  ker  in    gr.  ^slgsiv   'shear. 

sheath  vb.  me.  sch^the  oe.  sdedp 
obi.  scedpe'.  fr.  a  teut.  skaipjo- 
in  OSAX.  skedia,  ohg.  sceida  G. 
scheide,  du.  scheede:  grig,  meaning 
'that  which  separates'.  Cogn. 
w.  shed  vb.  me.  schede  oe.  sded- 
dan  ■=  GOTH,  skaidan  with  the 
byform  osax.  skcdan  =  ohg. 
sceidan  G.  scheiden  'to  separate': 
TEUT.  y^  skaip  skaid,  which  is 
compared  to  GR.  6/iXsiv,  skr. 
chid,  LAT.  scindere  'to  cleave,  cut' 
(ARYAN  \fskhid}).       See  shide. 

sheen  sb.  (prop,  adj.)  me. 
schene  oe.  sdene  {scyne)  adj.  'fair' 
=   osax.  ohg.    skoni  du.  schoon 


G.  schon,  GOTH,  skaims :  teut. 
base  skau-ni-,  verbal  adj.  'to  be 
looked  at'    fr.   \P skaii    in  show. 

sheep  sb.  me.  schep  oe.  sdep 
(scedp)  =  osax.  skdp,  du.  schaap, 
OHG.  ^^cz/  G.  schaf:  Teut.  base 
skepa-  (skdpa-). 

sheet  sb.  me.  schete  oe.  scete 
{scyte),  umlaut-deriv.  of  OE.  sc^at 
'fold  of  a  garment'  =  goth.  skaiUs 
'hem  of  a  garment',  ohg.  scoz^  G. 
schoss  'bosom,  lap';  oe.  scyte  re- 
presents a  teut.  type  skautjon-. 
teut.  \fskeut  in  shoot. 

shelf  me.  schelve  oe.  .r^y^  = 
MLG.  ODU.  schelf,  ohg.  ^<:^/^;  cp. 
ON.  HUd'skjalf. 

shell  sb.  ME.  schelk  oe.  ^^V// 
obi.'  scelle'.  teut.  type  skaljo-  in 
DU.  5^>^^/,  ON.  ^-^^/  'shell'  and  in 
GOTH,  skalja  'a  tile';  cogn.  w. 
OHG.  j-r^/^  G.  schale  'shell'. 

shepherd  sb.  me.  schepherd  o^. 
scip-hyrde  prop,  compound  of  oe. 
scip  'sheep'  and  oe.  hyrde  e.  herd 
'one  who  tends  a  herd';  cp. 
GOTH,  halrdeis,  ohg.  hirti  G.  hirie 
and   see  herd. 

sheriff  sb.  me.  scherefe  earlier 
schir-reve  oe.  sch'-ierefa  \  P*^  part 
of  the  OE.  compound  see  under 
shire',  oe.  j^erefa  e.  reeve  is 
derived  fr.  teut.  r^/^^r  r^'^^;  = 
OHG.   ruoba  ruo/a  'number'  ? 

shide  sb.  me.  schide  oe.  scid  = 
ON.  skid,  OHG.  scit  G.  j-^y^^/V  'thin 
b(^ard';  ident.  w.  oir.  sciath 
'shield'  (aryan  base  skeito-). 
Cogn.  w.  sheath. 

shield  sb.  me.  scheld  oe.  sceld 
(byform  scild)  :  teut.  base  skeldu- 


shift  —  shop 


in  GOTH,  skiliius  =  on.  skjgldr, 
OHG.  scilt,  DU.  G.  s child.  Perh. 
cogn.    w.    LITH.    skeliu     I    split'. 

shift  vb.  ME.  schifte  OE.  sciftan 
'to  divide'  =  on.  sk'ipta^  du. 
schiften    to   divide'. 

shilling  sb.  me.  schilling  oe. 
scilling  =^  GOTH,  skilliggs,  ON. 
shilling,  OHG.  oSAX.  scilling  G. 
schilling:  teut.  base  ski  I  ling  a- 
more  orig.  sk'ellingo-,  perh.  akin 
to  OHG.  .y^^/Zior  G.  schelle  bell'. 
The  common  Teut.  name  of 
the  coin  properly  meant  'the 
tinkling  money'  (for  the  suffix 
-ing  in  names  of  coins  ^o.^  penny 
and  farthing^. 

shimmer  vb.  me.  schimere  oe. 
sci7norian\  deriv.  of  oe.  scima 
light'  =  GOTH,  skeima  'light'; 
cp.  G.  schimmern  aside  of  OHG. 
sclmo  'light'.  Cp.  shi7te  for  the 
teut.  y/^sM. 

shin  (shinbone)  sb.  me.  schine 
{schinebgn)  OE.  scina  {scinebdn) 
=  OHG.  sci/?a  (mhg.  schinebeiti) 
G.  schiene  (schienbein),  du.  scheen 
(scheenbeen).  oe.  scie  shin'  shows 
evidently  the  more  primitive 
root-form  ski:  separate  OE.  OHG. 
sci-na. 

shine  vb.ME.  schine o^.  scinansir. 
vb.  =  GOTH,  skeinan,  ON.  skina, 
OHG.  OSAX.  skinan  G.  scheine7t,  du. 
schijiien:  all  equivalent.  teut. 
ski-na-n  rests  on  a  \r  j-/^^  as 
shown  by  oe.  scl-ma  OHG.  sci-?no 
GOTH.  skei-7na    light'. 

shingle  sb.  me.  schingel\  ap- 
parently identical  w.  G.  sclmidel 
OHG.  scintilla  (loanword  fr.  lat. 


scinduhy  by  form  o'isca7tdula  'shing- 
le);  but  the    phonetic  anomaly 
is  not  yet  explained. 
ship  sb.  ME.  schip  oe.  scip  =. 

GOTH.    ON.    OSAX.    skip,    OHG.    SCi/ 

G.  schiff:  common  Teut.  base 
skip  a-. 

shire  sb.  me.  schire  oe.  scir 
(obi.  scire)  =  ohg.  skira  'pro- 
vincia'. 

shirt  sb.  me.  schirte  pointing 
to  an  oe.  ^scyrte\  deriv.  fr.  the 
adj.  oe.  sceort  =  sho7't,  as 
shown  by  G.  schurz  'shirt'  aside 
of  MHG.  schurz  'short',  on.  skyrta 
=  OE.  ^scyrle  represents  a  teut. 
type  skurljon-,  but  OE.  sceo7't  a 
base  skorta-.     See  short. 

shoal  'crowd'  me.  schgle  oe. 
sceolii  =  OSAX.  skola  'troop'. 

shock  vb.  ME.  schocke  fr.  fr. 
choquer  'give  a  shock. 

shock  sb.  ME.  schocke  'heap 
of  corn'.  OE.  ^sceocc  is  lost, 
but  inferred  from  mhg.  schoc 
'heap'  —  schocke  'shock'.  Cogn. 
also  w.  MLG.  hocke  'shock  of  corn'. 

shoe  sb.  ME.  schg  oe.  scegh 
(pi.  sceg-s  for  "^scghas) :  Teut. 
base  skoha-  in  goth.  skohs,  on. 
sko-r,  OHG.  scuoh  g.  schuh,  du. 
schoe7t.  Perhaps  derived  fr.  a 
teut.  \f^  skehr  ske(g)w  in  goth. 
skewja7t  ON.  skcBva  'to  go . 

shoot  vb.  cp.  me.  schgte  vb. 
OE.  sceotian  'to  dart',  derived  fr. 
the  primitive  me.  schete  OE.  sceo- 
tan  =  ON.  skjota,  oSAX.  skeotan 
OHG.  scio'y'Lfi7i  G.  schiessen,  du. 
s  chic  ten:  teut.  \f  skeut :  skui. 

shop  sb.  me.  schoppc  oe.  sceoppa 


shore   —  shut 


85 


^booth,  hut';  cognate  w.  oe. 
scypen  'shed  for  cattle',  G.  schopf 
schuppen  'shelter'. 

shore  sb.  me.  s chore',  fr.  the 
TEUT.  \/^sker  'shear,   cut'. 

short  adj.  me.  schort  oe.  sceort: 
base  skorta-',  cp.  ohg.  sciirz  fr. 
a  base  skurtu-'.  loanword  fr.  lat. 
*ex-curtusy  as  lat.  curtus  is  pre- 
served in  G.  OHG.  kurz  'short',  DU. 
kort,  ON.  kortr  (see  kirtle  for 
oe.  cyrtcl  and  shirt  for  G. 
schiirze). 

shot  sb.  ME.  schot  OE.  lesceot  'a 
missile':  deriv.  from  the  teut. 
\f  skeut  skut  in  shoot. 

shoulder  sb.  me.  schulder  oe. 
sculdor\  cp.  DU.  schouder ,  g. 
schulter   (ohg.  sniltirra). 

shout  vb.  ME.  schoute. 

shove  vb.  me.  schoiwe  oe. 
scilfan  =r  on.  skiifa,  du.  schuwen : 
ident.  w.  goth.  skinban^  ohg. 
sciohan  g.  schieben'.  teut.  \^ skub 

=  ARYAN  \fskubh\  SKR.    \f  ksubh 

\o  be  agitated'  seems  to  be 
cognate.  —  shovel sh.  me,  schovel 
oe.  sce6fi\  cp.  DU.  schoffel  and 
ohg.  sciifala  g.   schaufel. 

show  vb.  ME.  schewe  late  oe. 
"^escea^viaii  to  show';  the  corre- 
sponding OE.  sccawian  means 
'to  look,  behold  and  is  iden- 
tical with  the  equival.  ohg. 
skouii'dn  G.  schauen  du.  schouwen: 
TEUT.  \f  skau  sku  (see  sheeii)  in 
GOTH,  skuggwa  'looking  glass'. 
Cogn.  w.  the  Aryan  \/"/i?^  /j^7£' 
in  LAT.  cavcre  'to  take  care', 
GR.  xofTi'  'to  beget'. 

shower  sb.  me.  schour  oe.  scur 


=  GOTH,  shlra  'storm',  ohg. 
sei/r  G.  sehauer,   on.  s^dr.   ~  . 

shred  sb.  short  for  me.  schrede 
OE.  sere  ad  (obi.  sereade)  .'shred, 
piece';  cp.  oe.  scr^adung  'shred 
and  scr(adian  to  pare' :  teut. 
yfskraud  in  OHG.  scrotan  'to  cut, 
pare';    perh.    cogn.    w.  shroud. 

shrew  sb.,  shrewd  adj.  fr. 
ME.  schrewe  sb.  'bad  person' 
—  schrewed  adj.  'wicked,  bad'; 
the  corresp.  oe.  scr^awa  means 
'shrew-mouse'.  Origin  and  history 
of  the  group  unknown. 

shriek  vb.  me.  schrike  (oe. 
scriciaii)\  cogn.  w.  shrike  sb. 
oe.  scrld  'a  bird's  name'.  Cp. 
ON.  skrlkja  'to  titter'. 

shrine  sb.  me.  schrin  oe.  scrin\ 
ident.  w.  ohg.  scrini  g.  sehrein, 
DU.  schrijn'.  loanword  fr.  lat. 
sc7'tnium,  whence  also  rrAL.  serig- 
no,   FR.    ^crin. 

shrink  vb.  me.  schj-inke  oe. 
{for)scrincan  str.  vb.  *^=  odu. 
schrinken\  cogn.  w.  swed.  skrynka 
'a  wrinkle':  teut.  \fskrmk. 

shroud  sb.  me.  schroud  oe. 
sdriid  'garment'  =  ON.  skrud  'or- 
nament,  dress'.     See  shred. 

shudder  vb.  me.  schudere  (oe. 
^^scudorian)  =  lg.  schuddern 
(whence  G.  schaudeni)  ,  DU. 
schudden  'to  tremble';  cp.  ohg. 
scutisbn    to    shudder. 

shun  vb.  me.  schiine  oe.  scunian 
wk.  vb.  'to  avoid,  abhor';  perh. 
deriv.  fr.  a  teut.  \^  sken  'to  flee 
away'  in  on.  skynda  'to  hasten', 
OHG.  scuntan  'to   urge   on . 

shut  vb.  ME.  schutte  oe.  scyttan 


86 


shy  —  sin 


=  DU.  schutten  'to  shut  in,  to 
block  up':  Teut.  base  skutjan 
cogn.  \v.  shuttle  sb.  me.  schitel 
OE.  scytels  bar,  bolt  :  Teut.  base 
skutisla-,  \f  skeut  skut    in    shoot. 

shy  adj.  me.  schey  oe.  sceoh 
(^sceog-)  'timid'  =  mhg.  schiech 
(g.  scheu),  DU.  schuw:  Teut.  base 
skeoha-  skeuha- ,  whence  ohg. 
sciuhan  \o  frighten'   (g.  schetieft). 

sick  adj.  short  for  me.  sek  oe. 
seoc  =  GOTH,  sinks,  ON.  sjiikr, 
OSAX.  siok,  OHG.  sioh  G.  siech, 
DU.  ziek:  teut.  seuka-  adj.  'ill, 
sick'  by  the  side  of  the  str.  vb. 
GOTH,  siukan  'to  be  ill',  whence 
the  verbal  noun  goth.  sauhts, 
OHG.  suht  'illness'. 

sicker  (Scotch)  adj.  me.  siker 
OE.  sicor  ^  OHG.  sihhtir  G.  sicker, 
OSAX.  sikiir,  DU.  zeker:  loanword 
(Teut.  base  sikura-^  fr.  lat. 
seciirus,  borrowed  during  the  first 
centuries    of  the   Christian  era. 

sickle  sb.  me.  sikel  oe.  sicol'. 
borrowed  fr.  lat.  secula,  whence 
also  OHG.  sihhila  G.  sichelT>\j.  sikkel. 

side  sb.  me.  side  oe.  side.  (obi. 
sidati)  =  ON.  sida,  ohg.  st/a  G. 
seiie,  du.  sz/V/<?:  Teut.  base  std- 
jon-y  perh.  connected  w.  oE.  sid 
adj.  'long,  wide'  =  on.  sidr 
'hanging  down'? 

siege  sb.  me.  sege  fr.  fr.  siege. 

sieve  sb.  me.  sive  oe.  .??/>  (oldest 
form  sibi^  =  ohg.  .y?/^  g.  sieb, 
DU.  2^<^  'a  sieve':  Teut.  base 
sibi-y   connected  w.  the    vb.  sift. 

sift  me.  sifte  oe.  .y^/^z//  =r  du. 
ziftetiy  LG.  (g.)  sichten  'to  sift'. 
There    exists    a   teut.  \f  sib  in 


oe.  i-Z^/z  OHG.  sihan  G.  seihen  'to 
filter,  strain',  the  guttural  of 
which  may  have  changed  to  a 
labial   {sif  for  j-f/^). 

sigh  vb.  ME.  sighe  points  to 
an  OE.  ^sihhla7i\  cogn.  w.  the 
equivalent  me.  sike  oe.  sican. 
The  root  sik  sihh  looks  like 
sound-imitation. 

sight  sb.  me.  sight  earlier  me. 
sighthe  OE.  iesihj>:  deriv.  of  the 
TEUT.  sfseh  in  see. 

sign   sb.  me.  signe  fr.  fr.  signe. 

silk  ME.  silk  OE.  siolc  fr.  an 
earlier  ^siluc)  cogn.  w.  on.  silkii 
source  lat.  serictim  (whence 
also  oiR.  siric  and  oslov.  selkU 
'silk'). 

sill  sb.  ME.  silk  OE.  syll  obL 
sylle  :  Teut.  base  si//jo-  bc^rrowed 
fr.  LAT.  so/ea  'sole  of  the  foot', 
whence  also  goth.  su/Ja  'sole 
of  a  shoe',  on.  sy/i  is  an  oe. 
loanword.      Cp.  so/e. 

silly  adj.  me.  se7y  oe.  se'/i^ 
(scelii)  'happy,  fortunate'  =  ohg. 
sditg  G.  selig,  DU.  zalig  'blessed': 
secondary  extension  to  goth. 
sels  'good'  =  on.  scell  'happy' 
i  (cp.  oe.  scbI  sb.  'happiness'). 
I  TEUT.  \fsel. 

silver  me.  silver  oe.  siolfor  =- 
j  GOTH,  siliibr,  OSAX.  silubar,  OHG. 
silabar  G.  silbcr,  DU.  zilver ,  ON. 
sil/r\  ident.  w.  osLOV.  sirebra 
RUSS.  serebro,  lith.  sidabras. 
Source    and     history    uncertain. 

sin  sb.  ME.  sinne  oe.  synn  obi. 
synne :  base  sunjo-  for  an  earlier 
su?nljd-  in  ohg.  suniea  G.  siindey 
OSAX.  stindia,  DU.  zonde]   cp.  yet 


skew 


87 


ON.  synd  fr.  a  base  sunidjo-  (the 
dentals  are  suffixal).  Cogn. 
w.   LAT.  sons  {sont-is)   'guilty'. 

since  with  the  more  original 
byform  (Shakesp.)  sithence  me. 
sitheTis  prop,  sithen  oe.  stppan\ 
the  additional  s  of  the  me.  form 
is  of  adverbial  origin  (cp.  once^ 
twice).  The  orig.  oe.  form  was 
sip-pan  (cp.  the  identical  GOTH. 
pana-seips  'later') ,  resting  on 
the  OE.  adverb  sip  'later,  which 
is  a  comparative  to  goth.  seipiis 
'late'.  ON.  sidan  corresponds  to 
OE.  sippan\  cp.  ohg.  sid  g.  seit 
=  OE.  sip  'later'. 

sinew  sb.  me.  sinewe  oe.  {siojiu 
pi.)  sioneoive,  which  results  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  sinewd-  or  s'enewd-\ 
cp.  ON.  silly  OHG.  s'enawa  G. 
sehne,  du.  zenuw:  cogn.  w.  skr. 
s?tdva  sinew'  or  w.  gr.  Ivic 
'sinew'. 

sing  vb.  ME.  singe  oe.  singan 
str.  vb.  :^  OHG.  OS  AX.  singan 
G.  singen  du.  zingen ;  oldest  Teut. 
form  GOTH,  siggwan  (=  on. 
syngva) :  all  synonymous,  teut. 
\fs'engw  sangw  is  related  to 
GR.  6f.t(prj  'speech ,  oracle' : 
ARYAN  V"  saighw.  The  cor- 
resp.  causal  is  represented  by 
singe  ME.  senge-  oe.  sencgean  fr. 
a  Teut.  ground-form  sang(w)jan 
=  OHG.  sengan  g.  sengen  'to 
singe'  prpp.    'to  make    to    sing'. 

sink  vb.  i-//Z/^<?  oe.  sincan  str. 
vb.  =  OHG.  sinkan  G.  sinken  du. 
zinken',  oldest  form  GOTH,  sigqan 
{=.  ON.  sokkva) :  TEUT.  sfsenhv 
*to   sink'. 


sip  vb.  ME.  J7/^/^;  deriv.  fr.  oe. 
sype  "absorbing',  which  is  verbal 
noun  to   OE.   siepan)   see  sup, 

sir,  sire  xME.  sire  fr.  fr.  .y/>r, 
whence  also  on.  sira.  — ■  sirrah, 
spelt  in  1 6'^  cent,  sirrha  serrhoy 
points  to  orig.  »sir,  ah«  or  »sir, 
ha«. 

sister  sb.  me.  sister  is  regarded 
as  a  distinctively  Scand.  loan- 
word fr.  ON.  systir.  The  oe. 
equivalent  sweostor  swustor  me. 
I  sustcr  is  not  responsible  for  the 
j  modern  phonology.  The  Teut. 
!  base  is  sw'estr-  swistr-\  cp.  goth. 
S7vistar,  OHG.  sw'cster  G.  schwester, 
DU.  ziister.  The  /  of  the  com- 
mon Teut.  word  is  excrescent. 
Aryan  base  sw'esr-  (nom.  sw'esor) 
in  SKR.  svasr  y  lat.  soror  (for 
"^'svesor),  lith.  scsil  'sister'. 

sit  vb.  ME.  sitte  oe.  sittan  str. 
vb.  =  DU.  zitten,  osaX.  sittian, 
OHG.  sizzan  G.  sitzen:  westteui. 
sittjan  fr.  teut.  sitjan  (=  ON. 
sit/a);  cp.  GOTH,  sitan:  strong 
verbal  \/^ set  sat  (whence  a  causal 
vb.  sat/an  under  set),  aryan 
\f  sed  in  LAT.  sedeOy  gr.  st,o/Liui 
(tdog  'seat'),   skr.  \P sad  'to  sit', 

OSLOV.      SCStiy       LITH.      s'iiSti.         Cp. 

settle  and  soot. 
six    ME.    OE.     six    fr.    a    teut. 

^,?//^    =    GOTH.    saihSy    OHG.   OSAX. 

sehs  G.  .y(?^/^i',  du.  ^fj",  on.  sex\ 
ARYAN  seks  in  lat.  seXy  gr.  f^; 
cp.   SKR.  sas. 

sketch  sb.  =  du.  schets y  g. 
skizze  borrowed  fr.  ital.  schizzo. 

skew    vb.    late    me.    skewe   'to 


i88 


skill 


sleight 


slip  away';  cp.  odu.  schouwen  vb. 
'to   shun  ? 

skill  sb.  ME.  skil  'reason'  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  skil  'discernment' 
{skilja  vb.   'to  separate'). 

skin  sb.  me.  skin  late  oe.  skinn 
borrowed  fr.  on.  skinn,  which 
arises  fr.  a  Teut.  base  skinpa-, 
whence  derived  ohg.  scinta?t  G. 
schinden  wk.  vb.  'to  skin',  bret. 
scant  'scale'  rests  on  an  aryan 
sk?nto-. 

skirmish  sb.  me.  scar7nisshe  fr. 
FR.  escarniouch€\  cp.  ital.  scara- 
muccia,  o.  scharmiitzel.  The  group 
rests  on  ohg.  scii'man  (g.  schir- 
77ien) . 

skirt  sb.  me.  skirt  fr.  on.  skyrta 
'a  shirt;  further  relations  see 
under  kirtle  and  shirt. 

skull  sb.  ME.  sculle  (scolle). 

sky  sb.  ME.  skie  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  sky  'cloud  ;  not  found  in 
OE.    (but  OSAX.   skion^. 

slack  adj.  me.  slak  oe.  simc 
'languid,  slothful'  =:  on.  slakr, 
OLG.  slak,  ohg.  slahs\dic\L\  Teut. 
base  slaka-.  —  Hence  slake 
vb.  ME.  slake  oe.  sldcian  'slacken'. 

slaughter  sb.  me.  slaughter',  bor- 
rowed in  11^^  cent.  fr.  on.  sldtr 
or  its  oldest  form  "^slahtr.  Der. 
fr.   the  TEUT.  \f  slah  in  slay.     . 

slave  sb.  =  du.  slaaf:  loan- 
word fr.  fR.  esclave,  whence  also 
G.  sklave.  Source  ital.  schiavo 
'slave'  =  GR.  '  Edy.la(:if]voi  'the 
Slavonians,  Slaves'. 

slay  vb.  me.  sle  (part,  slain) 
OE.  slran  (part,  skej^en)  str.  vb. 
=  GOTH.  OHG.   OSAX.    sla/ian  (g. 


schlagen)  ,  iy\}.  slaan ,  on.  sld\ 
TEUT.  \fslak  sloh  =r  aryan  .f/^^; 
cp.  slaughter  and  sledge. 

slay  sb.  (a  weaver's  reed)  oe. 
slej^e  'percussorium'  cogn.  with 
the  TEUT.  \("  slah  =  slay  vb.; 
on.   sld  'bar,   bolt'. 

sled  short  for  me.  sl(de ;  bor- 
rowed fr.  on.  sledi  'a  sledg-e'; 
corresponding  to  OHG.  slito  G. 
schlitten,  du.  slede  'sledge'.  The 
group  rests  on  the  teut.  \^ slid 
in  slide. 

sledge-hammer  me.  slegge  oe. 
slecg  (obi.  slecge)  sb.  'sledge- 
hammer': Teut.  base  slagjb- 
deriv.  fr.  \P slah  in  slay;  cp. 
ON.  sleggja,  DU.  slegge  slei  'mallet'. 

sleek  adj.  me.  slik  borrowed 
fr.  on.  slik-r  'sleek,  smooth'  {^ 
DU.  slijk\.  teut.  \f  slik  in  ohg. 
slihhan  G.  schleichen. 

sleep  vb.  ME.  slepe  (sle'pe)  oe. 
step  an  (slcepaft)  str.  vb.  ==  GOTH. 
slepan  (pret.  saizlep),  OS  ax.  sldpan, 
DU.  slapen,  ohg.  sldffan  G.  schlafen. 
Cogn.  w.  G.  schlaff  ohg.  sldf 
lax,  loose,  remiss',  teut.  \^ slap 
=  ARYAN  \P  slab  perh.  in  lat. 
lain  'to  slide'. 

sleet  sb.  ME.  sld'^  oe.  '^slet  Cslyt) 
not  found ;  umlaut-relation  to 
MHG.  sloi^  (g.  schlosse  'hail): 
'Teut.  base  slauti-,  w^hence  also 
DU.  sloot,  fries,  slat. 

sleeve  sb.  me.  sieve  oe.  slefe 
(sly/e):  Teut.  base  slaubjd{n-)  in 
odu.  sloove  'veil'. 

sleight  sb.  mk.  sleighte  earlier 
me.  slehpe:  borrowed  fr.  ON.  sld:gd 
'slyness',  which  is   abstract   for- 


slice 


slow-wor 


189 


mation  to  the  adj.  sly  =  me. 
s/e7i   ON.  slcigr. 

slice  sb.  ME.  sli^e  fr.  ofr.  esclice 
'a  shiver,  splinter  ;  source  the 
TEUT.  \fslit  in  slit. 

slide  vb.  me.  slide  oe.  slidan 
str.  vb.  =  MHG.  sliten  'to  slide'; 
TEUT.  \f  slid  under  sled\  Aryan 
\p slidh  in  lith.  sltdtis  'slipper' 
(cp.   OE.  slidor  'slippery'). 

slight  adj.  ME.  slight \  oe.  '^'sliht 
not  found,  but  may  be  inferred  fr. 
the  corresp.  GOTH.j'/r?////'jr' smooth', 
OHG.  y/i?>^/ 'smooth,  flat'  {G.schlecht 
'bad'  —  schlicht'  %\m^\^^  ,Vi\} .  slechty 
ON,  sUttr  'flat,  smooth':  Teut. 
base  sl'eh-ta-  prop,  slih-ia-  fr.  the 
verbal  \P sltk  in  i'/^'^/^  (on.  slikr 
'sleek,   smooth'). 

slime  sb.  me.  oe.  slhn  =  ohg. 
aiHG.  slim  G.  sc/ileim ,  du.  sli/'m, 
ON.  .f//w :  Teut.  type  sli-ma-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  \i^sli,  whence  also 
LAT.   li-vius  'mud . 

sling  vb.  ME.  slinge  str.  vb. 
(oe.  "^  sling  an  not  recorded)  'to 
fling'  =  on.  slyngva  str.  vb.  'to 
cast,  fling';  cp.  mhg.  slmge  sb. 
'sling',  DU.  sUngcren  vb.  'to  toss' 
and  ohg.  slingan  'to  swing'. 
TEUT.  \f  sl'engw  {sl'enhw'^.). 

slip  vb.  ME.  slippe  OE.  '^slyppan 
belongs  to  the  str.  vb.  oe.  slupan 
\o  glide'  =  DU.  sliiipen  'to 
sneak';  cp.  goth.  sliupan  str. 
vb.  *to  slip'  and  ohg.  slupfan  G. 
schlupfen  'to  slip':  Teut.  verbal 
\fslap,  perh.  related  to  lat. 
liibricus  'slippery'. 

slit  vb.  ME.  slitte  deriv.  fr.  me. 
slite    OE.   slitan    str.    vb.   'to   slit'; 


cp.  ON.  sliia,  OSAX.  slitan  str.  vb. 
'to  slit",  DU.  slijten,  OHG.  sli-^yin 
G.  schleisscn :  teut.  sfslit  'to  tear'. 

sloe  sb.  ME.  slg  OE.  sld  (infl. 
sld-ri),  prob.  contracted  fr.  oe. 
"^sldhe  (infl.  ^sldlian)  =^  ohg. 
sle/ia  G.  schlehe\  cp.  du.  slee, 
swed.  slchi^  dan.  slaaefi  'sloe'  and 
OE.^/<:?/^-/^/v/ 'black-thorn'.  Doubt- 
ful whether  lith.  sljruas  'plum' 
and  OSLOV.  russ.  sliva  'plum' 
are  cognate. 

sloop  sb.  fr.  DU.  sloep'.  source 
FR.  chaloupe ,  whence  also  e. 
shallop  =  G.  schaluppe. 

slot  sb.  'bar,  bolt'  late  me.  slot 

=     DU.      LG.     slot^     OHG.      sloi,     G. 

schloss]  derived  fr.  the  teut. 
\f  slid  'shut'  in  DU.  sluiten,  lg. 
slUten,  OHG.  slioyifin  G.  schliessen 
(cp.  G.  schliissel  ohg.  slu-^i^il  = 
OSAX.  slutil  'key'),  teut.  yfslut 
rests  on  an  aryan  -y^  .y/^//^^, 
cogn.   w.  LAT.  dander e  'shut'. 

sloth  sb.  me.  slputhe  with  abstr. 
suffix  fr.  the  adj.  slow,  cp.  the 
umlaut-relation  oe.  slckwp  me. 
sleuthe. 

slough  sb.  'mire'  iME.  slough  oe. 
slph  'mire'. 

slo^v  adj.  me.  slmv  oe.  .yAizi:/ 
=r  OSAX.  OHG.  sleo  'blunt',  du. 
sleeuw  'sour',  on.  sljor  'blunt': 
Teut.  base  slaiwa-,  perh.  cogn. 
w.   LAT.    laevus   'left',   GR.   Xatog. 

slow-worm  sb.  prop.  me.  slp- 
worm  slg  -  7vur/?i  oe.  sld  -  wyrvi 
'blindworm';  ident.  w.  swed. 
sld  (ormsld),  norweg.  slo  (or^nslo) 
'blindworm'.  Not  compounded 
with  si 07V  oe.  sldiv,  but    resting 


90 


sluice  —  smelt 


on  a  TEUT.  slaiha-  'blind worm'; 
cp.  LiTH.  slekasy  PRUSS.  slayx 
'rainworm'. 

sluice  sb.  =  Du.  sluisy  g. 
schleuse'.  source  ofr.  escluse  (fr. 
hluse)  fr.  a  low  Lat.  type  ex- 
cliisa  'a  floodgate'. 
_  slumber  vb.  me.  slo??iere  fre- 
quentative of  ME.  slouwe  vb. 
'slumber',  derived  fr.  the  sb. 
OE.  slii-via  'slumber';  cp.  du. 
sluiwen  sluimeren,  lg.  slimier  en 
(g.  schlu7nme7'ii)  vb.  'slumber'. 
OE.  slu-ma  sb.  'slumber'  rests  on 
an  ARYAN  \r^//^  in  goth.  slawan 
to   cease,   be  silent". 

sly  adj.  ME.  sit  (sly)  prop,  sli^i 
slei  (Orrm  sleh  under  sleight^  : 
borrowed  fr.  on.  slckgr  adj.  sly, 
cunning';  ident.  w.  the  non-um- 
lauted  DU.  sluw  lg.  slu  (g.  schlau), 
SWED.  DAN.  slug.  As  Seen  by 
G.  verschlage7t  'sly',  the  adj. 
rests  on  the  teut.  y"  slah  in 
slayl 

smack  1  sb.  'taste'  me.  sviak 
OE.  smcBC  sb.  =  DU.  smaak\  ohg. 
{gi)smah\  cp.  tlie  vb.  oe.  smceccan 
'to  taste'  =  ODU.  smaken  ofries. 
smakia]  cp.  ohg.  stnacken  sinecken 
G.  schmecken  to  taste',  west- 
TEUT.  \fsniak  S7?iakk. 

smack'-^  (Shakesp.)  sb.  'a  loud 
kiss'  cp.  G.  schmatzen  fr.  mhg. 
smatzen  prop,  stnackefzen ,  lg. 
smacken  'to   smack  the  lips'. 

smack^  sb.  (a  fishing-boat) 
fr.  ODU.  MLG.  sviacke  (du.  smacli), 
whence  also  the  equivalent  G. 
schmacke,  fr.  semaque,  ital.  semac- 
CQy  SPAN,   zumaca.     Source    and 


history  of  the  group  unknown. 
It  is  doubtful  whether  late  oe. 
snacc  ON.  snekkja  (kind  of  ship) 
is  cognate. 

small  adj.  me.  s?Tial  (infl.  smale), 
OE.  JT?//^/ (infl.  smald):  Teut.  adj. 
S7riala-  in  goth.  STtials^  OHG.  OSAX. 
S77ial  G.  sclmial.  ON.  S77iali  = 
OHG.  striala-Ttbi^  —  snialaz^  vihu 
'sheep'  points  to  gr.  /nijXov 
'sheep'  and  oir.  77iil  'beast  ;  cp. 
also  oslov.   77ialu. 

smallage  sb.  prop.  S77iall 
ache',  me.  ache  is  fr.  ache  pars- 
ley'. Source  lat.  apiu77i  'pars- 
ley'. 

smalt  sb.  fr.  du.  S77ialt  =:  g. 
schmaltCj  PR.  S77ialt'.  source  ital. 
S77ialto,  which  is  of  Teut.  origin 
(cp.  MHG.   smelzen-   G.  schmelzen). 

smart  vb.  me.  sTTzerte  oe.  S7ne0r- 
taTi :  a  Teut.  strong  vb.  =  ohg. 
S7n'erza7i  'to  smart';  cp.  du.  sTnart 
sb.  =  ohg.  smh'zo  G.  schrierz 
sb.  pain':  teut.  \f  s/Tiert  pre- 
teut.  S77ie7'd  cogn.  w.  lat.  vi07'dere 
'to  bite',  GR.   Gf-teo^aXsoc. 

sm^ear  vb.  me.  S77ic're  vb.  fr. 
the  sb.  OE.  svieoro  =  on.  smjg7- 
'butter',  ohg.  osk'k.  s77i'ero:  aryan 
\l" sfn'er  also  in  goth.  S77iair-p7' 
'fatness'  and  in  lith.  S77iarsas 
'fat'  and  oiR.  S77iir   'marrow'. 

smell  sb.  me.  smel  cogn.  w. 
s77ioulder  vb.  me.  s7noldcre  vb. 
'to  burn  with  a  stifling  smoke'; 
cp.  the  sb.  ME.  smoldc7'  'a  stifling 
smoke'  and  the  vb.  du.  S77ieulen 
'to   smoulder'  r=  lg.  smd^lcTi. 

smelt  vb.  not  found  in  oe. 
ME.    (see    77ieli)\     borrowed    fr. 


smelt  —  sneeze 


91 


SWED.  smdlta  =  dan.  smeltCy  du. 
LG.  S7nelten ,  ohg.  sm'elzdn  G. 
schmelzen  'melt  ;  cp.  ital.  S7nalto 
=  FR.  ^mai/  'enamel'.  The  teut. 
sPsnielt  is  probably  connected 
W".  sfm'elt  under  7nelt. 

smelt  sb.  (a  kind  of  fish)  iME. 
OE.  S7nelt\  ident.  w.  dan.  du. 
smelt',  cp.  NORW.  s  me  ltd  (name 
of  various  kinds  of  small  fish). 

smile  vb,  me.  S7nile  (oe.  '^S7)iy- 
la7t})\  cogn.  w.  the  non-umlauted 
MHG.  S77iielc7i  S77iiere7i  'to  smile' 
and  the  frequentative  e.  S77iirk 
OE.   S77iea7'cia7i  'smile'. 

smirch  vb.  'to  besmear'  deri- 
vative  of  S77iea7\ 

smirk  see   under  S77iile. 

smite  vb.  uk.  S7nite  oe.  S77uta7i 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  S7/ieita7i,  du. 
S77iijte7i,  LG.  s7/nte7i.,  ohg.  S77it'i^2^a7t 
G.  sch77teisse7i  'to  cast':  teut. 
\/^S7nlt  'strike,   beat,  smear. 

smith  vb.  me.  S77iith  oe.  S77np 
=  on.  S7ftidr,  DU.  S7nid,  ohg. 
smid  G.  sch77tied\  cp.  goth.  aiza- 
S7mpa  'coppersmith';  cogn.  w. 
ohg.  S77tidagis77iidii^VLG.  geschmeide, 
DU.  ges7nijde.  The  dental  is  for- 
mative. There  is  an  aryan 
yf  S77n  in  GR.  oiLU-Xrj  o/nivvi^.  — 
S7riithy  sb.  seems  to  be  the 
scand.  S7nidja  {=  oe.  S77iippe, 
OHG.  S7nitthd). 

smock  sb.  me.  s77iok  oe.  s7nocc 
'smock,  frock,  shirt'  =  on.  S7nokkr\ 
cp.  OHG.  smocko  'shirt':  deriv. 
fr.  the  TEUT.  y^  S77iug  in  oe. 
S77iuga7t,  on.  STnJuga/  \o  creep 
through  a  hole'^ijHG.  STTiiegm 
G.  sch7tiiege7i.     aryan  \f  S77iuk  in 


OSLOV.  S77iykati  s§  'to  creep',  LITH. 
S77iukti  "to  glide'. 

smoke  sb.  me.  S77ipke  oe.  S77idca 
sb.  'smoke';  cogn.  w.  oe.  sinic 
'smoke'  (base  smauki-)  and  the 
str.  vb.  OE.  s77teocan  'to  smoke'; 
cp.  DU.  S7noken  (base  '^S7nuko7i) 
and  S7nook  sb.  (base  '^S77iauki')  : 
TEUT.  V"  S77mk,  perh.  cogn.  w. 
LITH.  smaukii  'to   choke'. 

smooth  adj.  me.  smothe  late 
OE.  S7}igd  with  the  umlauted  by- 
form  OE.  S77tede\  mlg.  swode  re- 
presents an  OSAX.  '^S7/wihi  fr.  a 
Teut.   base  S7nanpi', 

smother  sb.  me.  s7norther  (^p7'a- 
being  an  abstract  suffix) ;  oe. 
S77ioria7i  to  choke,  suffocate  ^=- 
DU.  LG.  S77wren  g.  sch77tore7t  'to 
stew'.  —  smoulder  vb.  me. 
S7nolde7'e  vb.  rest  on  me.  S77iolder, 
which  is  ident.   w.  me.  S7northcr. 

snail  sb.  me.  snail  oe.  sna.y.\ 
Teut.  base  STiagla- ;  cp.  mho. 
STiegel,  ON.  sTiigill  'snail';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  sfi'ecko  G.  sch7tecke  (lg. 
snigge)y  me.  STiegge. 

snake  sb.  me.  STidke  oe.  sndca\ 
cp.  the.  equiv.  on.  sndkr  sndk7', 
LG.  S7idke.  Teut.  \f  snak  in  ohg. 
S7tahha7i  'to   creep'. 

snare  sb.  me.  S7idre  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  snara  'a  snare,  halter; 
ident.  w.  ohg.  snar(a)ha  oe. 
sriearh  'noose,  snare'  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  snarhb77-\  cp.  the  str.  vb. 
ohg.  S7t'er{a)ha7i  mho.  sn'ei'hen  'to 
bind  tightly'.  Probably  cogn. 
w.  ohg.  sTiuoi'  G.  schnu7'  'a  lace, 
cord'   (goth.  snorjo). 

sneeze  vb.  me.  sTtese  (oe.  s7teo- 


192 


snipe  —   sole^ 


scui)]  ident.  w.  neese  ME.  nese 
=  ON.  hnjosa  and  w.  oe.  fneosan. 

snipe  sb.  me.  snipe\  ident.  w. 
ON.  myri-snipa  'a  moor-snipe'  and 
cogn.  w.  the  equiv.  ohg.  sn'epfa 
G.  schnepfe  DU.  snep  snip  (ital. 
sgneppa  is   of  Taut,   origin). 

snite  see  under  snot. 

snore  vb.  me.  snore  vb.  with 
the  frequentative  snort  me.  snorte) 
cogn.  w.  G.  schnarchen,  du.  snorken 
snurken  'to   snore,  snort. 

snot  vb.  me.  snot  oe.  ^esnot 
'mucus  of  the  nose'  =  du.  snot] 
cogn.  w.  snout  sb.  me.  snoute 
=  ODU.  sniite  du.  snuzt  and  w. 
snite  vb.  me.  snite  oe.  snytan  = 
ON.  snyta  'to  wipe  the  nose'.  Cp. 
G.  schnautzCy  schndutzen. 

snow  sb.  ME.  snow  oe.  sndw 
=  GOTH,  snaiws,  ON.  s?icEr  snjor^ 
DU.  sneeuw,  ohg.  sneo  G.  schnee: 
Teut.  base  snaiwa-^  derived  fr. 
the  ARYAN  \f  snigh  in  ohg.  sniwan 
G.  schneien,  oe.  sniivan  \o  snow' 
,  =  LAT.  ningere  y  lith.  snigti^ 
AVEST.  sniz  'to  snow';  cp.  gr. 
vi{p-a  'snow'  and  lat.  nix  niv-em, 
IR.  snechta  —  cymr.  nyf  'snow'. 
LITH.  sn'r.gas  and  oslov.  snegit, 
'snow'  correspond  completely  to 
TEUT.  snaiwa-  fr.  snaigwa-. 

SO  adv.  ME.  sg  prop,  stvg  oe. 
swd  =  GOTH,  swa,  ON.  svd  (ohg. 
so  DU.  zoo).  Cp.  the  derivative 
such    and    mhg.   sus    (g.    sonst), 

DU.   SZ/J". 

soap  sb.  ME.  sppe  oe.  j-4^<?  ^ 
ohg.  seiffa  G.  .?<?//<?:  Teut.  base 
saipon-.  Whether  lat.  sapo(nem) 
=  FR.  savon^  ITAL.  sapone  are  in 


any  way  related  with  the  Teut» 
word-group,  is  uncertain. 

sob  vb.  ME.  sobbe  (oe.  '^sobbian) : 
frequentative  of  a  teut.  \fsub  in 
ohg.  siift'di  sigh,  a  sob'  —  siiftfon 
(g.  seufzeti)  'to  sigh'. 

sock  sb.  me.  ^^r^  oe.  5^<;^:  loan- 
word fr.  LAT.  soccus  {=  FR.  socquCy 
ITAL.  socco)f  whence  also  ohg. 
mhg.  soCy  ON.   sokkr. 

sod  sb.  me.  j"^^'^<?:  probably 
borrowed  fr.  MLG.  sodty  which 
corresponds  to  ofries.  sdtha 
*sod,  turf:  Teut.  base  saupdn-\ 
perhaps  related  to  seethe. 

soft  adj.  adv.  me.  softe  short  for 
OE.  softe  adv.  by  the  side  of  the 
umlauted  adj.  oe.  sefte\  ident.  w. 
OSAX.  sdfti  adj.  —  sdfto  adv.  = 
OHG.  senfti  adj.  —  samfto  adv. 
(g.  sanft  sacht,  du.  zacht). 

soil  ^  sb.  'ground'  me.  soile  fr. 
OFR.  soel  =^  FR.  suei/:  source 
LAT.  sotea. 

soil 2  vb.  'to  defile'  me.  soi/e  fr. 
FR.  souiller. 

solace  sb.  me.  solds  fr.  ofr. 
solaz  =  LAT.  solatium. 

soldier  sb.  me.  soudiour  properly 
souldier  fr.  ofr.  soldier  (FK.soldat). 
Source  ofr.  soulde  'pay  for  soul- 
diers',  whence  du.  g.  sold.  Source 

LAT.    SOliduS    (=    ITAL.    Soldo  y    FR. 

soil)   'piece  of  money'. 

sole^  (of  a  shoe)  sb.  me.  sole 
OE.  sole  =  OHG.  sola  G.  sohle,  du. 
zool:  Teut.  base  sola,  borrowed 
fr.  a  LAT.  type  *sola,  represented 
by  FR.  soley  ital.  suolo,  span. 
sz^ela  'sole  of  a  shoe'.   The  vul- 


sole^  —   sound^ 


193 


gar -L  AT.  sola  has  supplanted 
LAT.  solea^  whence  GOTH,  sulja 
'sole'  is  borrowed. 

sole''^  (a  flat  fish)  me.  sole  fr.  fr. 
sole\  ident.  w.  sole^\  cp.  lat. 
solea  *sole-fish'. 

some  pron.  me.  sum  so??i  oe.  sum 
=  GOTH.  Slims,  ON.  sumr,  ohg. 
sum :  ARYAN  base  spmo-  in  GR. 
a/iio^sr,  SKR.  sama. 

son  sb.  ME.  so/ie  smie  oe.  sutiu 
=  GOTH,  sunus,  ON.  sunr,  OSAX. 
sunu,  ohg.  sun  o.  sohn  DU.  s^^/z: 
Teut.  base  sunu-.  An  aryan  base 
sunu-  is  evident  in  skr.  sunu-y 
OSLOV.  synil,  lith.  suniis  son. 
Cogn.  w.  GR.  vioq  'son  fr.  an 
ARYAN  base  suyu-  and  w.  oir. 
suth  'foetus'.  There  occurs  also 
a  SKR.  Y"  ^^  to  beget,  bear, 
bring  forth'. 

song  vb.  ]ViE.  oe.  song'.  Teut. 
base  sang{7v)a-  also  in  goth. 
saggws,  on.  sgngr,  du.  2^-;^^,  G. 
sang.      Cp.  j/^^. 

soon  adv.  me.  sgne  oe.  j-.^'w^;  as 
shown  by  goth.  suns-aiw  'soon', 
0^.sgn-a\%  a  compound  of  oe.  son 
(— _  OHG.  OSAX.  sdn)  and  d  (= 
goth.  rt-Zze/  OHG.  io^\  cp.  ohg.  j-^r 
sdr-io  and  goth.  j'?/{;7i-  'soon'. 

soot     sb.     ME.    OE.    sot    =     ODU. 

sod,  ON.  i"^/;  derived  fr.  the 
teut.  \fset  'sit,  set';  cogn.  w. 
oir.  suide  (base  *sddia),  lith. 
i-<?^/w,  OSLOV.  sazda  'soot'. 

sooth  adj.  'true'  me.  spth  oe.  soJ) 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  j-^/?^-  =  on. 
sannr ,  ohg.  i'^?/^/,  oSAX.  sdth\ 
cogn.  w.  GOTH.sunJis  (for*  sundja-). 
TEUT.'  san/-  answers  to  skr.  saf, 

English  Etymology. 


which  is  participle  of  the  aryan 
\^es  to  be'  (skr.  dstz,  gr.  eart, 
LAT.  es/,  G.  is/)  with  the  suffix 
-ont-  in  GR.  (psQovT-  (cp.  to 0^1). 
GOTH  jrz/;z;w  'true'  corresponds  to 
skr.  ja/vi  'true'. 

sore  adj.  me.  sch-  oe.  j-Jr  fr.  a 
TEUT.  adj.  sai-ra-  in  on.  sar?^, 
OHG.  jYr,  DU.  2:/?(?r 'sore,  wounded'; 
cp.  GOTH,  sair  sb.  'pain',  ohg. 
ser  (g.  versehren  vb.  'to  hurt). 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sae-vus  'wild'  and 
oir.  sai-th  'pain'.     Cp.  sorry. 

sorrel  (plantname)  fr.  ofr. 
sorel  (fr.  surelle),  which  is  de- 
rived fr.  FR.  sur  'sour  =  OHG. 
sur  (see  under  sour). 

sorrow  sb.  me.  sorwe  oe.  sorg 
infl.  sorge'.  Teut.  base  sorgd-  in 
GOTH,  saurga,  ohg.  sorga  g.  sorge, 
DU.  ^^r^'-,  ON.  sorg :  aryan  sfs'ergh 
in  LITH.  sergiti  'to  heed'  — 
slrgti  'to   suffer'. 

sorry  adj.  me.  wj/  oe.  ^^zrz'j 
earlier  sdrei'.  Teut.  base  sair-ag-, 
deriv.   fr.   TEUT.   saira-  =  sore. 

sot  sb.  me.  sot  late  oe.  (c.  iooo) 
sott)  borrowed  fr.  fr.  sot,  whence 
also  DU.  zot  and  mhg.  sot]  cogn. 
w.   IR.  suthan  'a  dunce'. 

soul  sb.  me.  souk  prop,  sgule 
OE.  sdwol  infl.  sdwle  :  teut.  saiw- 
aid-  in  goth.  saiwala,  ohg.  sela 
(for  *sewla)  G.  j"^^/^,  osax.  seula, 
DU.  2:/^/.   Cp.  GR.  «ioAog 'movable'. 

sound ^  adj.  'healthy' me.  sound 
prop,  (sound  OE.  lesiind  =  oSAX. 
gisund,  OHG.  gisunt  g.  gesund, 
DU.  gezond',  probably  cognate  w. 
LAT.  j-^/zz/j-  'healthy'. 

13 


194 


sound   —   speak 


sound  (of  the  sea)'-  sb.  me. 
sound  OE.  sund\  the  orif^inal 
meaning  of  the  OE.  word  is  'a 
swimming'  which  affirms  connec- 
tion w.  swim'.  Teut.  base  sunda- 
(^ON.  siind)   for  ^sivumda-. 

sound  -^  sb.  'a  noise'  me.  sotm 
fr.   FR.    son:    source    lat.    sonus. 

sound  "^  vb.  fr.  fr.  sender. 

sour  adj.  me.  sour  oe.  stir  = 
ON.  siirr^  DU.  zuur,  OHG.  stir  G. 
sauer:  aryan  base  suro-  in  lith. 
sih-aSy   OSLOV.  syrii  'raw,    rough'. 

source  sb.  me.  sours  fr.  fr. 
source    (deriv.   fr.    l.\t.    surgere^. 

south  sb.  ME.  south  oe.  sup  = 
ON.  siidr,  DU.  zuid:  Teut.  base 
sunp-  in  OHG.  siindan  'from  the 
south'  (=  OY..  Sudan,  o^.sunnan). 
Probably  aUied  to  gr.  7/orog 
(for  *(jvnTog)  south-wind\  — 
southern  me.  sothem  oe.  sicderne 
corresponds  to  OHG.  sundroni 
-—   ON.   sudrxnn. 

sow^  vb.  ME.  sgwe  oe.  sdivan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH,  saian,  ON.  sd, 
DU.  zaaijen,  osax.  sajan,  OHG.  j"^^;^ 
G.  jr^r/2  ^=-  ARYAN  Verbal  \f  sS 
in  LAT.  sero  (ground-form  ^^^siso) 
-sem-sa/um,  oslov.  se-ti,  lith. 
seti  'sow'  and  in  lat.  se-men  = 
OHG.    sd-mo   G.  j-(2w^.      Cp.  seed. 

SOW^  sb.  ME.  some  earlier  suwe 
suge  oe.  sugu.  Cogn.  w.  teut. 
stl  'sow'  (under  swi7ie^  and  w.  ir. 
suig  'a  pig. 

space  sb.  me.  spd(e  fr.  ofr. 
espace]  source  lat.  spatimfi. 

spade  „sb.  me.  spade  oe.  spddu 
infl.  spddan;  ident.  w.  on.  spadi, 
DU.   spade  J  osax.  spado  ^  g.  spaten] 


cogn.  w.  OR.  6nd^rj  'a  blade  of 
wood  or  metal'. 

span  vb.  me.  spanne  oe.  spannan 
str  vb.  =  OHG.  spannan  G.  DU. 
spannen    to   extend'. 

span-new  adj.  me.  span-newe 
fr.  ON.  spdn-nyr]  ON.  j;z^^;z«  (cp. 
spoon)  means  *a  chip,  shaving'. 
spar  sb.  me.  sparre  (cp.  the  vb. 
OE.  lespearrian  to  shut,  bar)  = 
OHG.  sparro  (whence  G.  sparren), 
DU.  spar,  ON.  sparri'.  Teut.  base 

I  spar r on-. 

!    Spar 2  sb.  oe.  spcer-stdn;   cp.  G. 

;  sparkalk. 

spar 3  vb.  me.  sparre  fr.  ofr. 
esparer  -^^  fr.  sparer. 

spare  adj.  me.  spar  infl.  spare 
OE.  spcer  (infl.  "^spdrd)  in  the 
compound    spa^r-hende   (original 

I  meaning  having  spare,  thrifty 
hands')  and  in  the  vb.  sparian 
'to  spare'.  Teut.  base  spara-  in 
ON.  sparr,  OHG.  spar  (g.  j^?>^r- 
sani)  ;  cp.  ON.  spar  a,  ohg.  spar  on 
G.  sparen  'to  spare'.  Outside 
of  TEUT.,  osLOV.  .T/^?r?^  'thrifty' 
and  OR.  dna^i'oq  rare,  lacking' 
are  cognate. 

spark  sb.  me.  sparke  oe.  spear ca: 
Teut.  base  sparkon-  in  DU.  spark, 
LG.   sparke;    cogn.   w.  lat.  j;|zJ(^r- 

sparrow  sb.  me.  sparwe  oe. 
spearwa  =^  goth.  sparwa :  Teut. 
base  sparwan-',  cp.  ohg.  i^^r^ 
(g.   Sperling). 

speak  vb.  me.  jt///^^  oe.  sp'ecan 
str.  vb.  =^  OHG.  sp'ehhan  with 
the  byforms  oe.  spr'ecan  =  ohg. 
sprehhan  G.  sprechen,  DU.  spreken, 


spear 


spit^ 


195 


OSAX.  spr'ekan\  west-teut.  strong 
verbal  V"  sprek:  spek,  perhaps 
connected  w.  on.  spraka  'to 
crackle'  and  lith.  spragHi  'to 
crackle'.     See  speech. 

spear  sb.  me.  sp(re  oe.  spere] 
ident.  w.  on.  spjpr,  ohg.  sper 
G.  DU.  speer  and  cogn.  w.  lat. 
spar  us  'a  dart'. 

speck  vb.  ME.  specke  oe.  specca 
'a  spot,   mark';    cp.  DU.  spikkel. 

speech  sb.  me.  speche  oe.  (rare) 
spec  (spcec^  with  the  common 
byform  oe.  sprcec:  Westteut.  base 
spdki-  sprdki-',  derived  fr.  \fspek 
sprek  in  speak. 

speed  sb.  me.  oe.  sped  pro- 
perly oe.  speed  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
spo-di'  in  osAX.  spod  'success', 
DU.  sfoed  'speed' ,  ohg.  spuot 
'siict:ess'  (whence  G.  sputen  'to 
make  haste')  :  verbal  abstract  to 
the  str.  vb.  oe.  sppwan  'to  suc- 
ceed =  OHG.  spuon  to  succeed', 
which  are  cognate  w.  oslov. 
spejati  'to  succeed',  skr.  sphdy 
'to  increase':  Aryan  \f^ sphe  spho. 

spell    sb.    me.    oe.    spel    (infl. 
spell-)  'story,    saying'    (see    also 
gospel)     =     GOTH,     spill    'tale, 
myth',   ON.  spjall  'a  saying ,  ohg. 
spel  'a  narrative'  (du.  spellen  vb.)  : 
Teut.    base     spella-y   assimilated 
for  sqedlo",    pre-TEUT.  sq-etlo-  r—  | 
oiR.  sc^l,  CYMR.  chwedl  'a  story'.  | 
Derived  from   the  Aryan  \(^seq : 
'to  say,    tell'    (cp.  say)\   aryan  | 
suffix    -etlo-    as    in    gr.    ^^trAo//.  | 

spell  vb.  ME.  spelle  'syllabi- 
care'  (Orrm  spelldrenn  'syllabi- 
care');    not  found  in  this  mean- i 


ing  in  0£.  Cognate  w.  ofr. 
espeler    =--    fr.   ipeler    'to    spell'. 

spelt  sb.  OE.  spelt  r^  du.  spelt, 
OHG.  sp'elta  spelza'.  loanword  fr. 
late  LAT.  spelta  (==r  it.  spelta, 
fr.  ipeautre). 

spend  vb.  me.  spende  oe.  "^spendan 
(in  the  sb.  spendiijg  and  in  the 
covci^owwA'&d-^for-spendari) :  loan- 
word fr.  LAT.  dispenderevh.^i^^Ti^ , 
whence  also  o.  spenden  ohg. 
spentan. 

spew  vb.  me.  spewe  oe.  spiwan 
=  ohg.  OSAX.  sphvan  o.  speiett, 
GOTH,  speiwan  str.  vb.  (on.  spyja, 
DU.  spiiwe?i)  :  strong  verbal  \f  spm 
as  in  LAT.  spuere,  lith.  spiauti  'to 
spew';  cp.  the  cognate  yf pj^^ 
'm.  or.  TTTVfiv,  OSLOV.  p/utz? 

spice  sb.  ME.  spife  fr.  ofr. 
espice  (fr.)   =^   lat.  species. 

spider  sb.  me.  spither  in  Kent, 
for  spinder  oe.  "^ spinner e\  derived 
fr.  spin. 

spike  sb.  me.  spik  'an  ear  of 
corn'  fr.   lat.   spica. 

spill  vb.  ME.  spille  late  oe.  spillan 
fr.  ON.  spilla]  ident.  w.  OE.  spildan, 
OHG.  spildan  'to  spill':  Teut.  base 
spiipjan. 

spin  vb.  ME.  spinne  oe.  spinnan 
str.  vb.  =n^  GOTH.  OHG.  spinna7t, 
G.  DU.  spinnen ,  on.  spinna:  all 
equivalent.  The  str.  vb.  teut. 
spinnan  rests  on  a  y^  spc7i  in 
spindle  me.  oe.  spinel  —-  ohg. 
spini/a. 

spirit  see  sprite. 

spit  ^  sb.  ME.  spite  oe.  spitu 
'roasting  spit'  =  ohg.  spiT,,  DU. 
spit  (riAL.  spito,  fr.  ^pois  repre- 
13* 


196 


^pll^' 


spur 


sent  a  teut.  spitus) ;  derived  fr. 
the  TEUT.  adj.  spitu-  in  ohg. 
spitzi  G.   spitz. 

spit-  vb.  ME.  spitteo^.  iespyUan\ 
ident.  w.  on.  spytta  with  the  by- 
form  spyta^  LG.  spyteuy  g.  speutzen ; 
see  spout. 

spite  sb.  ME.  j^//  for  despit; 
see  despite. 

spleen  sb.  fr.  lat.  (or.)  splen. 

split  vb.  Scandin.  loanword; 
cp.  DAN.  splitte]  cogn.  w.  du. 
splijten  =  MHG.  sptt^en  G.  spleisseti 
(whence  g.    splitter). 

Spoil  vb.  ME.  spvile  fr.  fr.  spo- 
lier  (lat.  spoliare). 

spoke  sb.    ME.  spoke   oe.  spdca 

=    OSAX.    Spika     DU.    j^^^z^,     OHG. 

speihha  G.  speiche.  All  equivalent; 
Teut.   base  spaikon-. 

sponge  sb.  me.  sponge  fr.  ofr. 
esponge  (fr.  iponge) ;  source  lat. 
spongia,  whence  also  osax.  spu?tsia 

DU.    J;j2><?;?i'. 

spool  sb.  (not  found  in  me. 
OE.)  loanword  fr.  DU.  spoel\  ident. 

W.     OHG.    SpMOlo     G.     Spule     (iTAL. 

spuola  is  of  TEUT.  origin) :  Teut. 
base  spdldn-\  doubtful  whether 
cogn.   w.  spin. 

spoon  sb.  ME.  OE.  spon  fr.  a 
TEUT.  spdnu-  {spenu-)  in  ohg. 
span  a  chip,  splint',  DU.  DAN. 
spaan  'a  chip',  ON.  spdnn  sponn 
'a  chip'  (cp.  span-new).  Cogn. 
w.  MHG.  spd-t  'a  chip':    y/^spe. 

sport  sb.  for  disport  as  spend 
for  dispeftd;  me.  disport e  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  se  desporter  'to  amuse  one- 
self. 

spot    sb.    me.    spot   pi.    spottcs'y 


not  found  in  OE.  (where  splot 
pi.  splottas  'a  spot');  cp.  odu. 
spotte  DU.  spot   a  blot'. 

spouse  sb.  ME.  spouse  fr.  ofr. 
espouse  (fr.  spouse) ;  source  lat. 
sponsa. 

spout  vb.  ME.  spoute',  cogn.  w. 
spit. 

sprat  sb.  me.  sprot  (pi.  sprottes) 
OE.  sprot  (pi.  sprottas)',  cp.  MLG. 
i;^r<?/  G.  sprotte^  du.  i;^r(?/. 

sprawl  vb.  :me.  spraule  oe. 
sprea7i'lian  fr.  a  TEUT.  sprauwalon. 

spread  vb.  me.  spr^de  oe.  fg^J- 
sprckdan  'to  extend'  =  ohg.  g. 
spreiten,  DU.  spreiden\  deriv.  fr. 
the  str.  vb.  OHG.  st>ritan  \o  be- 
come extendi  d'. 

spring  str.  vb.  me.  springe  OE. 
springan  =  OSAX.  ohg.  springan^ 
ON.  springa  (ital.  springare  is  a 
TEUT.  loanword):  teut.  \(^ spr'eng 
sprangy  perhaps  related  to  gr. 
Gn^gX^aifai  'to  make  haste'. 

Sprite  sb.  me.  sprite  fr.  fr. 
esprit \  ident.  w.  spirit.  Source 
LAT.  spiritus. 

sprout  vb.  me.  sproute  (oe. 
^^sprutari)  =  DU.  spruiten,  LG. 
spruteny  ofries.  spruta  'to  sprout'; 
cp.  G.  spriessen'.  teut.  \f"sprut 
spreut. 

spur  sb.  ME.  spiLre  oe.  spura 
(spora);  ident.  w.  OHG.  sporo  (g. 
sporn),  DU.  spoor,  on.  5/^n  (ital. 
spro7ie  FR.  iperon  are  of  teut. 
origin) :  Teut.  base  spuron-  sporofi-. 
\fsp9r  in  OHG.  osax.  oe.  spur- 
nan  'to  kick  against'  under  spurn 
and  in  G.  spur  DU.  i^(?^r  oe.  spor 
*a  foot-track'. 


spurge  —  stammer 


97 


spurge  sb.  short  for  me.  spourge : 
loanword  fr.  ofr.  espurge  (source 
LAT.  cxpurgare). 

Spurn  vb.  me.  spume  oe.  spur- 
nan  str.  vb.  'to  kick  against'  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  spurnan  'to  kick 
against':  ARYAN  yf  sp9r  in  LAT. 
spei'-nere  'to  despise',  lith.  splrti 
'to  kick  against',  GR.  GTictiQ^iVi 
SKR.   sphur.    Cp.  spur. 

spy  vb.  ME.  sple  fr.  ofr.  e spier, 
which  is  of  Teut.  origin:  OHG. 
spehon  G.  spdhen ,  odu.  spien 
(ARYAN  \fsp'ek  in  LAT.  conspicio, 
speculum,   skr.  \f^spaf). 

square  sb.  me.  square  fr.  ofr. 
esguarre  'a  square'. 

squire  sb.  me.  squire  =  es- 
quire. 

squirrel  sb.  me.  squiril  ioisciirU 
fr.  OFR.  escurel  (=  fr.  icureuit) ; 
source  a  lat.  type  scurellus 
{scuriolus)  for  LAT.  sciurus  'a 
squirrel'. 

stable  ^  sb.  me.  stable  fr.  ofr. 
estable  (=  fr.  stable)',  source 
LAT.  stabulum  'abode,   stable'. 

stable^  adj.  me.  stable  fr.  ofr. 
estable   ~—    lat.    siabilis    'stable'. 

staff  sb.  me.  staf  (pi.  staves) 
OE.  stcef  (pi.  std/as)  =  on.  sta/r, 
DU.  staf,  OHG.  G.  stab;  cp.  OHG. 
staben  \o  be  stiff'  and  the  adj. 
EASTFRIES.  staf  'stiff',  also  lith. 
stebas  'staff  —  stdbas  stobras]  skr. 
\Pstabh  'be   stiff. 

stag  sb.  ]VIE.  stagge  late  oe. 
stag g a  'a  stag'. 

stage  sb.  me.  j*/^^-?  fr.  ofr. 
estage  — -  fr.  /Az^d"  (lat.  type 
staticuni). 


stain  sb.  me.  .y/^z;?^  fr.  ofr. 
desteindre  =   lat.   dis-tingere, 

stair  sb.  me.  ^/cz>  properly 
stfier  OE.  stealer  =  odu.  olg. 
steger  DU.  steiger  'stair':  west- 
TEUT.  ground-form  staigir,  deriv- 
ed fr.  the  Teut.  verbal  \^  stig  in 
OE.  stigan,  OHG.  stigan  G.  steigen, 
DU.  stijgen  'to  climb';  cogn.  w. 
GR.  nTtiytiv  'to  march'  ,  SKR. 
j/z^/z  'ascend'  (cp.  lat.  ve-stigium 
'a  foot-track'). 

stake    sb.    jme.   stake   oe.    j'/«ifrtr 

=^    ODU.    ^/^>^^    DU.    .f/f2^>^,     SWED. 

stake]  cp.  OFRIES.  5Az/^  'stiff,  G. 
stachel  'a  prick,  goad'. 

stalk  ^  sb.  ME.  stalke,  'a  dimin. 
form  with  suffixed  k  of  me.  .y/^/?; 
cp.  OE.  stela,  ON.  stil-kr  'a  stalk', 
OHG.  G.  .?///,  also  GR.  (xrfAfoV  'a 
handle'. 

stalk 2  vb.  ME.  stalke',  /^  is  a 
frequentative  suffix;  cp.  OE.  styl- 
lan  'to   leap'   (oe.  "^stealcian). 

stall  sb.  ME.  stal  oe.  s tea II  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  stalla-  in  on.  stallr, 
OHG.  .iTA?/  G.  j/^?//,  DU.  .y/rt-/  'stall, 
stable'  (iTAL.  stallo  'place'  —  stalla 
'stable  are  of  Teut.  origin). 
ARYAN  base  stadhlo-  in  lat. 
stabulum  'stable'. 

stallion  sb.  me.  stalloun  fr. 
OFR.  estalon  (fr.  italori)  =  ital. 
Stallone',  of  Teut.  origin  (teut. 
stalla-  'stable'  under  stall). 

stammer  vb.  me.  staviere  deriv. 
fr.  OE.  stdmor  adj.  'stammering'; 
cp.  DU.  stameren-stamelen,  OHG. 
sta7Juilon ;  \f  sta?n  in  ON.  sta7nr 
'stammering'  —  stama  vb.  'to 
stammer',   OHG.  stainen  'stammer'; 


igS 


stamp  —  state 


cp.  also  GOTH,  stmnnis  'stam- 
mering'. Cogn.  W.  OSAX.  OHG. 
stU7n  G.  stunim   'dumb'. 

stamp  vb.  me.  stampe  (e.  "^stam- 
pian)  =  DU.  stampen^  OViG.stampfdn 
G.  stamp/en  (iTAL.  stampare  fr. 
Hamper  are  of  teut.  origin) : 
TEUT.  \f  stamp  cogn.  w.  or.  aisf-i- 
(jSiv  'to   stamp*. 

stanch, staunch\\).  me. staunche 
vb.   fr.   OFR.  estancher. 

stand  vb.  me.  stande  oe.  standan 
(prt.  oe.  me.  stgd)  =  goth.  osax. 
standan^  on.  standa,  ohg.  stantan 
'to  stand':  a  strong  vb.,  common 
to  the  Teut.  languages;  teut. 
\P stap  stad\  the  nasal  of  the 
verb  is  orig.  characteristic  of 
the  present  tense). 

standard  sb.  me.  standard  (— 
DU.  standaard^  fr.  ofr.  estandart 
=  FR.  itandard  (ital.  stendardo 
fr.   LAT.   extender e     spread    out'). 

stang  sb.  me.  stange  loanword 
fr.  ON.  stgng  gen.  stangar\  ident. 
w.  ohg.  stang  a  G.  stange^  DU.  stang 
and  the  umlauted  oe.  steng  'pole, 
stake  ;  source  the  vb.  Oe.  stingan 
'to   stab,  pierce' ;   see  sting. 

stanyell  sb.  (Shakesp.)  oe.  stdn- 
lella  properly  'rock-yeller' ;  cp. 
yelL 

staple  sb.  me.  stdpel  oe.  stdpol 
'a  prop'  =  DU.  LG.  stapel,  ofries. 
stapul    block'. 

star  sb.  me.  sterre  oe.  steorra 
--  ohg.  osax.  sterro,  odu.  mlg. 
sterre'.  Teut.  base  sterron-\  ident. 
v/.  GOTH,  stairno,  on.  stjarna 
(hence  me.  sterne) ,  ohg.  st'erno 
(g.  stern  ohg.  stern).     Cogn.  w.  i 


SKR.  star,  GR.  nanJQf  LAT.  stella 
(for  '^sterulaT).     All    equivalent. 

starboard  sb.  me.  sterbgrd  short 
for  oe.  steorbord]  cp.  on.  stjorbordi 
'starboard'  and  oe.  steor  under 
steer'^. 

starch  sb.  me.  '^sterche  oe.  stereo 
(=r  G.  stcirke)  :  umlaut-derivative 
with  palatalisation  of  stark. 

stare  vb.  me.  stare  oe.  stdrian 
=  on.  star  a,  ohg.  star  en  'to  stare'; 
derived  fr.  an  adj.  star  a-  in  skr. 
j-M/rrti'fast, hard', GR. trrfofoc;  hard': 
ARYAN  \r  sta  'to  stand'  ia  ohg. 
stdn  sten  G.  stehen,  du.  staan,  lat. 
stare,  gr.  lordvia,  skr.  stM. 

stark  adj.  me.  stark  oe.  stearc 
=  OSAX.  mhg.  G.  stark;  cp.  ON. 
(with  umlaut)  sterkr  and  goth. 
gastaiirknan  'to  become  dry': 
ARYAN  sfstrg  in  LiTH.  strigti  'to 
become  stiff'. 

starling  sb.  me.  Stirling  short 
for  oe.  sterling :  dimin.  formation 
of  OE.  stcBr  'a  starling'  =:  ohg. 
star  a  G.  staar  *a  starling';  cogn. 
w.   OE.  st^'arn   =i  lat.  sturnus. 

Start  vb.  ME.  sterte  (oe.  "^  steor  tan 
str.  vb.)  ;  cp.  odu.  du.  storten, 
OHG.  sturzen  G.  sturzen:  teut.  \r 
stert  stiirt. 

Starve  vb.  me.  sterve  oe.  steor  fan 
str.  vb.  'die(ofhunger')  =  DU. 
sterven,  osax.  sterban,  ohg,  sterban 
G.  sterben  str.  vb.  'to  die';  cp. 
ON.  starfi  'stiffness',  EAST-FRIES. 
bestarfen  'be  stiff'.  The  original 
meaning  of  the  teut.  \fsterb  was 
probably  'be  stiff. 

state  sb.  me.  estdt  fr.  ofr.  estat 
FR.  itat  =  lat.  status. 


stay" 


step 


199 


Stay  *  vb.  me.  state  fr.  ofr.  e stayer  \ 
FR.   stayer. 

stay'*^  sb.  oe.  sti^i:  Teut.  base 
staga-,  whence  fr.  ^tay;  cp.  du. 
LG.   stag. 

Stead  sb.  me.  stede  oe.  stede  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  j-/^'^/-  =  goth.  sta^s 
'a  stead,  place',  oho.  stai  (o.  ^-/^z^// 
'town),  ON.  stadr  'a  place':  ab- 
stract formation  of  the  aryan  \f^ 
sta  'to  stand'  (see  stare)]  cp. 
.LAT.  statio,  SKR.  sthiti'^L  standing'. 

steak  sb.  me.  stcike  (late  oe. 
staecan  vb.  to  roast') :  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  steik  'a  steak'  —  steikja 
'to  roast'. 

steal  vb.  ME.  stele  oe.  stelan  str. 
vb.  =  GOTH,  stilafi ,  ON.  stela, 
OSAX.  OHG.  j/^/^;2  G.  stehlen  du. 
stelen:  teut.  y^j'/fc'/,  perhaps  ident. 
w.  GR.  GTSpfod^ai  —  OTf()i(Jy.aiv 
'bereave'. 

steam  sb.  me.  stem  oe.  j-//<'7w  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  stau-wa-  (du.  stooni, 
eastfries.  sto?n):  \f^  stau,  not 
found  elsewhere. 

steed  sb.  me.  stede  oe.  steda  'a 
stallion  :  umlaut-derivative  of  oe. 
stgd  =   E.  stud. 

steel  sb.  me.  ^/(?7^  oe.  stele  {style) : 
umlaut- formation  by  the  side  of 
the  equival.  ohg.  stahal  g.  stahl, 
DU.  staal^  ON.  i-/*?/:  Teut.  base 
stahla-  and  (for  OE.  style^  stahlja-; 
ident.  w.  opruss.  stakla-  'steel'. 

steep  adj.  me.  st^p  oe.  steap  adj.; 
ident.  w.  oe.  st(ap  --  on.  staup 
'beaker'  under  stoup.  —  Umlaut- 
deriv.  steeple  me.  stepel  oe.  stepel 
stypcl  (fr.  a  Teut.  base  staiipila-', 
cp.   on.  stgpull  'a  steeple'). 


steer '  sb.  me.  ster  oe.  steor  =■ 

GOTH.  Stilir,  ON.  Stjorr,  OHG.  OSAX. 

stior  G.  DU.  siier  'a  bull' ;  ident. 
w.  ON.  pjorr  (dan.  /yr) :  aryan 
base  (s)teuro  (oslov.  turii  'steer'). 
But  GR.  ravQoq  corresponds  to 
oir.  tarb  (aryan  base  tar  wo -y 
not  cogn.  w.  steer). 

steer  2  vb.  me.  stere  oe.  steor  an 
w.  the  umlauted  byform  styran 
=:  OHG.  stiuran  G.  steuern,  du. 
sturen.]  cp.  ON.  styri  'a  rudder'; 
for  a  non-umlauted  root-form  see 
under  starboard,  teut.  \f  steiir 
also  in  goth.  stiurjan\o  confirm'. 

stem  sb.  ME.  stem  oe.  st'emn  stefn 
a  stem  of  a  tree':  ablaut-relation 
to  ON.  stafn,  OSAX.  staff  in  = 
OHG.  stafn  G. stafHfn  du.  stafn:  teut. 
ground -forms  stemna-  staffina-, 
cogn.  w.  IR.  tamofi  'stem',  \P  sta 
'to   stand'  under  stare. 

stench  sb.  me.  stench  oe.  stejic 
fr.  a  tuet.  base  stank{w)i-;  see 
stink. 

step  vb.  OE.  stappan  steppafi  str. 
vb. ;  cp.  DU.  stappen^  ohg.  stapfbn 
'to  step'  and  oe.  i'/<^d'  i'/*^^/?  *a 
step,  pace';  probably  related  to 
OSLOv.  stopa  foot-track'?  The 
root  seems  to  be  nasalized  in 
stafn  p. 

step  in  stepfather  stepmother 
etc.  ME.  step-fader^  -moder  short 
for  o^.  steop feeder,  -mgdor ;  ident. 
w.  ON.  stjfipfadir,  -modir  --  ohg. 
stiof-fater,  -muoter  g.  st'ief rater, 
stieffnutter  \  Teut.  base  steupa-, 
whence  OHG.  bist.ufen  oe.  dstypafi 
vb.  'bereave,  deprive  (of  pa- 
rents)'. 


200 


stool 


Stern  ^  adj.  me.  sterne  oe.  styrne\ 
Teut.  base  stirni-  prop,  sternu-, 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  strenuus. 

stern  2  sb.  me.  sterne.  fr.  on. 
stjorn  'a  steering';  see  starboard 
and  steer  vb. 

stew  vb.  ME.  stiiwe  vb.  fr.  the 
sb.  OFR.  estuve  =  G.  j-/?^^^;  see 
stove. 

steward  sb.  me.  stiward  (since 
the  1 2^''  cent.) ;  cogn.  w.  oe.  i"//(5)- 
wita  'house -holder.  The  first 
element  is  ident.  w.  sty. 

stick  sb.  ME.  sticke  oe.  sticca  -—- 
OHG.  steeko  G.  stecken :  Teut.  base 
stikkon-,  derived  fr.  the  verbal  \f 
stik    in    OHG.   stehhan    g.    stechen. 

stiff  adj.  short  for  ME.  OE.  stif 
'stiff'  =  ON.  stifrf  DU.  .f/?;/,  G. 
stei/',  cogn.  w.  lith.  stipti  'to  be- 
come stiff  and  lat.  stipes  'a  pole'. 

stile  sb.  ME.  stile  contracted 
from  OE.  stigolm^.  stiyle  =  ohg. 
stigila  *a  stile';  derived  fr.  the 
teut.  \r stfg  under  stair. 

still  adj.  ME.  OE.  stille  =  ohg. 

OSAX.  Stilii  G.  stilly  DU.  Stil,  OFKIES. 

stille:  deriv.  fr.  the  teut. \/^  j'/<?// 
'to  stand  firmly'  in  the  factitive 
vb.  ohg.  g.  stellen  \o  place'  and 
in  OHG.  stollo  'post'. 

stilt  sb.  ME.  stilte]  ident.  w.  ohg. 
stelza  G.  stflze,  DU.  stelt\  all  equi- 
valent. 

sting  vb.  ME.  stinge  oe.  stingan 
str.  vb.  —  GOTH.  {tis)stiggan,  ON. 
stinga\  cp.  OHG.  stungon  stung  en 
'to  sting':  teut.  \l^st'eng  under 
stang. 

Stink  vb.  me.  stinke  oe.  stincan 
str.    vb.  :^   GOTH,  stigqan,    OHG. 


oSAX.  stinkan  g.  du.  stinken'. 
teut.  \f  stenq  pre -TEUT.  st'engw 
{t'engw    in    gr.   vayyog    'rancid'). 

stir  vb.  ME.  stire  oe.  styrian  vb.; 
ident.  w.  the  ablauted  ohg.  storen 
G.  storen,  du.  storen,  ofries.  stera\ 
WEST-TEUT.  bases  sturjan  staurjan ; 
y^^stur  also  in  stormf 

Stirrup  sb.  me.  stiroJ>  properly 
sti-rgp  OE.  stii-rdp;  ident.  w.  ohg. 
stega-reif  G.  stegreif{p\3.  steegreep), 
ON.  stig-reip.  Second  element  of 
the  compound  is  teut.  raipa-  = 
roapi  for  the  i^'  element  (Teut. 
stiga-  sT stig^   see  stair. 

Stitch  sb.  me.  sticche  oe.  slice 
early  stici'.  Teut.  base  stiki-  'a 
pricking'  by  the  side  of  oe.  stician 
'to  prick';  cf.  OHG. stehhan  G. stechen 
(ohg.  stih  G.  stich  sb.  'pricking') > 
OSAX.  stekan ,  du.  steken.  aryan 
y^stig  in  gr.  arly/na  —  aviCoj;  cf. 
SKR.  y/^tij  'be   sharp'. 

stith  sb.  ME.  stith  borrowed  fr. 
on.  stedi  'an  anvil'. 

stock  sb.  ME.  stock  oe.  stocc 
'trunk,  log,  pillory'  ==  du.  stol^, 
ohg.  g.  stock,  ON.  stokkr:  Teut. 
base  stokka-  for  stiikka-;  teut.  \f 
stuk  in  du.  lg.  stoken,  me.  stoke 
'to  stab';  cogn.  w.  skr.  ////'push'. 

stone  sb.  ME.  stgn  oe.  stdn  = 
GOTH,  stains,  on.  steinn,  OHG.  G. 
.f/(?m,  OSAX.  .f/^-'^  DU.  .y/^<?/? :  Cogn. 
w.  OSLOV.  stena  'a  wall'  —  steninu 
rocky',  gr.  Oiiov  ovia  'pebble- 
stone'.     Cp.  stanyel. 

stool  sb.  ME.  OE.  Stpl  =  GOTH. 
Stols,  ON.  Stoll,  DU.  Stoel,  OSAX.  stol, 

OHG.  stuol  G.  stuhl:  Teut.  base 
sto-la-  deriv.  fr.  the  Aryan  \fsthd 


stoop 


straw-berry 


20I 


'to  Stand'  under  stead.  Cp.  also 
osLov.  stolu  'table',  gr.  otfjX')] 
'column. 

stoop  vb.  ident.  w.  me.  stoiipe 
OE.  stupian  \o  curve  downwards' 
=  ODU.  stuipen  'to  bow*,  on.  stiipa 
SWED.  stupa  \o  fair. 

Stop  vb.  ME.  stoppe  (oE.  for- 
stoppian'io  stop  up,  close')  ,  ident. 
w.  DU.  stoppen,  OHG.  stop/on  o. 
stop/en  and  w.  ital.  stoppare  'to 
stop  up  with  tow'.  Source  low 
LAT. stuppare  (lat.  stuppa  'oakum'). 

stork  vb.  ME.  stork  oe.  store  = 
DU.  stork^  OHG.  stork  G.  storchy  ON. 
siorkr ;  cogn.  w.  GR.  xogyoc,  'a 
large  bird'. 

storm  sb.  me.  oe.  storm  =  on. 
stoi'mry  DU.  stor7n  (oHG.  G.  stur?n) ; 
derived  fr.  \f star  in  stir  or 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  sternere  'to  strew'. 

story  sb.  me.  storie  fr.  ofr.  estoire 
=  LAT.   historia. 

stoup  stoop  me.  j'/6'/>:  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  stgup  'beaker,  cup'  =  stoop 
'a  gallon':  the  sb.  (teut.  staupa- 
'beaker')  rests  on  the  adj.  staupa- 
=^  steep. 

stout  adj.  me.  stout  ix.  ofr.  estout; 
ident.  w.  du.  stout,  ohg.  g. 
stolz  'proud':  source  lat.  stultus 
'foolish'. 

Stove  sb.  OE.  stofa  'a  bath'  = 
OHG.  stuba  'a  bathing-room'  (g. 
stuhe  'a  room'),  du.  stoof\  ident. 
w.  FR.  ituve  and  osLOV.  istuba 
'a  room'.  Source  and  history 
uncertain.      Cp.  stew. 

stow  vb.  me.  stowe  oe.  stpwian 
'to  restrain';  derived  fr.  OE.  stow 
'a  place'  =  lith.    stova   'place'. 


straight  adj.  me.  str eight  oe. 
{d)streht\  part,  of  oe.  streccean  =^ 
stretch. 

strain  vb.  me.  streine  fr.  ofr. 
estraindre  =  LAT.  stringere  and 
straitWY..  streit  fr.  ofr.  estreit  (fr. 
itroii)   =   LAT.  strictus. 

strand  sb.  me.  oe.  strand 
'shore'  =  ON.  strgnd  (gen. 
strandar)  'margin,  edge',  du.  lg. 
G.  strand  'shore'  (fr.  strain  of 
Teut.   origin). 

strange  adj.  me.  straunge  fr. 
ofr.  estrange  (fr.  itrange^ :  source 
i.AT.   extra?ieus. 

strangle  vb.  me.  strangle  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  estr  angler  =  lat.  strangulare. 

strap  Sb.  me.  oe.  strop  (pp): 
loanword  fr.  LAT.  struppus  'thong, 
fillet',  whence  also  du.  lg.  strop 
and  FR.  itrope. 

straw  sb.  me.  straw  oe.  streaw 
(with  the  byforms  me.  str^  oe. 
stre'a) :  Teut.  base  strawa-  =  on. 
strdy  DU.  str  00,  ohg.  stro  G.  str  oh; 
cp.  the  vb.  strew  oe.  strewan, 
strej^ati  =  GOTH.  straujany  OHG. 
strouwen  G.  streuen,  du.  strooien 
'to  strew',  teut.  \fstrau  derived 
fr.  the  ARYAN  \fster  in  gr.  orngsv 
i'Vfii  OT(j(ovvv/Lu  and  lat.  sterno 
(stravi  —  stratum) ,  oslov.  streti 
'to  spread  out';  cp.  esp.  lat. 
stramen  'straw'. 

straw-berry  sb.  me.  straw-berie 
oe.  streaw- berie;  not  cogn.  w. 
straw.  Probably  connected  w. 
lat.  fragum  'straw-berry  :  ARYAN 
base  sraghwo-  =  Teut.  base 
strawa-;  the  2"^^  elementin  straw- 
berry might  be   explanatory. 


202 


stray 


study 


Stray    vb.    me.    straie    fr.    ofr.  j 
cstraier ;    derived    fr.    lat.  strata 
{=z  street), 

streak  sb.  me,  strike  oe.  strica 
'a  line';  cp.  goth.  siriks  'a  stroke 
with  the  pen'   and  strike. 

stream  sb.  me.  strem  oe.  str^'am 
-=  OHG.  stroum  (o.  stroni)^  DU. 
strooni,  ON.  straiimr :  Teut.  base 
strau-nia-,  derived  fr.  the  aryan 
\f  sru  to  flow'  =  SKR.  \l^ srii  'to 
flow';  cp.  GR.  QkSii'y  oiR.  srut/i 
river'  —  sruaim  'stream'  (lat. 
flmnen  instead  oi'^frwfien:  aryan 
srou-mcn-). 

Street  me.  strete  oe.  stret  street 
infl.  strcete  (whence  on.  strceti  is 
borrowed)  =  osax.  strata,  DU. 
straat,  OHG.  strdzza  G.  strasse: 
WEST-TEUT.  strata  fr.  lat.  strata 
(so.  via)  prop,  'a  paved  way', 
whence  ital.  strada  =  fr.  ^tr^e 
(OTK.  srdt/i)  'a  street'. 

strength  sb.  me.  strengthe  oe. 
siraigdu  (goth.  ^straggipa)  derived 
fr.  strong. 

Stress  sb.  force'  short  for  me. 
distresse  fr.   ofr.  destresse. 

stretch  vb.  me.  streccheo'E.  strec- 
eea// (Tpart.  stre/it under  straight)-^ 
ident.  w.  ohg.  strecchen  G.  strecken, 
DU.  strekken'.  teut.  type  strakkjan\ 
cp.  OHG.  stracken  'be  straight  and 
the  adj.  du.  lg.  strak  'straight' 
(g.  stracks  'immediately'). 

strew  see  under  straw, 

stride  vb.  me.  stride  oe.  stridan 
vb.   —^  mlg.    striden    'to    stride' : 

\fstl'id.  j 

strife    sb.    me.    strif   fr.    ofr.  | 


estrif,  which  rests  on  a  Teut.  sb. 
=  OSAX.  strid,  OHG.  strtt  G.  streit. 

Strike  vb.  me.  strike  oe.  strican 
str.  vb.  'to  rub,  wipe'  =  ofries. 
strikaf  DU.  strijken,  OHG.  strihhan 
G.  streichen]  teut.  y^i'/r/^,  ARYAN 
\fstrig  in  lat.  stngilis,  OSLO  v. 
strigq  —  stristi  'to  shear'.  Cp. 
stroke. 

string  sb.  me.  oe.  streng  fr.  a 
TEUT.  base  strangi-  in  on.  strengr, 
DU.  streng y  OHG.  G.  stra?ig;  cogn. 
w.  the  adj.  strong, 

strive  vb.  ivie.  stri7'e  fr.  ofr. 
estriver  vb.  (ofr.  estrif  under 
strife). 

stroke  sb.  me.  strgk  and  stroke 
vb.  oe.  strdcian  fr.  \P strlk  under 
strike. 

strong  adj.  ivie.  oe.  strong  fr. 
TEUT.  base  strangu-  in  ohg.  Strang 
strengi  G.  DU.  streng  (g.  sic/i 
anstrengen  vb.) ;  cogn.  w.  LAT. 
stringer e  'to  draw  tight,  compress'. 

stub  sb.  me.  stubbe  with  the 
umlauted  byform  OE.  stybb  'a 
stub';  cp.  LG.  stubbe,  du.  stobbe, 
ON.  stubbi  and  GR.  orvnog  'a  stub, 
stump'.  ARYAN  \^ stup,  nasalized 
in  stump. 

Stubble  sb.  me.  stoble  stuble  fr. 
OFR.  estouble ;  ident.  w.  OHG. 
stupfala  DU.  G.  stoppel'.  source 
vulgar  LAT.  stiip{i)la  instead  of 
LAT.  stipula  'stubble'. 

stud  sb.  short  for  me.  oe.  stod 
'a  stud'  (cp.  the  umlaut-deriva- 
tion steed)  =  ON.  stod,  ohg. 
stuot,  Cp.  osLov.  Russ.  stado, 
LITH.  stodas    'a    herd  of  horses'. 

study  vb.  me.  studie  prop,  st/idic 


stuff 


suniinon 


205 


vb.  fr.  OFR.  estudier  (fr.  Hudier) 
=  LAT.  siudere. 

stuff  sb.  fr.  OFR.  estoffe  =  FR. 
^^q/fe  (whence  also  G.  sfo^,  DU. 
s/of). 

stump  sb.  ME.  s^ump  s/omp; 
ident.  w.  du.  stomps  ohg.  g.  siumpf; 
probably  connected  w.  stub'. 
KKSLM^  yf  stumb:  stu(m)py  also  in 
ON.  stufr  stufi   a  stump'. 

stun  vb.  ME.  stufie  stone  OE. 
stUnian  'to  resound' ;  cp.  the 
umlauted  on.  stymja  'to  groan', 
G.  stoncn,  DU.  steiien'.  aky an  \/^stPn 
sten  in  gr.  avtveiv,  oslov.  stenjq, 
SKR.  sta/z  'to   groan,   resound'. 

Sturgeon  me.  stourgeoun  fr.  fr. 
esturgeon;  source  a  teut.  base 
sturjon-  in  ohg.  stufio  (g.  ^/Mr, 
DU.  steur)  =  OE.  styria  'a  stur- 
geon'. Doubtful  whether  cogn. 
w.  stir. 

Stutter  vb.  fr.  me.  stotc  stute  vb. ; 
cp.  G.  stottem  'to  stammer'.  All 
derivations  of  \'^  staut  in  GOTH. 
stautan,  ON.  stauta  'to  beat,  strike' 
— -  OHG.  sto-^yin  G.  stossen.  aryan 
\^{s)tud  in  LAT.  tundere  \o  beat', 
SKR.  \f  tud  'to  strike'. 

sty^  sb.  ("sty  for  swine')  me. 
stie  OE.  stii  infl.  sti^e  'a  pig-sty'; 
ident.  w.  ohg.  stia  'a  pig-sty', 
ON.  sti  {svin-stl)y  SWED.  {svin)stia 
'a  sty'. 

sty2  sb.  ('sty  in  the  eye')  cp. 
OE.  stziend;  equivalent  w.  lg. 
stige,  NORW.  stig. 

subdue  vb.  me.  subdue  properly 
sudiie  fr.  OFR.  souduir  ~~  lat. 
subdiicere. 

subtle  adj.  me.  sotel  sutel  sutil 


fr.  OFR.  sotil  (fr.  subtil)  =  lat. 
subtilis. 

succeed  vb.  me.  sucgede  fr.  fr. 
succeder  =  lat.  succedere. 

succour  vb.  me.  sucoure  socoure 
fr.  OFR.  soccorre  =-  lat.  succurrere. 

such  pron.  me.  such  earlier 
swuch  S7vich  OE.  swylc  swilc:  Teut. 
base  swuUk  in  OSAX.  sulik^  ohg. 
sulih  (g.  solcH) ;  as  shown  by 
GOTH.  S7valeiks ,  the  i^'  element 
of  the  compound  rests  on  i-^-  = 
OE.  szad. 

suck  vb.  short  for  me.  souke 
OE.  silcan  str.  vb.  with  the  byform 
OE.  OHG.  sugan  G.  sangen;  cogn. 
w.  LAT.  sugere'.  aryan  sT^ag  stik. 

sudden  adj.  me.  sodein  prop. 
sodain  fr.  FR.  soudain  (lat.  type 
*sul>itanus  for  subitaneus  'sudden'), 

suffer  vb.  me.  suffre  soffre  fr. 
FR.   souffrir  (lat.  suffer  re). 

sugar  sb.  me.  silgre  slier e  fr. 
FR.  Sucre,  whence  also  odu.  suker 
DU.  suiker\  cp.  G.  zucker  fr.  ital. 
zucchero. 

sum  sb.  ME.  sunmie  somme  fr. 
FR.   somme. 

summer  sb.  me.  sumer  soi?ier 
OE.  sHrnor  fr.  a  Teut.  base  sumaru- 
in  OSAX.  OHG.  sumar  g.  somfner, 
DU.  somer,  on.  sumar.  Cogn.  w. 
AVEST.  hamy  oiR.  sam,  cymr.  haf7i 
haf,  ar:men.  amarn :  all  equivalent. 
Cp.   also  SKR.  samd  'year'. 

summit  sb.  fr.  fr.  sommet  (rests 
on  LAT.  summus). 

summon  vb.  me.  somone  fr. 
OFR.  so  mooter  (lat.  submonere  'to 
remind  privately'). 


204 


sun   —  sweat 


sun  sb.  ME.  sunne Sonne  OE,  sunne 
infl.  sunnan  ^^  goth.  siinno,  OHG. 
OSAX.  sunna  G.  so?tne,  du.  zon'. 
TEUT.  base  simnon-. 

supper  sb.  me.  soper  super  fr. 
FR.  souper.     Cp.   dinner, 

sure  adj.  me.  silr  properly  seilr 
fr.  OFR.  sur  seiir  FR.  sur  {=  lat. 
securusy  whence  also  sicker\ 

surgeon  sb.  me.  sur  gen  [surgein) 
fr.  OFR.  cirurgien  (lat.  type  chi- 
rurqianus).  —  Hence  surgery  me. 
surgerie :   LAT.   chirurgia. 

swaddle  vb.  me.  swathele  oe. 
sivcedeiian  vb. :  derived  fr.  OE. 
swcedel  bandage';  ident.  w.  the 
umlauted  ohg.  swedil  'bandage'; 
see   swathe. 

swain  sb.  me. sivimi^xoy^.  swein: 
borrowed  in  the  1 1  ^^  cent.  fr.  on. 
sveinn;  ident.  w.  OE.  swan  'man, 
warrior',   OHG.  swein  'servant'. 

swallow  sb.  (the  bird)  me. 
swalowe  OE.  swealwe  =  ohg.. 
swalawa  G.  schwalbe;  ident.  w. 
osAX.  swala,  on.  svala  'a  swallow': 
Teut.  base  swalwdn-\  if  for 
^swalgwon-y  cogn.  w.  GR.  aXy.xnm''^ 

swallow  vb.  WE..  ,swel{o)we  ear- 
lier swelgen  oe.  swelgan  str.  vb. 
^=.  OSAX.  OHG.  swelgan  (swelhan) 
G.  schwelgen,  du.  zwelgen  (on. 
svelgja)  :  Teut.  verbal  y^  sw'elh 
swelgy  ARYAN  \fswelk. 

swamp  sb.  cogn.  w.  ohg.  g. 
sumpfy  DAN.  swed.  sump  'a  swamp'. 

swan  sb.  me.  oe.  swan  fr.  a 
TEUT.  swana-  =--  on.  s%)anr\  cp. 
ohg.  swana  g.  schivan  du.  zwaan. 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sonar e  (properly 
*S2>onare)y  SKR.  \fsvan  'to  sound'. 


sward  sb.  me.  swarde  oe.  swear d 
infl.  swearde  'the  skin  of  bacon" 
=  ODU.  zwaerde,  mhg.  swarte  G. 
schwarte  'skin  of  bacon',  on. 
svgrdr  'skin'.  The  modern  E. 
meaning  'green  turf  is  due 
to  Northern  influence;  cp.  on. 
jardar-svgrdr  'earth-sward',  gras- 
svgrdr  'grass-sward  (and  mlg. 
grtrnswarde,   dan.  grensvcer^. 

swarm  sb.  me.  swarm  oe. 
swear ?n  ---;  on.  svarmr ,  ohg. 
sivarm  G.  schwarfn  (du.  Z7iierm) : 
all  equivalent.  Cp.  the  skr. 
\f svar  'to   sound? 

swart  adj.  me.  swart  oe.  sweart 
=  GOTH.  swartSf  on.  svartr,  DU. 
zwart,  OHG.  swarz  g.  schwarz] 
Cogn.  w.  LAT.  sordes  (properly 
'^svordes^    'dirt':    aryan  \p sword. 

swath  sb.  me.  swath  oe.  swcEp 
'footprint,  track'  (with  the  by- 
form  oe.  swadu  track');  cp. 
MLG.  sivat  —  swade,  G.  schwaden, 
DU.  zwaad  'a  row  of  mown  grass': 
Teut.  base  swapa. 

swathe  vb.  me.  swathe  oe.  swd- 
dian\   cp.   swaddle. 

swats  (Scotch)  'beer'  (dE.swata\ 
derived  fr.  \f  swot  under  sweet. 

swear  vb.  me.  sw(re  oe.  sweriaft 
(prt.  ME.  oe.  swm-)  str.  vb.  = 
OHG.  OSAX.  swerian  G.  schworen, 
DU.  zweren,  ON.  sverja  str.  vb. ; 
cp.  GOTH,  swaran.  The  original 
meaning  of  the  teut.  \f  swar 
was  probably  'to  declare,  as 
shown  by  the  derivative  answer. 

sweat  vb.  short  for  me.  sw(te 
OE.  swcetan)  derived  fr.  OE.  siadt 
ME.  swpte  (e.  sivcat  sb.  influenced 


sweep  —  swoop 


205 


by  the  vb.  sweai)  =  DU.  Z7vcet, 
ON.  sveiti^  OHG.  sweiiy  G.  schweiss'. 
TEUT.  \f^swait  (swit  in  G.  schwitzen 

OHG.  S7vizzai,)   =  ARYAN   \f  SWOid 

swid  in  SKR.  s^svid  to  sweat', 
GR.  i^Qwq  'sweat'  —  iiiUiv  to 
sweat',  LAT.  siidor  (orig.  "^svoidos) 
'sweat',   LETT,  swidrs  'sweat'. 

s^veep  vb.  me.  swipe  oe.  swdpan 
3^  p.  sg.  pres.  t.  swcepd  to  sweep' : 
TEUT.  \f  swaip  under  swoop. 

sweet  adj.  me.  oe.  swete  adj. 
with  the  non-umlauted  adverb 
OE.  swote  (me.  S€te  adj.  adv.) ; 
ident.   w.  on.  scetr  (orig.  "^svceti'), 

OSAX.S7£/0fi,  -DV.ZOety  OB.G.s(7V)U07^p 

G.  silss:  Teut.  base  swoti-^  orig. 
swotu-  ^(c^,  GOTH,  suts  'sweet), 
ARYAN  base  swddu  in  skr.  svadti, 
GR.  advq  Tjdvc,  LAT.  si/dms  (orig. 
*suddu-is).     Cp.  S7iiats. 

swell  vb.  ME.  swelle  oe.  sw'ellan 
str.  vb.  =  OS  AX.  OHG.  sw'ellan 
G.  schwellen,  du.  zwellen,  on.  svella 
str.  vb.  :'teut.  verbal  ^"^ swell 
(also    in  goth.  ufswallems  sb.). 

swerve  vb.  me.  siverve  oe. 
sweorfan  str.  vb.  to  scrub,  file'; 
ident.  w.  OSAX.  swerfan,  DU. 
zwerven ,  GOTH,  swairban ,  on. 
sv'erfa :  teut.  y"  swerb ,  aryan 
\l^  swerbh  in  russ.  sverbeti^  OSLOV. 
svi'iibeti  'to  itch'. 

swift  adj.  me.  oe.  j-7£////'  (oe. 
swift});  p.  participle  of  oe.  swifan 
'to  move  quickly'  =  on.  ^z///i7, 
formed  by  suffix  /<:^  (see  old, 
cold,  loud).  Cogn.  w.  du. 
zweven,  ohg.  sw'ebbi  G.  schweben. 

s\vill  vb.  me.  .fwz/^  OE.  swtllan 
(3^   p.  sg.  pres.  t.  swiled). 


swim  vb.  ME.  swmime  oe.  swi?7i- 
man  str.  vb.  =  osax.  OHG. 
swi7nman  str.  vb.  G.  schwinwien'y 
ident.  w.  on.  symja  (for  orig. 
^^swumjati)  'to  swim':  teut, 
\^ swem   {sum   under  sund). 

swine  sb.  me.  oe.  S7(jin  =~. 
OSAX.  OHG.  sic'tn  G.  schwein  du. 
zwijn,  on.  svin,  goth.  swein\ 
Teut.  base  swina-,  properly  su- 
-ina-,  derived  fr.  ARYAN  su  'a 
pig'  in  oe.  osax.  ohg.  su  'a  sow' 
=:^  LA.T.  su-s,  GR.  i-g  ov-g.  The 
suffix  -ma-  in  TEUT.  S7mna-  is 
diminutive ,  as  shown  under 
chicken,  maiden.   See  also  sow, 

swing  vb.  ME.  swinge  oe.  swin- 
gan  str.  vb.  — -  OSAX.  OHG.  swin- 
gan  G.  sckivingcn,  —  swinge  me.' 
swenge  oe.  swencgean  \o  beat, 
shake'  causal  of  swing \  teut. 
\p  sweng  sivang  {swangw  in  goth. 
afswaggwjan  ?) 

swink  vb.  me.  swinke  oe.  swin- 
can  str.   vb.      Ident.  w.  swing} 

sw^oon  vb.  ME.  swgune  earlier 
swpgnie?t',  derived  fr.  the  p.  parti- 
ciple OE.  leswpgen  'in  a  swoon' 
—  dswogen  'choked';  allied  to 
GOTH,  gaswogjan  swogatjan  'to 
sigh',  OE.  swogan  'to  sough,  sigh  : 
ARYAN  sfswbgh  swdgfi  in  lith. 
svagcti  'to   sound'. 

swoop  vb.  ME.  swgpe  oe.  swdpan 
(identical  w.   sweep). 

sword  sb.  isn^.  swerd  o^.  sweord 
(swurd)  —--  OSAX.  OFRIES.  sw'erd, 
DU.  zwaard,  on.  sverd,  OHO.  sw'ert 
G.  schwert:  aryan  base  swerdho- 
(in    LAT.  sorbus   'service-tree'?). 


2ob 


table 


tarry 


table  sb.  ME.  idMe  fr.  FR.  ^a/?/e 
-=  LAT.  tabula  (whence  OE.  tcefel 
^chess-board'  =—  ohg.  zabal 
'board') ;    cp.   also    G.  DU.  ta/el. 

tackle  sb.  me.  takei\  ident.  w. 
MLG.  takel  'equipment'  (g.  swed. 
take  I,  DAN.  takkel), 

tadpole    short    for    toad-poll. 

tail  sb.  ME.  tail  oe.  tceiel  ^^ 
OHG.  zagal  'a  tail",  ON.  tagl 
'a  tail',   GOTH,  tagl  'hair'. 

tailor  sb.  me.  tailloiw  fr.  ofr. 
tailleor  - —  fr.  tailleiir. 

take  vb.  ME.  take  late  oe. 
(ii^*^  cent.)  tdcan  borrowed  fr. 
ON.  taka  str.  vb.  taking  the  place 
of  OE.  niman  (under  }ii7nble^\  cp. 
cast  :—  ON.  kasta  supplanting  oe. 
weoi'pan  (under  warp).  Ident.  w. 
GOTH,  tekan  str.  vb.  'to  touch':  teut. 
\f  tek  tak\  pre-TEUT.  xT/^  dag} 

tale  sb.  ME.  tale  oe.  talu  =r^ 
DU.  taal  language",  ohg.  ' zdla 
G.  zahl\  cp.  ON.  tal  'a  tale'.  Cp. 
the  TEUT.  verb  taljan  in  oe. 
tellan  me.  telle  e.  tell  —  ohg. 
zellan  (cp.  GOTH,  talzjati).  Hence 
derived  talk  vb.  me.  talke  vb. 
(oe.  '^talcian  "^taleciari)]  k  is 
suffixed   as  in  hark. 

tall  adj.  ME.  tal\  probably  oe. 
let^l  'swift,  prompt'  with  thtj  by- 
form  geatol{lic)  'swift'.  Ident.  w. 
OHG.  gizal'.   Teut.  base  ga-tala-. 

tallow  IVIE.  talugh  earlier  ^talh 
=  MLG.  talch  (g.  talg^  du.  tallz)^ 
ON.  tolgr.  Cogn.  w.  goth.  tul- 
gus  'fast'? 


tame  adj.  me.  tdtne  oe.  ta^n 
(infl.  tamo)  =:=  on.  tamr,  DU. 
tarn,  OHG.  zam  G.  zahm'.  Teut. 
base  ta7fia-  (hence  derived  goth. 
ta7?ijan  'to  tame'  ^^^  ON.  temja, 
OHG.  zcmmen).  aryan  \p dotn  in 
LAT.  domare  'to  tame',  gr.  da[,idv, 
SKR.  damdy  'to  tame'. 

tan  vb.  me.  tanne  oe.  tannian 
vb.;  cogn.  w.  fr.  tan  'oak-bark' 
(lat.  tannare  in  the  8  ^  cent. 
r-=  FR.  tannery  cp.  du.  /cz^/z'bark'). 
Hence    e.   tawny  r=   fr.   tanni. 

tang  sb.  (sea-weed)  fr.  dan. 
tang  =  ON.  pang   (ppngull). 

tap  sb.  me.  tappe  oe.  ttjsppa 
'a  tap'  =:  OHG.  zap/o  G.  zap/en, 
DU.  /<?/,  ON.  tappi  (fr.  /^/^  /^/<?;2 
are  Teut.   loanwords). 

taper  sb.  me.  tdper  oe.  tdpor: 
properly  *papur,  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
papyruSy  which  appears  in  Rom. 
dialects  as  'taper'. 

tar  sb.  me.  terre\  cp.  oe.  teoru 
(tyrwe)  'tar'  and  DU.  (g.)  teer, 
ON.  tjara]  ident.  w.  lett.  darwa 
tar'.  The  group  rests  on  Aryan 
deru  rzrz  tree',  tar  orig.  tar- 
wood'. 

tare  sb.  me.  tdre\  Teut.  base 
tar{w)dn  also  in  odu.  taruwe 
DU.  MLG.  tarwe.  Cogn.  w.  SKR. 
durva  (a  kind  of  grass)  and 
LITH.  dirva  'field'. 

tarn  sb.  me.  terne  fr.  on.  tjgrn 
(g.  tjarnar)   'a  tarn,  pool'. 

tarry  vb.  me.  terie  oe.  terian 
tei'ian  'to  vex'  =  du.  lg.  tergen. 


tart  —  teen 


207 


tart  sb.  ME.  tarte  fr.  ofr.  tarte 
■=-  FR.  toui'te  (whence  du.  taart, 
G.  torte). 

task  sb.  ME.  tdsk(e)  fr.  ofr. 
tasque  =  FR.  tache;  source  LAT. 
taxare,  whence  also  tax. 

tatter  sb.  a  Scand.  loanword 
fr.  ON.  tgtra?'  pi.  tatters';  already 
ME.   tatered  'ragged'. 

tattle    vb.    fr.     ME.    tat  ere    vb. 

taw,  tew  vb.  me.  tewe\  oe. 
tdwian  teawian  means  prop,  'pre- 
pare and  corresponds  with  du. 
toiiwen  \o  curry  leather,  ohg, 
zouwen  make,  prepare',  goth. 
'taujan  'do':  teut.  \/~  tau\  see 
tool. 

tawny  see  tan. 

tax  vb.  fr.  fr.  taxer  ^=^  lat. 
taxare;  ident.  w.  task. 

tea  sb.  =^  FR.  /^,  G.  t/iee:  source 
CHINESE  t^;  the  word  became 
European  in  the  2"^  half  of  the 
17'*^   cent. 

teach  sb.  me.  t^'e/ie  (prt.  taughte) 
OE.  tckc-ean  (prt.  tcehte) ;  cogn.  w. 
token  OE.  tdcen\  cp.  OHG.  zeigbn 
G.  zeigen.      aryan  \^ dik. 

team^  sb.  'family'  me.  tern  oe. 
team  family,  offspring'  ^—^  mlg. 
torn  'progeny'  (with  the  um- 
lauted  vb.  teem  me.  teme  oe. 
ti'man  tyman  'to  teem)  :  Teut. 
base  tau(h)??ta-  fr.  \^ttih  in  goth. 
tiuhany  ohg.  ziohan  G.  Ziehen. 
ARYAN  \J^ duk  in  LAT.  ^-/^^t?.  See 
the  following  word. 

team''^  sb.  (team  of  oxen)  me. 
teme  itevie  oe.  i^etpne  'team  of 
oxen';  derived  fr.  teut.  tau{h)ma- 
'rein,  bridle'   (in  on.  taiimr  ohg. 


zoum  G.  zauni).  Root  the  same 
as  in  teain  ^ 

tear  vb.  me.  t^re  oe.  teran  str. 
vb.  :=-  GOTH,  gatairan  to  break'. 
ARYAN  \^der  in  skr.  ^^r  'to  burst, 
break  asunder',  gr.  dsoHv  'to 
flay',  LITH.   difti  'to  flay'. 

tear  sb.  me.  te'r  oe.  tear:  teut. 
/«;//;--  in  on.  tar,  ohg.  zahar  (g. 
zdhre) ;  cp.  onorthumbr.  tcehher 
and  according  to  Verner's  law 
goth.  /rt-^r.  ARYAN  base  dakru 
in  GR.  ()6fX(;v,  welsh  daigr  (per- 
haps skr.  ^^;-2/  and  lat.  lacrinia 
are    cognate).      All    equivalent. 

tease  vb.  (me.  tcse)  oe.  tchsan 
'to  pull  to  pieces ,  to  tease 
(wool)  with  the  non-uml.iuted 
byform  me.  tche  (oe.  ^tdsan  or 
*tdsian).  teut.  strong  verbal 
yftais  in  OHG.  zeisan  'to  tease' 
^—  DU.  teezen.  —  Cogn.  w.  teasel 
(plantname)  me.  icsel  oe.  tcssel 
^—  OHG.  zeisila  'thistle'. 

teat  sb.  ME.  tete  fr.  fr.  tette\ 
ident.  w.  oe.  titt  —  mhg.  g. 
zitze. 

ted  vb.  fr.  ON.  tedja\  ident.  w. 
ohg.  G.(dial.)s^//^/2 'to  spread'.  As 
shown  by  the  p.  participle  GOTH. 
un-gatass  'undisposed',  there  exi- 
sted also  a  str.  vb.  ^tadjan.  aryan 
s{^dat  in  gr.  dariouai  '1  divide, 
distribute'. 

teem^  vb.  'to  bring  forth'  see 
team. 

teem^  vb.  to  empty'  see  toom. 

teen  sb.  me.  tene  oe.  teona 
'suffering,  insult'  -—  OSAX.  tiono 
'injury';  cp.  ofries.  tiuna  'to  hurt.' 


208 


tell   —   thnt 


tell  vb.  ME.  telle  (prt.  tglde)  oe. 
tellan  (prt.  tdlde^  under  tale. 

tempest  sb.  me.  tcmp(st  fr. 
OFR.  tempeste  =  fr.  tenipete. 
Source  vulgar  lat.  iufipesta  for 
tempestas. 

temple  sb.  me.  temple  oe.  tempel 
fr.   LAT.   te7fiplu7n. 

temples  me.  te^nples  fr.  ofr. 
temples  (fr.  tempi)  plur.  =  lat. 
tempora    the  temples'. 

tempt  vb.  ME.  tempte  vb.  fr. 
OFR.  tempter  (fr.  tenter)  =^  lat. 
temptare. 

ten  num.  me.  ten  rests  on  an 
unrecorded  OE.  '^'teon,  instead  of 
which  an  umlauted  tpi  is  found. 
Teut.  base  tehun  t'ehan  in  goth. 
taihun,  osax.  t'ehan  ^  du.  tien^ 
OHG.  2^^^z«  G.  zehn.  Ident.  w. 
SKR.  ^^^fl;,  GR.  t)gK«,  lat.  decem, 
oiR.  ^/^7V>^.  —  The  suffix  -teen 
(in  thirteen  etc.)  me.  -//^^  oe. 
-tene  -tyne  is  the  inflected  form 
of  the  numeral  ten.  —  The  suffix 
-ty  (in  twenty  etc.)  represents 
the  sb.  GOTH,  tigus  'decade'  (in 
saihs  tig  jus  =  on.  sextigir)  ;  cp.  oe. 
pritil  sixtil  =  OHG.  driiug  s'ehzug 
G.  dreissig  sechzig.  For  the  g 
in  GOTH,  tigus  cp.  or.  c)^xat,- 
'decade'. 

tender  adj.  me.  tendre  fr.  fr. 
tendre\  source  lat.   tener. 

tense  sb.  fr.  ofr.  tens  (=r=  fr. 
temps)   =  LAT.  tempiis. 

tent  sb.  ME.  tente  (=r  du.  tent) 
fr.  OFR.  tente  =rr  vulgar  lat.  tenta\ 
cp.  lat.   tentorium. 

term  sb.  me.  /^'rw^  fr.  fr.  terme\ 
source  lat.  terminus. 


terror  sb.  fr.  fr.  terreur  = 
LAT.   teiror{em). 

test  sb.  meant  properly  in  al- 
chemy 'a  vessel  for  testing  gold' 
and  rests  on  me.  test{e)  =  lat. 
testa,  whence  also  fr.  tete  ofr. 
teste  Viead'  with  the  borrowed 
E.   testy. 

tether  sb.  short  for  me.  teder\ 
doubtful,  whether  genuine  Eng- 
lish or  of  Scand.  origin.  Cp. 
ON.  tjodr  =  OHG.  ziotar  a  tether" : 
Teut.   base  teudra-. 

tetter  sb.  me.  oe.  teter  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  tetru-  ■=  aryan 
dedru-.  Cp.  OHG.  zitaroh  'tetter' 
and  SKR.  dadru  'a  kind  of  lep- 
rosy', LITH.  dedervine  'tetter'. 

than  conj.  me.  thanne  oe.  panne 
—  OHG.  MHG.  damie\  derived  ft. 
the   article  the. 

thane  sb.  me.  thein  (the  modern 
spelling  a  instead  of  ai  —  as 
in  rain  —  is  of  Scotch  origin) 
OE.  p'e-yen'.  Teut.  base  p'egna-  in 
ON.  p'egn,  oSAX.  thegan,  ohg. 
th'egan  'a  thane,  warrior'  (in  the 
Bavarian  dialect  'a  male  child'). 
Ident.  w.  GR.  TtY.vov  'child' ; 
ARYAN  \ftek  in  GRi  t/ktw  (aorist 
6-rfx-o»'). 

thank  vb.  me.  thanke  oe.  pan- 
cian  poncian  wk.  vb.  =  ohg. 
dankon  G.  du.  danken,  oi<i.  pakka 
'to  thank'.     Root    as    in    think. 

that  pron.  me.  that  oe.  pcet  = 
OSAX.  that,  OHG.  daz  g.  das  (dass) : 
ARYAN  form  to-d  (fr.  the  stem 
to  under  the)  =rr  skr.  tad,  OR. 
to  (for  *TO-d);  cp.  LAT.  istud  illud 


thatch 


thi 


209 


aliiid  show  the  d  as  neutral 
ending. 

thatch  sb.  properly  and  dia- 
lectical thak  ME.  thak  OE.  pac 
=  OHG.  dah  G.  dachy  on.  ^ak\ 
Teut.  base  paka-.  Cp.  the  wk. 
vb.  TEUT.  pakjan  in  oe.  peccean 
=  OHG.  deckan  G.  decke?i^  du. 
dekken.  Aryan  \^  /^^^  in  lat. 
tegerej  cogn.  w.  yf  steg  in  gr. 
avsyeir,  skr.  ^Mrt'^,  lith.  ^/^^/Z 
'to  cover  ;  cp.  gr.  TGyog  ovi-yoc. 
*a  roof,   OIR.  kg  'a   house'. 

thaw  vb.  ME.  thdwe  oe.  pdwian ; 

cp.    OHG.  douwen    G.  taiien,    du. 

.  dooien,    ON.    peyja:   \f  pan  paw 

properly  ^pagw^  ARYAN  \ftaq  in 

GR.  xr]Y.Hv    to  melt'? 

the  article  me.  //^^'late  OE.  ;5^ 
(oe.  j^'  influenced  by  the  inflected 
stem  pa-  in  thai).  ARYAN  base 
to-  in  SKR.  /"a--;/?  =r  GR.  rc-r, 
SKR.  /a-d  GR.  to  etc.  Cp.  than^ 
thaty  theivy  thercy  they. 

theft  sb.  me.  thefte  short  for 
/ey/<?  "^xo^.  pefthe'.  abstract  deri- 
vation fr.  thief.  Cp.  the  um- 
lauted  oe.  pyfp  infl.  pyfpe  'theft' 
=   OFRIES.   thiufthe. 

their  pron.  me.  their{e)  borrowed 
fr.  ON.  peira.  —  then  me.  thenne 
OE.  p(En?te  ident.  w.  than.  — 
thence  adv.  me.  thennes  extended 
for  thenne  thanne  =  OE.  pa?ione 
prop,  panon  =^  OHG.  dannan 
(g.  IW71  dannen).  —  -  there  adv. 
me.  there,  ther  pE.  per  /^r-s==: 
OHG.  diir  (g.  da).  —  they  pron. 
ME.  thei  they,  borrowed  in  the 
11*^  cent.   fr.   ON.  peir, 

thick  adj.  me.  thicke   probably" 

English  Etymology. 


borrowed  fr.  ON.  pykkr  {pjgkkr) ; 
the  corresponding  OE.  /?VVV  would 
have  changed  into  ME.  ^thicche 
e.  "^thitch.  Perhaps  ME.  thicke 
is  blended  w.  oe.  piece  =  ohg. 
dicki  G.  dick  DU.  dik.  Teut.  base 
piqu-  =^  ARYAN  base  tigu-  in 
OIR.  Hug  'thick'. 

thief  sb.  ME.  thef  (pi.  thanes) 
oE.  peof  (pi.  peofas)  ~--  goth. 
piubsy  ON.  pjofry  ohg.  diob  g. 
dieby  DU.  ^?(/:  Teut.  base  peuba-y 
by  Verner's  law  changed  fr. 
original  '^peufa-,  as  shown  by 
ohg.   diuva  'theft'. 

thigh  sb.  ME.  theigh  earlier 
theh  OE.  peoh  =  ohg.  dioh,  du. 
dijy  on.  Pjo  :  Teut.  base  peuha-y 
ARYAN  base  ^teuko- ,  cogn.  w. 
lith.  taukas  'fat  of  animals, 
marrow',  OSLOV.  tukil  'fat'. 

thimble  sb.  me.  thi?nbel  short 
for  thimel  oe.  pymel  'thumb-stall': 
diminutive  of  oe.  puma  = 
thumb. 

thin  adj.  me.  thinne  oe.  pynne 
=  -  OHG.  dunni  G.  diimiy  DU.  ^/z/;/, 
ON.  punnr:  Teut.  base  punnu- 
properly  punu-  punw- ,  ARYAN 
base  t9nu  in  SKR.  tanu,  lat. 
tenuis,  cymr.  teneu;  cp.  gr. 
ravaoq  (all  equivalent).  Aryan 
Y"  /^//  in  .SKR.  tan  'to  stretch', 
o^.pennan,  ohg.  dennan  G.  dehnen, 
'  goth.    panjan    'to    stretch     out'. 

thine  thy  pron.  me.  M///  oe. 
^//2  =:r  GOTH.  peinSy  ON.  //>2;r, 
OHG.  ^f«  G.  deiuy  DU.  ^///>/;  teut. 
pina-  formed  by  suffix  "ina-  (cp. 
SKR.  tdvakma  'thine')  fr.  teut. 
pu  ■=--  thou. 

14 


2IO 


thing  —  thousand 


thing  sb.  ME.  thing  oe.  ping 
^-=  ON.  J>ing,  OHG.  G.  DU.  {/ing: 
Teut.  base  pinga-  pmga-\  pro- 
bably ident.  w.  GOTH. /^/Af  'time' 
=  LAT.  tempus    (for  ^fenquusl). 

think  vb.  me.  thenke  {thenchen) 
OE.  pencean  {3''  s^.  prs.  t.  pencp^ 
=  GOTH,  pdgkjany  ON.  pekkjii, 
OSAX.  thenkian,  oho.  deikan  g. 
denkcn.  Cp.  goth.  pugkjan  ^=- 
OSAX.  thimkian,  ohg.  dunkan  G. 
diinkeny  OE.  pyncean  *to  seem\ 
ARYAN  \r/<?;2^f/^^/^;  in  LAT.  (Prae- 
nestine)   to7igb-e  'to  think'. 

third  see  three. 

thirst  vb.  me.  MZ/j/^  oe.  pyrstan 
and  thirst  sb.  from  the  vb. ; 
the  sb.  is  me.  thiirst  oe.  purst 
=  teut.  purs-tu-  =  ohg.  g. 
durst ^  DU.  dorst\  cp.  on.  porsti, 
GOTH,  ^aurstei  sb.  'thirst',  teut. 
verbal  \(^ pers  in  goth.  gapalrsan 
'to  be  dry'  —  paursus  'dry' 
(oe.  pyrre  =  ohg.  ^z^rW  G. 
diirr).  AKY AN  y/^ters  trs  in  skr. 
trs  'to  be  thursty'  —  /r//^'  'gree- 
dy',   gr.    TbQamivw,    LAT.    torreo. 

thirteen,  thirty  see  three. 

this  pron.  ME.  //^/"^  earlier  /^<?j  | 
oe.  /fi-  masc.  — /»  neutr.  — /<?<?jr 
fern. ;  ident.  w.  ohg.  dese  G. 
dieser,  du.  ^<?2r^.  The  article 
the  (teut.  pa-  under  that)  is 
extended  by  goth.  sai  lo',  as 
shown  by  on.  (runic)  sd-si  'this 
here'   (su-si  fern.). 

thistle  sb.  me.  thistel  oe.  pistel 
==^  ON.  pistill,  DU.  distel,  LG. 
distel,  ohg.  ^zi"///  G.  distel. 

thither  adv.  me.  thider  oe. 
//V/^r  (orig.  pceder') ;   derived  fr. 


the  stem  pa-  in  />^(7/.  Cp. 
goth.  papro  'thence',  on.  padra 
'there'. 

thole  sb.  ME.  thol  oe.  pol  (11): 
Teut.  base  polla-  in  on.  pollr^ 
DU.  doly  G.  rudderdolle,  Aryan 
base  t9lno-  (=  skr.  ///;/<?;  'quiver' 
for  "^tulnd)  fr.  y"/^/  — -  skr.  v^^/^^ 
'to   lift  up',   LAT.   tollere. 

thong  sb.  ME.  thong  orig.  thwong 
OE.  pwong  'thong';  cp.  ON.  pvengi. 
TEUT.  \f  pwang. 

thorn  sb.  me.  thorn  oe.  porn 
sb.  :=  ON.  porn,  OHG.  G.  ^^r;?, 
DU.  doom]  cp.  GOTH,  pailrnus. 
Ident.  w.  OSLOV.  trinii  'thorn'; 
cp.   SKR.  trna  'grass'. 

thorough  ME.  thorow  oe.  porh\ 
orig.  preposition  =-  OE.  purh, 
OHG.  duruh  G.  durch,  goth. 
pairh. 

thou  pron.  me.  thou  oe.  pu  = 

GOTH,     pu,      OHG.      du      (g.     ^«)  : 

ARYAN  ground- form  tH  in  lat. 
///,  GR.  TVf  SKR.  tu-am.  Cp. 
thine. 

though  conj.  me.  though  earlier 
thoh'.  Scand.  loanword  of  the 
11*^  cent.  (on.  p6  orig.  ^poH). 
Corresponding  to  OE.  p(ah  = 
GOTH,  pduh;  cp.  OHG.  doh  g. 
DU.  doeh. 

thought  sb.  me.  thought  oe. 
lepoht:  Teut.  base  ga-panhtu-, 
derived  fr.  \[^pank  in  pink. 

thousand  num.  me.  thousand 
thousend  oe.  pusend  =  ohg. 
dusunt  G.  tausendy  du.  duizend, 
ON.  pilsund  pushundy  goth.  pii- 
sundi'y  in  the  Lex  Salica,  we 
find  M^i'-^>^^/{W^ 'thousand'.  Teut. 


thrall  —  throng 


21 


base  fus-hund- ^  compound  of 
hund  r=r  hundred^iih.  an  ARYAN 
ills  'great,  much'  (cp.  skr.  imn 
'much',  iavas  'might').  lith. 
tiikstantis  ^^  OSLO  v.  tysqsta  'thou- 
sand' correspond  to  the  Teut. 
word. 

thrall  sb.  me.  thral  (pi.  ihralles) 
late  OE.  prcell  {prdl)  prop.  prcklL 
fr.  ON.  prMl  'a  thrall'  (Teut.  base 
prahila-) ;  cogn.  w.  ohg.  drigil 
*a  slave'  and  w.  goth.  pragjan 
*to  run'  =   OR.   rgiyuv  'to  run'. 

thrash,  thresh  vb.  me.  thresshe 
OE.  perscan  str.  vb.  =  goth. 
priskan,  ohg.  dr'eskan  G.  dreschen 
(du.  dorschen),  ON.  preskja.  teut. 
\(^  presk  (iTAL.  trescare  is  of 
Teut.  origin);  cp.  lith.  traszkHi 
'to  rattle,   clap'? 

thrave  sb.  me.  thrdve  thre've:  a 
Scand.  loanword;  cp.  ON.  pre/l, 
DAN.  trave  'a  number  of  sheaves'. 

thread  sb.  me.  thrc'd  oe.  prdd 
■=  ON.  prdd7'^  OHG.  drcit  G.  draht^ 
DU.  draad.  The  dental  is  suffix. 
Derivative  of  \p^ prd  (pre)  in  OE. 
prdwan  =  throw. 

threat  sb.  short  for  me.  pr(t 
OE.  prcat]  cogn.  w.  oe.  prutian 
pr(atian  wk.  vb.  'to  threaten'; 
cogn.  w.  OE.  prcaian  wk.  vb. 
'to  threaten'  =  OHG.  drewen 
dromven  (g.  drohen). 

three  num.  me.  thre  oe.  preo 
(f.  n.  —  pri  m.);  ident.  w.  goth. 
preis,  ON.  prir,  DU.  driCy  ohg. 
dri  G.  ^r^2 :  aryan  base  tri-  in 
SKR.  tri  (nom.  tray  as),  gr.  rptTg, 

LAT.    /;r.f,    OIR.    /r/,     OSLOV.    RUSS. 

trif    LITH.   /r^i".    —  The    ordinal 


third  me.  thridde  oe.  pridda 
corresponds  to  GOTH,  pridja, 
on.  pridi,  DU.  derde,  ohg.  ^/r///^ 
G.  dritte\  cp.  SKR.  trtiya,  lat. 
teriiuSy  oSLOV.  tretiju  —  thy*- 
teen  me.  threttene  short  for  oe. 
preotene  (pryttyne).  thirty  me. 
thritty  OE.  pritti"^  priti-^  =  ohg. 
drizuc  G.  dreissig  (see  under  /<?;z 
about  the  OE.  -//j  =^  o.  -sz^  in 
zwanzig  vierzig  etc.).  —  thrice  me. 
Mr/^jf  extended  for  an  older  form 
prie  OE.  pri^a  (priwa)  =r^  OSAX. 
thrijo  {thrtwo),  ofries.  thria ;  see 
twice. 

threshold  sb.  me.  threshwold  oe, 
perscwald  mostly  p'erscold',  ident. 
w.  OHG.  driscufilij  ON.  preskjgldr. 
Probably  not  cognate  w.  thrash. 

thrice  see   three. 

thrift  sb.  me.  thrift  fr.  on.  prift. 
The  str.  vb.  thrive  me.  thrive 
is  borrowed  fr.  on.  prifa-sk  'to 
thrive'. 

throat  sb.  me.  thrgte  oe.  protu 
=^OHG.  dro2;yx  mhg.  ^//(^^^^ 'throte' 
(o.  erdrosseln  'to  throttle')  ident. 
w.  OLG.  strata,  du.  strot'.  Aryan 
ground  -  form  {s)trudd-.  iTAL. 
strozza  gullet' is  of  teut.  (Lango- 
bard.)    origin. 

throe  sb.  'pain'  me.  throwe  fr. 
the  wk.  vb.  oe.  prgzvian  =  ohg. 
druoen  'to  suffer'  (Teut.  \[^ prow). 

throne  sb.  for  me.  trgne  fr. 
OFR.  trone. 

throng  sb.  me.  throng  oe.  J^eprgng 
fr.  the  str.  vb.  oe.  pringan  = 
OHG.  dringan  G.  du.  dringeii\  ident. 
w.  GOTH,  preihan,  on.  pryngva 
'to  throng' :  teut.  \Ppring  prmh, 
14* 


212 


throstle  —  tight 


ARYAN  V"  trenk    trenq    in    LITH. 
trenkti  'to  shake'. 

throstle  sb.  me.  thrpshl  oe. 
^rgstle ;  cogn.  w.  lg.  drdssl  (oSAX. 
*t^rdstala  fr.  "^pj'amstalci)  and  w. 
ON.  prgstr  (goth.  "^prastus) 
'throstle';  cp.  also  lith.  strdzdas 
'throstle'. 

through  adv.  ident.  w.  thorough'. 
ME.  thuruh  O^.  purh  =  ohg.  duruh 
G.  durch,  DU.  dorchy  goth.  pairh, 

throw  vb.  ME.  thr&ive  oe. 
prdwan  str.  vb.  'to  twist,  turn 
=:  OHG.  draen  G.  drehen  (du. 
draaien)  :  teut.  \f  pre  (also  in 
thread)  =  Aryan  \^tre{tere)  in 
GR.  TQrf-fjia  'a  hole'  —  TtgsXv 
to    pierce'  —   regsTQOv    'auger'. 

thrush  sb.  (a  bird's  name)  me. 
thrush  short  for  oe.  prysce  (teut. 
base  pruskjon)]  cogn.  w.  ohg. 
drosca   (base  prauskon-). 

thud  sb.  (Scotch)  short  for 
OE.  pgden  'whirlwind'. 

thumb  sb.  me.  thombe  ihumbe 
older  picme  oe.  puma  =  ohg. 
dmno  G.  daumen,  du.  duim,  swed. 
tumme  (oN.  pumall  'the  thumb 
of  a  glove')  :  teut.  hdise pu-man-. 
It  rests  on  an  aryan  adj.  tu-nw- 
'thick,  strong'  in  avest.  tuma 
(SKR.  tutuma)  'strong';  cp.  LAT. 
turner e  'to   swell',     aryan  \f  tu. 

thunder  sb.  me.  thunder  older 
form  thoner  thuner  oe.  punor  =^ 
ohg.  donar  G.  donner,  DU.  donder 
(cp.  ON.  porr  for  "^ponr  the  god 
of  thunder),  aryan  \(^t9n  ton  in  j 
LAT.  tonare  ^ —  ionitrUy  SKR.  tan 
'to  sound',  OE.  punia?i\o  resound, 
creak'  (by form  \p sten  in  SKR.  stan  | 


'to  sound',  see  under  stun).  — 
thursday  me.  thorsday  thursday 
late  oe.  puresdcei  OE.  punresdce\ 
■=  ohg.  donar  es-tag  g.  donner  stagy 
du.  donder  dag ,  on.  porsdagr. 
Early  translation  of  lat.  lovis 
dies.  TEUT.  piinara-  was  the  god 
of  thunder,  corresponding  to 
ON.  porr  'Thor'. 

thus  adv.  me.  thus  oe.  pus  = 
OSAX.  ofries.  thus,  DU.  dus; 
corresponding  to  ohg.  sus.  Forms 
of  the  article  the. 

tick  (of  a  bed)  sb.  not  found 
in  me.  nor  oe.,  probably  borrowed 
fr.  DU.  tz/A  =  OHG.  ziehha  G.  zieche\ 
source  lat.  theca,  whence  also 
FR.   taie  'a  tick'. 

ticket  sb.  fr.  fr.  Hiquette. 

tickle  vb.  me.  tikele. 

tide  sb.  me.  tide  'season  oe. 
tid  (gen.  tide^  'time,  hour'  =  on. 
tidy  OSAX.  tidy  DU.  tijdy  ohg.  zit 
G.  zeit:  Teut.  base  ti-di-,  cogn. 
w.  oe.  ti-ma  =  time.  —  Hence 
tidings  me.  iidinges  older  form 
tithende  fr.  on.  tidindi  'tidings'  (== 
DU.   tij dingy  G.  zeitung). 

tie  vb.  me.  tie  oe.  ti^an  tiian 
wk.  vb.  to  tie,  connect';  derived 
fr.  oe.  t(ag  'bond,  chain,  rope' 
=  Teut.  base  taugo:  \/^taug  tauh 
teuh  'to  pull,  draw',  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  ducere  'to  lead';  cp.  ohg. 
ziohan  g.  Ziehen,  oe.  teon  (prt. 
t^aH). 

tight  adj.  me.  ti-^ht  borrowed 
fr.  on.  fittr  (therefore  also  me. 
thiiht)  =--  mhg.  dihte  (g.  dieht): 
Teut.  base  pihti-  pinhti-.  Cogn. 
w.  thicks 


tike  —   today 


213 


tike  sb.  ME.  tike  fr.  on.  tik  'a 
bitch'. 

tile  sb.  ]VIE.  tile  contraction  fr. 
OE.  tt'^ele  —  tiile'.  source  lat. 
iegula,  whence  also  ohg.  ziagal 
G.  ziegelj  DU.  teg  el  tic  he  I  (cp.  fr. 
tuile,  ITAL.  teg  old). 

till  vb.  ME.  tik  older  tilien  oe. 
tilian  'to  till  land,  to  work';  cogn. 
w.  OHG.  zilon  G.  zielen  *to  aim 
at',  OSAX.  tilon  tiloian^  du.  telen 
'to  till,  cultivate'  (cp.  goth.  ^'^- 
tils  adj.   'fitting'). 

till  prepos.  me.  oe.  til  (in 
Northumbr.  dialect)  trrr  on.  /// 
'till,  to'.  Cogn.  w.  GOTH,  gatils 
and  ohg.  zilon  under  ////  vb. 

tilt  sb.  late  me.  telt  'a  covering' 
for  an  earlier  form  teld  (under 
the  influence  of  tent)  ~~  oe. 
letelcVdi  covering,  tent';  ident.  w. 
OHG.  z'elt  gizelt  G.  zelt  'tent',  odu. 
telt  ghetelt\ei\t\  o^.  tjald:  Teut. 
base  t'elcla-  ga-telda-. 

timber  sb.  me.  oe.  timber  'ma- 
terial for  building';  cp.  goth. 
timrjan  'to  build';  ohg.  zimbar 
'material  for  building,  edifice' 
G  zimmer  'room',  OSAx.  timbar 
*edifice',  du.  timmer,  on.  ti?nbr. 
Cognate  w.  gr.  ds/nstv  'to  build' 
—  douog  edifice',  lat.  domus 
'house',  OSLOV.  domi'i  'house',  skr. 
david-. 

time  sb.  me.  time  oe.  tima  = 
ON.  timi  time':  Teut.  base  ti-mon- 
fr.  the  \^ti  in  tide. 

tin  sb.  ME.  OE.  tin  =  on.  dan. 
DU.  tin^  OHG.  zin  G.  zinn:  common 
Teut.  base  tina-. 

tinder  sb.  me.  tinder  oe.  tyndre: 


==  base  tundf'jon-  in  ohg.  zuntira 
G.  zunder;  cp.  DU.  tinder ^  ON. 
ttmdr.  Teut.  verbal  \ftand  timd 
in  GOTH,  tandjan,  OHG.  zuntan  G. 
zilnden,    oe.   ontendan   'to  kindle'. 

tine  (of  a  fork)  sb.  me.  oe.  tind 
'prong,  spike'  =  on.  tindr  'a 
spike',  mhg.  zint:  Teut.  base  tinda- 
tenda-.  Probably  connected  w. 
tooth  (Teut.   base  tan^-). 

tire  vb.  me.  tire  oe.  tyra?t  with 
the  non-umlauted  byform  me.  tere 
OE.   teorian. 

tit  see  titmouse. 

tithe  sb.  ME.  tithe\  prop,  ordinal 
OE.  tiieda  {teogoda  teopa)  'tenth'; 
see  ten. 

titlark  see  titmouse. 

title  sb.  ME.  title  fr.  ofr.  title 
—7  FR.  litre:  source  lat.   titulus. 

titmouse  sb.  (a  bird's  name) 
not  connected  w.  mouse;  the 
second  element  of  the  compound 
is  ME.  mpse  oe.  mdse  ^-^  du.  mees., 
OHG.  meisa  g.  meise  'a  titmouse' 
(fr.  m^sange  is  of  Teut.  origin). 
The  first  element  of  titmouse 
(as  of  titlark)  is  on.  tit  'a  small 
bird'. 

to  prep.  ME.  OE.  to  prep.  adv. 
=^  OSAX.  to  adv.  { —  //  prep.j,  ohg. 
zuo  adv.  ( — zi  prep.);  cp.  du. 
toe^  G    zu. 

toad  sb.  ME.  tgde  oe.  tdd-lie 
(see  tadpole);  there  are  no 
further  connections. 

toast  vb.  ME.  tgste  fr.  ofr.  toste 
=  lat.  tosta  (fr.  the  vb.  tor r ere). 

today  ME.  to  day  oe.  td  dcBie  =r 
OSAX.  te  dage.  ■ —  For  tonight  — 
tomorrow  =  me.  to  night  —  to 


214 


toe 


tower 


morwe  oe.  id  trior gne  cp.  osax. 
te  naht  'tonight'. 

toe  sb.  ME.  ig  (pi.  tofi)  oe.  td 
(pi.  tdti)  oldest  form  tdhce  = 
OHG.  ze/ia  G.  ze/ie:  Tent,  base 
taihon;  cp.  DU.  teen^  on.  td. 

together  adv.  me.  togedere  oe. 
tpgcedre\  cogn.   w.  gather. 

token  sb.  me.  token  or.  tdcen: 
Teut.  base  taikna-  in  ohg.  zeihhan 
G.zeichen,  osax.  tekan^  du.  tecken; 
cp.  GOTH,  taikns  (base  iaikrii-). 
^^_  Pre -Teut.  base  doigno-  doigni- 
cogn.  w.  GR.  dnyiia  by  the  side 
oi  deiy.vvfu.  aryan  V"  dik  {dig)  in 
LAT.  duo  ( —  dignus  — prodigmm). 
e.  teach  oe.  tcecean  belongs  to 
the  same  root. 

toll  sb.  ME.  oe.  id  I  (II)  =  OHG. 
ZOI  {II)    G.  ZOlI,    OSAX.  DU.  tol\    Cp. 

OSAX.  tolna  =  OE.  tohte  'toll'. 
Source  LAT.  ielbnium  in  a  vulgar 
form  iolonetwi  for  telonhmi.  Cp. 
OE.  tolnire  ohg.  zolandri  =  lat. 
tolonarius  {telonarius). 

tomb  sb.  ME.  tombe  tou7?ibe  fr. 
FR.   io77ibe  =   LAT,  tumba. 

tomorrow  see  today. 

tongs  sb.  ME  OE.  tgnge  {tange) 
rrzr  ohg.  zanga  G.  zange^  du.  A/;v^, 
ON.  /^?7^:  Teut.  base  tango-n-  fr. 
the  ARYAN  \l^  dak  in  skr.  ^Z*?^  — 
GR.  Q^davbiv    to  bite'. 

tongue  ME.  /^?i!^<?  tu77ge  oe.  ///^^^ 

=    GOTH.    iUggO,     OHG.    ZU7lga     G. 

z?mge ,  DU.  /r?/2^.  Teut.  base 
tungoTt-  fr.  pre -TEUT.  ddTighd-  in 
OLAT.    di77gua    (=    LAT.    Hngua) . 

tonight  see  today. 

too  ident.  w.  /f?. 

tool    sb.    ME.    OE.    /<?/  =  ON.  /^/; 


probably  derived  fr.  the  teut. 
\^iau\o  make'  (see  under  taw). 

toom  adj.  me.  oe.  torn  loanword 
fr.  ON.  tomr  'empty';  cp.  osax. 
id77d  id77ngy   ohg.  zuoTfiig  'empty'. 

tooth  sb.  ME.  igth  (pi.  teth)  oe. 
top  (pi.  tef)  fr.  a  Teut.  base  tanp- 
in  OSAX.  DU.  taTid^  ohg.  za7id  {zan 
G.  zahri),  on.  tgnn\  ablaut-varia- 
tion GOTH,  timpus.  ARYAN  base 
do7it-  ddnt-  in  skr.  dat  —  darita^ 
GR.  odoiT-  (oi)o/c,),  LAT.  de77i-  {lieTis)  y 
LITH.  dailtis.  ARYAN  \f  td  'to  eat' 
see  under  eat;  the  form  of  the 
Aryan  word  (cp.  sooth)  is  present 
participle. 

topi  sb.  ME.  Qi^.top  (pp)  =  ON. 
toppr^  DU.  top  (ohg.  g.  zopf  a 
tuft  of  hair')  :  Teut.  base  toppa- 
tuppa-. 

top2  sb.  (a  child's  toy)  me.  oe. 
top  (pp);  phonetically  differing 
fr.  the  equiv.  lg.  dop^  ohg.  topfo 
G.  topf. 

torch  sb.  ME.  torche  fr.  fr, 
torche^  whence  also  du.  too7'ts. 

touch  vb.  ME.  touche  fr.  fr. 
toucher,  whence  also  du.  toetsen. 

tough  adj.  ME.  totigh  oe.  tgh  fr. 
teut.  '^tanku-y  whence  also  du. 
taaiy  OHG.  zdhi  G.  zdhe.  Perhaps 
cogn.  w.  oe.  ietg7ig  adj.  'in  con- 
tact with'  — letenge  'close  to'. 

towel  sb.  ME.  touail  fr.  ofr. 
toaille  =  fr.  touaille.  Source  an 
old  Teut.  word ;  cp.  ohg.  dwahiiia 
G.  zwehle  'towel',  teut.  \f  pwah 
in  GOTH.  p'waha7i  =  oe.  pwca7t 
str.   vb.  'to  wash'. 

tower    sb.    ME.    tour    late    oe. 


town    — 

(ii**^  cent.)  hir  fr.  fr.  tour. 
Source  lat.  turris. 

tpwn  sb.  ME.  toun  oe.  tiin;  the 
original  meaning  fence'  is  seen 
in  OE.  tynan  \vk.  vb.  'to  fence, 
enclose'.  Cp.  on.  hin^  du.  tuin^ 
OHG.  zim  G.  zaun  'fence,  hedge'. 
Cogn.  w.  OIR.  ciun  fortress'  (in 
CELT,  place-names  as  in  Augusto- 
dunutfi) . 

trace  sb.  me.  frdfe  fr.  fr.  /race 
(source  lat.  tractiare). 

trade  sb.  original  meaning 'path' 
fr.   the  vb.  tread. 

trail  vb.  me.  traile  late  oe. 
trce'^lian  fr.  ofr.  traillery  whence 
also  DU.  LG.  treilen. 

traitor  sb.  me.  traiiour  fr.  ofr. 
traitor  (fr.  traitre)  =  lat.  ira- 
ditor{em). 

tramp,  trample  vb.  me.  tranipe 
■=  LG.  tramp  en  trampeln ;  cp. 
GOTH,  trimpan    to  tread'. 

trap  sb.  me.  trappe  late  oe. 
trcpppe  loanword  fr.  fr.  trappe; 
source  OHG.  trappa. 

travel  vb.  me.  travaille  fr.  fr. 
travailler. 

treachery  sb.  me.  trecherie 
triccherie  fr.  fr.  trie  her  ie  (fr. 
trie  her  vb.). 

tread  vb.  me.  tr^de  oe.  tredan 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  tredan,  DU.  treden, 
OHG.  tr'etan  G.  treten;  cp.  goth. 
trudan,  on.  troda  'to  tread'. 
teut.  \ftred  trod. 

treason  sb.  me.  traisoun  fr.  ofr. 
traison  ^^rz:  fr.  trahison:  source 
LAT.  traditio{nem). 

treasure  sb.  me.  tresgr  fr.  fr. 
trtfsor  =  LAT.  thesaurus. 


treat  vb. .  fr.  fr.  traiter  -=  lat. 
tractarc. 

tree  sb.  me.  tre  oe.  treo  =  goth. 
trill,  OSAX.  trio,  on.  tri:  Teut. 
base  ir'ewa-,  derived  fr.  an  Aryan 
dru  doru  in  skr.  di  u  daru  'wood', 
GR.  iigvq  'oak'  —  $6qv  'spear', 
OSLOV.  driiva  —  drcvo  'wood'; 
cogn    w.  tar  and  trough. 

tripe  sb.  me.  tripe  =  du.  trip 
fr.   FR.  tripe. 

trouble  vb.  short  for  me.  trouble: 
loanword  fr.    fr.   troubler. 

trough  sb.  me.  trogh  oe.  troh 
trog  — --  ON.  OHG.  G.  DU.  trog'. 
Teut.  base  troga-  tiuga-,  pro- 
bably derived  fr.  ARYAN  dru- 
'wood'  under  tree. 

trout  sb.  ME.  troute  (for  troughtef) 
oe.  trilht:  early  loanword  fr. 
LAT.  triicta  —■-   FR.  truite. 

truant  sb.  me.  truant  prop. 
trilatmd  fr.  fr.  truand  a  vaga- 
bond'. 

truce  sb.  me.  trewes  plural  form 
of  ME.  treiz'c  'truce'  r:r=  oe.  treowa 
'confidence,  faith'.  Derivative 
of  the  adj.  true  me.  trewe  oe. 
ytreowe  "^etrywe  —-  ohg.'Z, ///av 
gitriuwi  G.  (ge)treu,  osAX.  triiiwr, 
cp.  GOTH,  triggws  —  ON.  tryggr 
'true'.  Cogn.  w.  OPRUSS.  druwis 
'belief  —  druwit  'to  believe". 
ARYAN  sf  dru.  See  truth  and 
trust. 

trump  sb.  me.  trumpe  trotnpe 
fr.  FR.  trompe,  whence  also  ODU. 
trompe. 

truncheon  sb.  me.  trounchoun 
tronchoun  fr.  ofr.  tronchon  =' 
FR.  iron  con. 


2l6 


trust 


twine 


trust  sb.  ME.  trust  fr.  on.  trgust 
'confidence'  (=  ohg.  trost  g. 
trost  'consolation'):  Teut.  base 
irausta-  fr.  an  ARYAN  base  drouz- 
da-\  co^n.  w.  ir.  druit  (base 
drtizdi-)  'firm,   trustworthy'. 

truth  ME.  treidhe  oe.  treowp 
'faith,  fidelity':  abstract  forma- 
tion to  true, 

try  vb.  me.  trie  fr.   fr.  trier. 

tub  sb.  me.  tubbe  =  du.  tobbe, 
LG.  tubbe  'a  tub';  cogn.  w.  OHG. 
zubiir  G.  zuber.  Source  lat.  tubus 
'a  pipe,  tube'? 

tuck  vb.  ME.  tukke  =  ohg.  zockon 
zucken :  intensive  formation  of  y" 
tuh  in  GOTH,  tiuhan  =  ohg.  ziohan 
(see  under  tie^. 

Tuesday  sb.  me.  Tiwesday  oe 
Tlwesdcei  -—  on.  Tysdagr,  G.  (Ale- 
mann.)  Zistag:  translation  of  lat. 
Martis  dies.  The  Teut.  god  Tiw 
corresponds  to  Mars.  oe.  Tiw 
on.  Tjr  rests  on  aryan  deiwos 
'god'  (in  SKR.  deva,  lat.  deus; 
cp.   on.  //Wr  'the  gods'). 

tumble  vb.  me.  tumble  tomble 
fr.  oe.  tumbian  'to  dance,  tumble'; 
cp.  DU.  tuimelen  fr.   ODU.  tilmen. 

tun  sb.  me.  tunne  tonne  oe.  /««/^^ 
-=■  DU.  /^A/;  ident.  w.  ohg.  tunna 
G.  /<?//;z<?  and  FR.  tonne.  Source 
and  history  of  the  group  not 
cleared  up  yet. 

turbot  sb.  ME.  turbut  fr.  fr. 
turbot. 

turf  sb.  ME.  turf  tor/  ok.  ///;/ 
--=  ON.  tor/,  OHG.  zurba,  DU.  turf 
'peat  :  Teut.  base  turb-  torb-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  base  drbh-  d?rbh-;  cp. 
SKR.  darbha  'bunch  of  grass'. 


turn  vb.  short  for  me.  toui'ne 
late    OE.  iiirnian    fr.   fr.   tourner, 

turtle  sb.  me.  oe.  turtle  (= 
OHG.  turtulatuba  G.  turteltaube) 
fr.   lat.  turtur. 

tusk  sb.  ME.  tusk  tusch  short 
for  OE.  iusc  {tusc);  probably  Teut. 
base  tunska-,  derived  fr.  teut. 
tun^-  {tanp')  =  tooth. 

twelve  num.  me.  oe.  twelf  (infl. 
ME.  twelve  OE.  twelf e^  =  goth. 
twalif,  ohg.  zwelifG.  zwolf,  OSAX. 
twelif^  DU.  tivaalf.  The  word 
rests  on  the  num.  two;  the  2"^ 
element  (cp.  lith.  dvylika  twelve') 
occurs  again  in  goth.  ainlif  =^ 
OHG.  einlif  (see  eleven).  — 
twenty  me.  twenty  oe.  twenti"^ 
probably  contracted  for  "^twe- 
lentii  =r  OHG.  ziveinzug  (g.  zwanzig, 
DU.  twintig).  -  -  twice  adv.  me. 
twies  prop,  twie  oe.  twiia  {twiwa 
tuwd) .   — 

twig  sb.  ME.  twig  pi.  twigges; 
cogn.  w.  OE.  twi  (pi.  tiviyi),  ohg. 
S7^v  and  also  w.  ohg.  zwig  G. 
zweig,  DU.  /wz/^.  Probably  con- 
nected w.  the  numeral  two 
(ARYAN  stem  dwi-). 

twins  pi.  ME.  twinnes  oe. 
letwinnas;  ident.  w.  ON.  tvinnr 
'two  and  two';  cp.  ohg.  zwini- 
ling  G.  zwilling,  DU.  twee  ling  'a 
twin'  and  lith.  dvymi  'twins'.  All 
derived  fr.  the  Aryan  stem  dwi-; 
see  two. 

twine  vb.  me.  twine  vb.  fr.  the 
sb.  oe.  twin  'linen,  a  twisted 
thread'  =  DU.  twijn,  which  is 
ident.  w.  mho.  g.  zwirn ,  DU. 
tweern:    Teut.    base    twizna-    fr. 


twinckle.  —  up 


217 


\Ptwis  (see  under  twist),  cogn. 
w.  the  num.  two. 

twinckle  vb.  me.  twincle  oe. 
twinclian. 

twist  vb.  ME.  twisie  vb.  fr.  oe. 
twist  sb.  Vope'  =  odu.  twist 
'thread';  TEUT.  \p twis  as  in  G. 
zwirn  'thread';  see  twine. 

twit  vb.  short  for  ME.  at-wite 
OE.  cet-witan  str.  vb.  'to  reproach'; 
cp.  OE.  ed-7vit  sb.  'reproach'  and 
GOTH,  idweitjan  vb.  'to  reproach', 
OHG.  firwiiyin  G.  verweisen,  DU. 
verwijten  'to  reproach'  and  oe. 
wife,  OSAX.  wtti,  ohg.  wi'^'^i  'pu- 
nishment', GOIB.. fraweitan  str.  vb. 

twitch  vb.  ME.  twicche  (without 
palatalisation  twicke)  oe.  twiccian 


=  G.  zwicken  (cp.  ohg.  zwecchoti) : 
Teut.  ground-form  ^twikkjon} 

twitter  vb.  me.  twitere  =  ohg. 
zwizzirS/i  G.  zititschern;  perh.  a 
reduplicated  avest-teut.  */?£//- 
twiron?   (teut.  y^twisf). 

two  num. :  orig.  twain  masc.  — 
two  f.  n.  =  me.  twein  —  two  oe. 
twe^en  —  twd  (tic  n.  for  ^twu  orig. 
"^twp) ;  cp.  OHG.  zwene  —  zwd  — 
zwei,  OSAX.  twene  —  two  (two) 
—  tw^y  GOTH,  twai  —  twos  —  tzva. 
ARYAN  Stem  diW'  dwo-  in  lat. 
duoy     GR.   (JVo    (but    JrJJfxa    for 

*J"/W()6Xm),    SKR.    ^«^  ^Z^<7. 

tyrant  sb.  me.  tlraunt  (with 
excrescent  /  as  in  pageant)  fr. 
OFR.  tiran  =:  lat.  tyi'annus. 


u 


udder  sb.  me.  z^^^/^r  short  for 
OE.  tider  — -  OHG.  iitar  (g.  enter), 

ODU.   OFRIES.    OSAX.  //^<fr;    ARYAN 

base  iidhr-  in  skr.  iidhur,  lat. 
2^^^r;  cp.  GR.  ovSffO.  All  equi- 
valent. 

ugly  adj.  ME.  ?^^/7  fr.  on.  uggligr 
'dreadful' ;  cp.  ON.  ugga  'to  fear'. 

umpire  prop,  fiumpire  (as  auge?' 
for  orig.  nauger)  me.  noumpere  fr. 
OFR.   nonper. 

un-'  prefix  (of  adjectives)   me. 

OE.    ?/;z-    =    G.    OHG.     GOTH.    Tin-', 

ident.    w.    lat.  in-^    GR.  av-   a-, 
SKR.  an-  a- :  ARYAN  ground-form 
dfi-,   cogn.  w.   SKR.  na ,  la.t.  ne, 
GOTH.   OHG.  niy  OE.  ne  'not'. 
un2  prefix  (of  verbs)  me.  tm- 


late  OE.  un-  oe.  on-  =  goth. 
and-,  OHG.  int-  G.  ^z?/"-. 

uncle  sb.  me.  uncle  oncle  fr.  fr. 
oncle  {=  LAT.  avunculus).  Cp. 
also  aunt,  neveWy  niece. 

under  prep.  me.  oe.  under  = 
GOTH.  OSAX.  undar,  on.  z^«^2>, 
DU.  onder,  OHG.  ///z/^r  G.  unter. 
Two  different  prepositions  are 
blended  in  this  form:  lat.  inter, 
SKR.  antar  and  lat.  infra  skr. 
adhds. 

up  prep.  adv.  me.  ?^  oe.  z^)!!>/; 
ident.  w.  OHG.  uf  G.  auf,  osax. 
^/;  cp.  the  ablaut-relation  goth. 
iup.  Cogn.  w.  OE.  ufan  'from 
above'  =  ohg.  ohana  osax.  obana 
'from    above'.     See    above    and 


urchin .  —  very 


and  over,  upon  me.  upon  OE. 
upp-on;   cp.   ON.   upp  a., 

urchin  sb.  me.  irchoun  fr.  ofr. 
iregon  (fr.  herisson) ;  source  a 
vulgar  LAX.  ericio{n€7n)  =  lat. 
ericius  'hedge-hog'  (the  genuine 
E.  word  was  OE.  i}^el  =  ohg. 
igil  G.  igel,  cogn.  w.  or.  ^/Tvoc). 

us  pron.  me.  us  (ous)  oe.  us  for 
TEUT.  tms-  in  G.  ohg.  goth.  tins, 
OSAX.  us,  DU.  ons.  Cp.  our 
and  7i>e. 


use  sb.  me.  use  fr.  fr.  ?/5  =■ 
LAT.   tisus. 

usquebaugh  sb.  fr.  ir.  m'sge 
beaiha  'water  of  Hfe';  ident.  w. 
whisky. 

utmost  short  for  ME.  outemeste 
OE.  (w.  umlaut)  ytemest;  ident. 
w.   outmost. 

utter  vb.  ME.  uttre  outre  derived 
fr.  ME.  oute  vb.  'to  put  out'  oe. 
iltian  'to  put  out'.     Source  out. 


vain  adj.  me.  vaifi  fr.  fr.  vain 
— -  LAT.  vdnus. 

vale  sb.  me.  vdl  fr.  fr.  vale 
and  valley  me.  valeie  fr.  fr.  valUe. 
Source  LAT.  vallis. 

valiant  adj.  me.  valiaunt  fr. 
FR.  vailiant. 

valley  see  vale. 

van  ident.  w.  fan. 

vane  sb.  (a  wether-cock)  me. 
(Kent.)  vane  —  (else)  fane  oe. 
fdna  =.  ohg.  fano  {gund-fano) 
G.  fahne,  du.  vaan,  goth.  fana: 
Teut.  base  fanan-,  cogn.  w. 
LAT.  p annus  'cloth'. 

vanish  vb.  me.  vanisshe  fr. 
OFR.  vanir  (vaniss-))  source  lat. 
eva7tescere. 

vanquish  vb.  me.  venquisshe 
fr.  OFR.  veinquir  (veinquiss-) 
■=--  FR.  vainer e\  source  lat.  vin- 
cere. 

vat  sb.  ME.  (Kent.)  vat —  (else) 
fat    OE.  feet  =    OSAX.    on.   fat, 


OHG.  fai  G.  fass,  DU.  vat:  Teut. 
base  fata-.  Cogn.  w.  lhh.  pudas 
'a  pot'  and  ohg.  fay^on  g.  fassen 
'to   contain'. 

vaunt  vb.  short  for  ME.  avaunte 
vb.  fr.  OFR.  avanter  (fr.  vanter^ 
=-■-  late    LAT.  vanitare. 

veal  sb.  me.  v{l  fr.  ofr.  v'eel 
(fr.  veau)\  source  lat.  vitellus 
'a  little  calf. 

veil  sb.  ME.  veile  fr.  onfr.  veik 
=  LAT.  velum. 

vein  sb.  me.  veine  fr.  fr.  veine 
--  LAT.  vena. 

venison  sb.  me.  vencisoun  fr. 
OFR.  veneison  =  LAT.  venatio(nem). 

venom  sb.  me.  vemm  fr.  ofr. 
venim  =  LAT.  venenum. 

verse  sb.  me.  vers  fr.  fr.  vers; 
OE.  ME.  fers  is  loanword  fr.  LAT. 
versus  with  the  medieval  pro- 
nunciation of  LAT.  v  as  /. 

very  adj.  me.  verrei  verrai  fr. 
OFR.    verai    (fr.    vrat) ;     source 


wade 


219 


a    LAT.    type    verdcus    for    lat.  I 
verdc-C7ri. 

vessel  sb.  me.  i^essel  fr.  ofr. 
vcissel  (fr.  vaisseau)  =  lat. 
vascellmn  {v  as  cuius  —  vas). 

vetch  sb.  ME.  vecche  fr.  ofr.  veche 
(fr.  vesce)  =  lat.  vicia,  whence 
also  OHG.  wicka  g.  wicke  du.  zez/^^. 

vex  vb.  ME,  vexe  fr.  fr.  vexer 
=  LAT.  vexare. 

vial  (phial)  sb.  me.  zw/^  fr.  fr. 
yf^/^  (ofr.  viole). 

vice  sb.  me.  e^^^<?  fr.  fr.  vice 
=  LAT.   vitiu7n. 

victory  sb.  me.  victgrie  fr.  ofr. 
•victor ie  =   fk.  victoire. 

victuals  sb.  (me.  vitaille)  fr. 
OFR.  vitaille  in  tlie  spelling  vic- 
iuaille.     Source  lat.  viciualia. 

view  sb.  fr.   FR.  vue. 

vigil  sb.  me.  vigile  fr.  fr.  vigile 
=  LAT.  vigilia. 

vigor  sb.  me.  vigour  fr.  ofr. 
vigour  (fr.  vigeur^  =  lat. 
vigor -em. 

vile  adj.  me.  zv/  fr.  fr.  w7  = 
LAT.  vtlis. 

villain  sb.  me.  vilein  fr.  ofr. 
riltin  =  lat.  villanus. 

vine  sb.  me.  vine  fr.  fr.  zv^/z^ 
^  lat.  vinea.      Cp.  wine. 

vinegar  sb.  me.  vin^gre  fr.  fr. 
vinaigre  =  LAT.  vinu?n  acre.  For 
the   2'^^^  element  cp.  eager. 


vinewed  adj.  (the  initial  v 
instead  of  /  is  due  to  Kentish 
influence)  fr.  oe.  fynegian  'to 
become  mouldy'  (/>';?25  mouldy'). 

vintage  sb.  transformed  fr.  me. 
vindiige,  which  rests  on  fr.  veii~ 
dange  =  lat.  vindemja  (whence 
OHG.  wintimma  'vintage'). 

viol  sb.  fr.  fr.  viole  =  ital. 
SPAN.  viola\  source  a  late  lat. 
vitula,  whence  also  fiddle. 

virgin  sb.  me.  virgine  fr.  ofr. 
virgine. 

virtue  sb.  me.  vertii  fr.  fr.  vertu. 

visage  sb.  me.  visdge  fr.  fr. 
visage.  —  vision  sb.  me.  visioun 
fr.  fr.   vision. 

vixen  sb.  (z^  instead  of/" due  to 
Kentish  influence)  oe.  ^fyxen : 
Teut.  base  fuhsinjo-  {o,.  filch siii)  y 
derived  fr.  teut.  fuhs-  fohs- 
under  fox  (^-injo-  being  fern, 
suffix  as  in  G.  got  tin,  grdfn  etc.). 

voice  sb.  me.  vois  fr.  ofr.  vols 
(fr.  voix)   =  lat.  7^0X. 

voutch  vb.  me.  vouche  fr.  ofr. 
voucher   (=  LAT.  vocare). 

vow  sb.  ME.  vou  fr.  OFR.  vou 
(fr.  voeii)    -=  LAT.  votuni. 

voyage  sb.  fr.  fr.  voyage',  cp. 
ME.  vidge  vedge  fr.  ofr.  veiage. 
Source  lat.  viaticutn. 


w 


wade  vb.  me.  wade  oe.  wddan 
(prt.  wpd)  str.   vb.   :=   ON.  vada, 


DU.  waden,    OHG.  watan   str.  vb. 
(g.  waten  wk.  vb.)  :  teut.  yfwady 


220 


wafer 


wnnd 


ARYAN  y"  wddh  in  lat.  vddere 
'to  go'. 

wafer  sb.  me.  wdfre  fr.  ofr. 
watifre  =  fr.  gaufre\  ident. 
w.  DU.  wafel^  G.  waffel  (oSAX. 
*wafld).  The  group  prop,  meant 
'honey  comb'  as  in  fr.  and  is 
derived  fr.  a  Teut.  word  (ohg. 
wabo  G.  wabe'^  sfw'eb  in  weave), 

wag  vb.  ME.  wagge  (oe.  *wag- 
giaii)  derived  fr.  sfweg  (in  oe. 
wagian    'to    move,     wag');     see 

wage  sb.  ME.  wage  fr.  ofr. 
wage  (fr.  gage)',  source  a  vul- 
gar LAT.  wadium  for  lat.  vadium 
(influenced  by  a  teut. -goth. 
wadi     'a    pledge'    under    wed). 

^^sggon  sb.  fr.  uu.  wagen\ 
ident.  w.  wain. 

wail  vb.  ME.  z£w/(?  z£^(?//<?;  derived 
fr.  ME.  tvei  'woe'  (loanword  fr. 
on.  vei\  see  woe). 

wain  sb.  me.  wain  oe.  wce^n'. 
Teut.  base  wagnu-  in  ohg.  wagan 
g.  du.  wag  en  (on.  vagn) ;  aryan 
\^wegh  as  in  lat.  vehiculum, 
GR.  o/fv,    OIK.  fin    'wain'.      See 

waist  sb.  me.  z£/<ii-/;  doubtful 
whether  allied  to  wax} 

wait  vb.  me.  waite  fr.  ofr. 
waite?'\  source  a  vulgar  lat. 
vb.  wactare,  der.  fr.  ohg.  ivahta 
=  GOTH,  wahtwo  'a  watching'. 
For  the  root  see  wake  and 
watch. 

wake  vb.  me.  wake  oe.  wdcian 
=^  OSAX.  wakojan,  DU*  waken, 
on.  z'^/^rt-,  OHG.  wahhen  g.  wacheti 
wk.  vb.    (only  goth.  wakan   str. 


vb.).  Cp.  also  OE.  weccean,  ohg. 
weckan,  osAx.  wekkian,  du.  wekken, 
GOTH,  wakjan  \o  awake'.  Aryan 
\(^weg  in  LAT.  vegere  'to  excite, 
arouse'  {vigil  'awake')  and  skr. 
z^r^rt^  to  incite'.  See  watch 
(and  wait). 

walk  vb.  ME.  walke',  intensive 
formation  (cp.  lurk,  stalk)  of 
OE.  weallian  'to  wander'  =  ohg. 
wallon  G.   w alien. 

wall  sb.  ME.  w«/  (pi.  walks) 
OE.  7£/^/3'//  (pi.  weallas)  ^=^  du. 
7£^^/,  OSAX.  2£/^/  (pi.  wallos)]  not 
found  in  ohg.  (but  G.  7i>all 
borrowed  fr.  LG.).  Source  lat. 
vallum   'a  rampart'. 

wall-eyed  adj.  fr.  oe.  wealden- 
iie  — -  ON.  vald-eygdr  'wall-eyed'? 

wallow  vb.  ME.  walwe  OE.  weal- 
wian  'to  wallow';  cp.  goth.  zval- 
wison  'to  wallow'  and  walwjan 
'to  roll'.  Cogn.  w.  lat.  volvere 
(gr.  siXvstv)  'to  roll',  aryan 
\rwelw  wolw. 

walnut  sb.  me.  walnote  walnute 
OE.  wealh-hnutu  =  on.  valhiiot, 
DU.  walnoot  G.  walnuss  (not  found 
in  OHG.).  The  former  element 
(teut.  walha-)  see  under  Welsh 
{walnut  prop,  meant  'French 
nut';  cp.  lat.  nux  Gallica  = 
FR.  gauge). 

walrus  sb.  =  du.  walrus  wal- 
rosy  G.  walross,  dan.  hvalros]  cp. 
ON.  hrosshvalr  (whence  oe.  hors- 
Mvce.t)'.  lit.  'a  horse-whale'.  See 
whale. 

wan  adj.  me.  wan{nn)  oe.  wan?i 
{ivonn). 

wand    sb.    me.    wand   fr.    on. 


wander   —  was 


221 


vgnd  (gen.  vandm-)  =  goth. 
wandus  'a  rod'.  Cogn.  w.  lith. 
wantal   or  w.  wind  vb.  ? 

wander  vb.  me.  wandre  oe. 
7vandrian\  cp.  MHG.  G.  wandern 
wandcln  (oHG.  wantalon)  'to 
wander'.      Cogn.    w.    wend   vb. 

wane  vb.  me.  wane  oe.  wdnian 
=  OHG.  wanbn^  on.  z^^/z^  *to 
wane,  diminish' :  derived  fr.  teut. 
wafta-  'lacking'  in  oe.  wan,  on. 
vanr,  oHG.  wan,  GOTH,  wans 
'lacking'  (cp.  du.  wanhoop  'de- 
spair' and  G.  wahnwitz  'want  of 
wits').  Cogn.  w.  SKR.  una  'wan- 
ting'. —  want  sb.  me.  want  fr. 
ON.  vant  neutr.  of  vani'  lacking, 
deficient'.  —  wanton  me.  wan- 
ioun  prop.  7va7ttgwen  for  '^wan- 
togen :  oe.  togen  is  participle  of 
teon  (see  team)  'to  educate'. 

war  sb.  me.  (since  12*^  cent.) 
werre  =  du.  werre  fr.  ofr.  werre 
(fr.  guerre)\  source  ohg.  weir  a 
'vexation'  (ohg.  osax.  w'erran 
str.  vb.  'to  bring  into  confusion 
or  disorder'). 

ward  sb.  me,  wai:d  oe.  weard 
Vatchman,  guardian  r::^  OSAX. 
ward,  ohg.  g.  wart  (on.  vgrdr 
for  ^wardus)  :  aryan  \pwor  see 
under  wary,  —  warden  sb. 
ME.  ivardcin  fr.  ofr.  wardein 
(gardein)  ident.  w.  guardian', 
see  guard,  —  wardrobe  me. 
wardergbe  fr.  ofr.  warderobe  (fr. 
garderohe) . 

ware    sb.   me.    ware    oe.  wdru 
'merchandise'    =    du.    waar    g.  I 
ware,   ON.  vara.  \ 

warlock    sb.-   for  me.  warlgwe  \ 


oe.  wcerioga  'traitor'  (=  OSAX. 
wdrlogo) :  compound  of  oe.  wdr 
'faith,  agreement'  and  -loga  'a 
liar'   (oe.   leogan   under  lie  '). 

warm  adj.  me.  warm  oe.  wearm 
=  OSAX.  ohg.  g.  du.  warm,  on. 
varmr  (cp.  goth.  war?njan  'to 
make  warm')  :  Teut.  base  warma- 
for  ARYAN  base  ghw'ermo-  in  gr. 
di^ounc  (f/:s^f.wg)  =  lat.  formus 
'warm'. 

warn  vb.  me.  warne  oh.  wear- 
nian  war{e)nian  =   ohg.  warnon 
\  G.  warnen  'to  warn'. 

"warp  sb.  me.  warp  oe.  wearp 
derived  fr.  oe.  weorpan  me.  werpe 
str.  vb.  'to  throw'  r^r  goth. 
wairpan ,  OSAX.  whpan ,  du. 
werpcn,  ohg.  w'erfan  g.  werfen 
str.  vb.  'to  throw'.  ARYAN 
\fwergw  in  SKR.  vrj\o  remove', 
OSLOV.  Z'resti   {vruga)  'to  throw'. 

warrant  sb.  me.  waraunt  fr. 
OFR.   war  ant  (fr.  gar  ant), 

wart  sb.  me.  werte:  umlauted 
by  form  of  oe.  wearte  =  on. 
varta,  ODU.  warte,  ohg.  warza 
G.  warze.  Perhaps  cogn.  w.  oe. 
wearr  'callosity,  wart'  and  lat. 
verruca  'wart'. 

wary  adj.  extension  of  me. 
war  OE.  wcer  'cautious,  aware' 
=  goth.  wars,  osax.  war  'cau- 
tious' (ohg.  giwar  g.  gewahr) : 
ARYAN  \/"  K'fi'r  also  in  gr.  o^ulv 
'to  observe'. 

was  (I,  he)  —  were  (we)  me. 
was-were p'E..  wces-weron  (wcer on): 
forms  of  the  preterite  of  oe. 
wesan  ^^--.  du.  wezen,  ohg.  wesan, 
goth.    wisan    (g.    wesen    sb.    'a 


222 


wash 


being').  Aryan  \fwes  in  skr. 
vas  \o  stay  in  a  place'. 

wash  vb.  ME.  wasshe  oe.  wascan 
=  ON.  vaska,  OHG.  wascan  G. 
waschen.  Aryan  sfwask  in  ir. 
faiscim^  w.  gwasgu  'I  press'. 

wasp  sb.  ME.  waspe  oe.  7£'<«^j' 
fr.  a  Teut.  base  wafsa-  in  ohg. 
wafsa]  cogn.  w.  lat.  vespa,  lith. 
z/^/j^  'breeze',  OSLOV.  7^^j^ 'wasp'. 
ARYAN  \fwebh  in  weave\  wasp 
orig.    weaver'. 

waste  adj.  me.  7£/^j/  fr.  ofr. 
wast  (cp.  FR.  ^^/(?r  'to  make 
waste').  Source  lat.  vastus, 
influenced  by  teut.  7ziosti  'waste' 
(oe.  7C'este,  ohg.  wuosti  G.  tviist 
fr.  an  ARYAN  wdstu-  in  oir.  fas, 
LAT.  vastus  'waste'). 

watch  vb.  me.  ivacche  oe.  *7vced- 
can  (in  the  pres.  partic.  wceccende) 
=  oe.  7mcia?t  under  7vake. 

water  sb.  me.  7vdter  oe.  wceter 
=  OSAX.  watar,  du.  7vater,  ohg. 
waT^T.ar  G.  7vasser:  west-teut. 
base  watera-',  ident.  w.  goth. 
7vatd,  ON.  vatii.  Cogn.  w.  wet 
and  outside  of  teut.,  w.  gr. 
\b(DQy  SKR.  udan,  OSLO  v.  russ. 
voda  'water'.      ARYAN  \f7Vod\  ud. 

wattle  sb.  me.  7vatel  oe.  watol 
hurdle,   tile'. 

wave  sb.  derived  fr.  the  wk. 
vb.  wave  me.  7vdve  oe.  7vdfian 
'wave,  fluctuate';  cp.  on.  vdfa 
'to  vibrate  to  and  fro'. 

wax  sb.  me.  7vaxe  oe.  weaxan 
str.  vb.  =  OHG.  OSAX.  wahsan 
G.  wachsen^  du.  was  sen',  cp.  goth. 
7vahsjan.     Aryan  \fweks   uks  in 


SKR.  uks  'grow  up,  get  strong*, 
GR.   dhS^Hv    wax.      Cp.  ox. 

wax  sb.  me.  wax  oe.  7veax  = 
ON.    z'^jc,    OHG.   wahs    G.    wachs, 

DU.    7£/^i"i".        Cogn.  W.  LITH.  7l)dSZ' 

kas,  osLov.  RUSS.  vosku. 
way  sb.  me.  way  wey   7vei  oe. 

wei    =    OSAX.    OHG.    Z£/<^     G.    DU. 

7£ieg,  ON.  z'/?^/',  GOTH.  7mg-s  'wav' : 
Teut.  base  wega-  (allied  to  lat. 
via  'way'),  derived  fr.  the  teut. 
\f7veg  in  OE.  wegan  'to  carry' 
=  OHG.  7v'egan  to  move',  goth. 
gawigan]  ident.  w.  lat.  vehere 
'to  carry',  GR.  &/6/J',  SKR.  vah 
'to  carry':  Aryan  \f7v'egh  also 
in  wain. 

we    pron.    ME.    OE.  ?£//  ^-=  GOTH. 

weis,  OHG.  G.  wir ,  oSAX.  z^/z; 
ident.  w.  skr.  vay-am  'we' :  aryan 
ground-form  wei  fr.  a  stem  7ve-  in 
ON.  z^<2rr  'our'. 

^veak  adj.  me.  f^<?//^  fr.  on. 
veikr  veykr;  ident.  w.  oe.  wdc 
me.  wok  =  DU.  7veek,  osA.x.  wek, 
OHG.  weih  G.  7veich.  teut.  \fwtk 
in  OE.  wlcan  'to  give  way'  =:r 
OSAX.  wikan,  on.  vikja,  ohg. 
wihhan  G.  7veichen.  Cogn.  w. 
GR.  fl'xctv  'to  give  way',  lat. 
27zV^.f  'change'.  ARYAN  \f7v1g  7vlk. 

weal  sb.  me.  7v(le  oe.  ze^*?/^ 
(7veo/a)  'prosperity ,  riches'  = 
OSAX.  welo  'happiness ,  riches' 
(ohg.  7iiela  —  7vola  G.  7vohl  'wel- 
fare'). Cogn.  w.  a/(?//and  will. 
—  wealth  ME.  welthe  extension 
of  weal  =  DU.  weelde. 

wean  sb.  me.  7vcne  oe.  7venian 
'to  wean  a  child'  prop,  'to  ac- 
custom'; ident.  w.  osAX.  wennian, 


weapon 


week 


22^ 


(g.  gewohnen),  on.  venja  \o  ac- 
custom'. Derived  fr.  the  adj. 
wana-  in  on.  vanr  'accustomed' 
(cp.  OYLG.  giwon  OE.  ^<?7£/«;2 'usual'). 

weapon  sb.  me.  wcpen  oe.  wckpcn 
=  ON.  vapn^  OS  AX.  wapa?i,  du. 
map  en,  ohg.  waff  an  o.  7£/^^ 
(goth.  wepna  plur.). 

wear  vb.  me.  were  oe.  werian 
wk.  vb.  'to  clothe'  =  goth. 
wasjan  'to  clothe',  OHG.  werian, 
ON.  ?.'<?;y<2  'to  cloth':  TEUT.  \fwaz 
was  (also  in  goth.  was-ti  'gar- 
ment'),   ARYAN  sfwes  in  LAT.  f^^i"- 

//>  'garment',  GK.ftj-d^fjJ^  clothing*, 
&FVI/LII  'I  clothe',  SKR.  pas  'to 
clothe'. 

weary  adj.  me.  7e>cTy  oe.  ff//;7j 
(7i>drii)  =  OS  AX.  worig  'tired', 
ohg.  wuorag  'intoxicated':  teut. 
sl^worl   or  woz'i 

weasand  sb.  me.  wesend  oe. 
wcBsend  uml anted  byform  of  OE. 
wdsend  'throat,  gullet'  =  ofries. 
wdseiide  'windpipe',  ohg.  weisunt 
'veins'. 

weasel  sb.  me.  whel  oe.  w'esule 
=  ohg.  wisula  G.  wiesely  du.  wezel 
jveasel'.  Perhaps  cogn.  w.  lat. 
visio  'bad  smell',  whence  ofr. 
voison  'foumart'. 

weather  sb.  me.  wcder  oe.  wider 
^r=L  OSAX.  w'edar,  du.  weder,  ohg. 
w'etar  G.  wetter^  on.  vedr:  Teut. 
base  7v'edra-,  aryan  base  wedhro- 
in  OSLOV.  vedru  clear'  (weather) 
. —  vedro  'clear  weather'. 

weave  sb.  me.  weve  oe.  w'efan 
str.  vb.  =  ON.  vefa,  du.  weven, 
ohg.  w'eban  g.  weben.  aryan  y" 
w'ebh  iibh  (see  7vasp,  wafer  and 


weevil)  also  in  gr.  ixjrj-vcpog  a. 
web'  —  v(faivHv  'weave'.  —  web 
me.  oe.  web  (bb)  fr.  teut.  wabja- 
in  OHG.  weppiy  du.  7£/^^,  on.  vefr 
a  web'. 

wed  vb.  prop,  'to  engage'  me. 
wedde  oe.  weddian  =  goth.  ^<7- 
wadjon  'to  pledge',  on.  z^^^"^. 
Derived  fr.  the  sb.  oe.  wedd  = 
goth.  wadi,  ohg.  ivetti  'a  pledge' 
and  cogn.  w.  lat.  vas  —  vadis  'a 
pledge'.  Further  relations  see 
under  gage  and  wage.  —  wed- 
lock me.  wedlflk  OE.  wedldc  (oe. 
lac    gift,   offering). 

wedge  sb.  me.  ivegge  oe.  7aecg 
=r  ohg.  ze/.^<:-^/  (g.  7veck)y  du.  z£/^^, 
on.  veggr:  Teut.  base  7vagja-; 
cogn.  w.  LiTH.  7vagis,  lett.  imidsis 
'a  wedge. 

wedlock  see  ived, 

Wednesday  me.  7vednes-day  um- 
lauted  byform  of  oe.  Wodnes-dce^ 
=  LG.  wodnesdach,  du.  7voensdag\ 
prop,  'day  of  Woden':  translation 
of  LAT.  Mercurii  dies.  The  Teut. 
god  Woden  (ohg.  Wuota?t,  ON. 
Odimi)  is  identified  w.  Mercurius. 

weed  1  sb.  (plantname)  me.  wed 
OE.  7£/^W  -—  OSAX.  wiod  'weed'. 

weed  2  sb.  'garment'  me.  7vede 
OE.  7ved  ivckd  (infl.  -e)  =  ON.  vdd, 
OSAX.  wad,  OHG.  wdt  'clothing, 
garment':  Teut.  base  7ve-di-  fr. 
an  ARYAN  \f  7v^  to  weave'  in 
SKR.  vd  'to  weave'. 

week  sb.  me.  7cieke  7vike  oe.  7m cu 
=  OSAX.  7vika,  ON.  ?^//^^,  OHG. 
7v'chha  wohha  G.  7voche  'week';  cp. 
GOTH.  7mkd  'order,    succession'. 


224 


Derived  fr.  \^  wtk  in  oe.  wican 
'to   give    way'    see  under  weak. 

ween  vb.  me.  wene  oe.  wemin 
(prop,  wcenan)  'to  hope,  expect' 
=  GOTH.  wenj(m,  on.  vdna,  ohg. 
wan{n)an  G.  wdhnen:  derived  fr. 
oe.  wen  (ween)  sb.  hope'  =  OHG. 
wan  G.  wahn,  on.  vein,  goth. 
wens:  Teut.  base  weni-. 

weep  vb.  prop,  a  str.  vb.  me. 
wepe  (prt.  ivep)  oe.  wepan  wcepan 
(prt.  weop)  =  GOTH,  wopjan  \vk. 
vb.,  OSAX.  wopian,  OHG.  wuoffati 
MHG.  wuefc7i  'lament',  on.  cepa 
(orig.  ^vcepd)  \o  cry',  teut.  \r 
7vdp. 

weevil  sb.  me.  wevel  wivel  oe. 
wifel  =  osAX.  wihil,  OHG.  ze//'^^//, 
on.  yfill:  derived  fr.  the  teut. 
yfw'eb  in  weave\  cp.  lith.  wa- 
balas  'weevil'.  —  From  the  same 
root  also  weft  me  oe.  weft  = 
ON.  v'eptr. 

weilght  sb.  me.  weight  fr.  on. 
V(Ett  orig.  ^vcBht\  cp.  oe.  wiht 
'weight'  fr.  OE.  wegan  (see  way). 

^veird  sb.  'fate'  cp.  me.  wirde 
oe.  wyi'd  'fate'  ^=  on.  urd^  osAX. 
ze/2/r/^  'fate'.  Derived  fr.  teut. 
werpan  --=-  oe.  wear  dan,  osAX. 
werdan,  ohg.  werdati  g.  werden, 
ON.  verda,  goth.  wairpan  'to  be- 
come'. ARYAN  Y^w^r/ in  LAT.  f^^;- 
/^r^    to   turn',   SKR.  vft  'to  turn'. 

welkin  sb.  me.  welkne  welken; 
umlauted  by  form  of  me.  wolkne 
oe.  woken  'cloud'  =  osax.  ohg. 
wolkan,  OSAX.  wulka,  ohg.  inolka 
G.  wolke  'cloud'.  Perhaps  cogn. 
w.    osT.ov.    vlugukii    'humid'     — 


vlaga    'humidity',     LITH.     vilgyti 
'to  moisten',     aryan  \^w9lg. 

well  adv.  ME.  OE.  we  I  =  Dtr. 
we/,  OSAX.  we/^a^.  v'ei;-  cp.  ohg. 
w'ela  wola  G.  wohl  (goth.  waila). 
Origin  doubtful,  but  connection 
w.   weal  and  will  certain. 

well  sb.  ME.  welle  oe.  welle 
wella  (wylle  wylla):  Teut.  base 
walljon-'.  umlaut-relation  of  oe. 
weal/an  str.  vb.  'boil,  flow'  = 
OSAX.  OHG.  wallan  str.  vb.  'boil, 
flow'.  ARYAN  \(^wel  wal  in  oe. 
wylm  'boiling,  flowing'  =  skr, 
iir7ni  'flood',  OHG.  wella  G.  tvelle 
'wave'  =::  OSLOV.  vluna,  lith. 
vilnis  'wave'. 

Welsh  adj.  me.  welsh  oe. 
wylisc  umlauted  fr.  a  teut. 
walhiska-',  derived  fr.  oe.  Wealh 
'foreigner',  prop,  'a  Celt'  (cp. 
zvalmit).  The  corresponding 
adj.  OHG.  walhisc  —  sb.  Walah 
means  an  inhabitant  of  a  Ro- 
mance country,  teut.  Walha- 
r'ests  on  the  Celtic  tribe  name 
Volcae. 

wen  sb.  me.  wen  oe.  weim  'tu- 
mor' =1  DU.  wen,  LG.  wene:  Teut. 
base  wanja-  (perhaps  cogn.  w. 
wound?). 

wench  sb.  me.  wenche  older 
wenchel  prop,  'infant ;  ablaut-re- 
lation  of  OE.  wincel  'child  . 

"wend  vb.  (only  in  the  prt.  went) 
fr.  me.  wende  prt.  wente  oe.  wendan 
prt.  wende  \  orig.  meanij^g  'to 
turn'  =  GOTH,  wandjan,  OSAX. 
wendian,  ohg.  wentan  G.  wen  den. 
Causal  of  wind. 

were  see  was. 


west  —  whey 


225 


west  sb.  ME.  OE.  ivest  =  on. 
vestr^  DU.  G.  west  (fr-  ouest  of 
Teut.  origin). 

wet  adj.  short  for  ME.  wet  OE. 
wit  wdt  =:  ON.  vdt7',  OFRiES.  7e>et: 
Teut.  base  weta-  fr.  the  same 
root  as  watei', 

wether  sb.  me.  wether  oe.  weder 
=  GOTH,  wiprus^  ON.  vedr^  OS  ax. 
withar  wethar,  du.  weder  weer^ 
OHG.  widar  G.  widder.  Cogn.  w. 
LAT.  vituliis  'calf  and  skr.  vatsa 
'calf. 

whale  sb.  me.  whal  (pi.  whales) 
OE.  hwcel[\t\.  hwdlas)  =  on.  hvalr, 
OHG.  7<:'^/  (g.  walfisch,  DU.  7£/^/- 
?//V^^  =  ON.  hvalfiskr).  Cogn.  w. 
GR.TisXw^) 'monster.  Cp.  walrus. 

what  pron.  me.  what  oe.  hwcet 

=    OHG.    >^W^5     G.    7£JaS,   DU.    W^/, 

OS  AX.  hwat;  cp.  the  Teut.  stem 
^f^'c?-  under  who. 

wheat  sb.  me.  ivh^te  oe.  hwcete 
=  GOTH,  hwaiteis,  on.  >^z,'^///,  du. 
7£W/^,  OHG.  wcizzi  G.  weizen.  Cogn. 
w.  white  =  TEUT.  hivita-  (in  me. 
we  find  7^'/^//^  "wheat'  by  the  side 
of  wh(te). 

wheel  sb.  me.  whel  oe.  hweol 
(w.  the  byform  hweowol  hweogol) 
=  ON.  i^/c//  (for  *hvjdl}  —  hvc^l,  DU. 
7mel  (ofries.  ^al):  teut.  base 
hweula-  (for  hwegwla-)  and 
hw'ehwla-^  Aryan  base  qeqlo-  in 
SRK.  cakra  'wheel',  gr.  xrxAoc 
wheel'.  By  the  side  of  the  re- 
duplicated word  qe-ql-o-  cp. 
osLov.  kolo  'wheel'. 

wheeze  vb.  me.  whese  oe.  hwesan 
(for  ^hwdsaft)  'to  wheeze';  cogn. 
w.  OE.  hivpsta,    ON.  hostiy    ohg. 

English  Etymology. 


h{w)uosto    G.    husten,     DU.     i^^<?.y/ 
'coughing',      teut.    y"  hitios     =       y 

ARYAN   \pkas    in    SKR.     /^^^,      IR. 

casad,  ltih.   ^^j-^//  'to   cough'. 

whelk  sb.  cp.  me.  wilk  oe.  7violc 
weolc  (older  wiluc)  'whelk'  =  du. 
7juulk  welk  wdlok.  Ident.  w.  ofr. 
7velke. 

whelp  sb.  ME.  whelp  oe.  Mv'elp 
'whelp,  cub'  =  ON.  hvelpr ^  du. 
7velp^  OHG.  h^velf  iv'elf. 

when  conj.  me.  when  o^.hwcenne 
fr.  stem  hwa-  m.  who. 

whence  adv.  me.  7vhenne-s  prop. 
whanene  OE.  hwanone  older 
Mvanon  =  OHG.  hwandn. 

where  pron. -adv.  me.  whi^^e)  oe. 
hwcer  (me.  whore  late  oe.  h7vdr) 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  hwdr  mhg.  7e'dr  g. 
7i'o,  du.  7£>aar:  teut.  base  hwer 
(cp.  GOTH,  hj-ar);  derived  fr. 
stem  hwa-  under  7£jho. 

whet  vb.  ]\tE.  7vhette  oe.  hivettan 
'to  sharpen'  =  on.  h7>etja ,  du. 
7vetten,  ohg.  hwezzan  G.  wetzen 
'to  shaipen':  Teut.  ground-form 
hwatjan,  Cogn.  w.  on.  hvatr^ 
OSAX.  /!?£/^/,  OHG.  /^ze/<2:5  'sharp': 
TEUT.  sfhzvat. 

whether  pron.  me.  7vhether  oe. 
Invceder  'which  of  two'  =  GOTH. 
bapar ;  corresponding  by  ab- 
laut to  OHG.  hwedar  'which  of 
two'.  GR.  noTSQOq  (SKR.  katara) 
'which  of  two'  is  more  closely 
allied  to  goth.  oe.  The  word 
is  orig.  comparative  to  stem  * 
hwa-  (hwe-)  in  who. 

whey  sb.  me.  whey  oe.  h7vdi 
=  du.  lg.  7vei  (byform  mlg. 
huy  hole  du.  hui). 

15 


226 


which  —  wide 


'which  pron.  me.  which  oe.  hwylc 
(prehistoric  form  ^^hwilid)  ■=- 
GOTH,  hileiksy  OSAX.  hwilik\ 
cp.  OHG.  helih  G.  welch:  Teut. 
base  hwilika-  (hweitka-)  and  for 
OHG.  hivelih  a  base  hwalika-. 
Derived  fr.  stem  hwa-  hw'e-  under 
who. 

while  sb.  me.  while  oe.  hwil 
infl.  hwile  =  goth.  /D^ei/a,  ohg. 
OSAX.  hwila^  G.  wcile,  DU.  wijl. 
ON.  hvila  'bed  (cp.  ohg.  hwilen 
'to  rest')  points  to  connection  w. 
LAT.  quietus  'quiet'  and  oslov. 
pociti  'to  rest',     aryan  ^f  qi. 

whine  vb.  me.  whine  oe.  hwinan 
str.  v^.  'to  make  a  shrill  sound' 
=   ON  hvina  'to   whiz'. 

whisky  ident.  w.  usque  baugh. 

whisper  vb.  me.  whisper e  oe. 
hwisprian  'to  murmur' ;  cp.  ohg. 
hwispalon  G.  wispeln.  Sound-imi- 
tation ?  or  cogn.   w.  whistW^ 

whistle  vb.  me.  whistle  oe. 
hwistlian)  perh.  akin  to  whisper. 

whit  ident.  w.  wight. 

white  adj.  (short  in  Whit- 
sunday lit.  'white  Sunday')  me. 
7i)hit  OE.  hwit  =  goth.  heitSj 
ON.  h7ntr,  OHG.  hwij^  G.  weiss: 
Teut.  base  hwita-,  cogn.  w.  skr. 
(veta  'white'  —  \f  (vit  'to  shine'. 
ARYAN  \f  kwid  kivit.  See  also 
wheat  and  whittle. 

whither  pron.  me.  whider  oe. 
hwider;  cp.  GOTH,  hadre  whither'; 
derived  fr.  the  stem  hwa-  hw'e- 
in  who. 

whittle  sb.  short  for  me.  whitel 
OE.  hwitel  'blanket  ;  derived  fr. 
7vhite. 


who  pron.  me.  who  prop,  whg 
OE.  hwa  ^  GOTH.  hci-s\  cp. 
OHG.  hw'e-r  G.  wer :  stem  hwa- 
hwe-,  also  iwwhat  and  hoim  and 
in  whichy  whither,  whether. 
ARYAN  base  qO'  in  LAT.  quo-d, 
SKR.  ka-s  who',  Lrrn.  ka-s  'who'. 

whole  adj.  me.  hgl  oe.  hdl 
(hence  the  abstract  formation 
health)  =  goth.  hails,  on.  heill 
(see  hail),  OHG.  G.  heil,  OSAX. 
hel,  DU.  heel:  Teut.  base  haila- 
(whence  derived  hailaga-  ^= 
holy).  Ident.  w.  osr.ov.  celu 
'comptete,  whole'  (ground-form 
kailo-) ;  cp.  OPRUSS.  bailustikan 
'health'. 

whore  sb.  me.  oe.  hore  'pro- 
stitute' ^  ON.  hora,  OHG.  huora 
'adulteress';  cp.  goth.  hors 
'adulterer',  aryan  y"  kdr  'to 
love'  in  oiR.  car  a  'friend'  — 
car  aim  I  love  (Gallo-LAT.  car  is  a 
'prostitute')  and  LAT.  carus  'dear . 

why  pron.  me.  7vhl  oe.  hiifi  = 
ON.  hzd:  instrum.  of  the  stem  h7m- 
in  7vhat. 

wick  sb.  short  for  me.  weke 
oe.  weoce  =  ohg.  wiohha,  lg.  7^eke, 
DU.  7mek:  Teut.  base  7veuko/i, 
perhaps  reduplicated  for  loe- 
7vk-dn,  as  made  probable  by  the 
equiv.  oe.  wecca  =  g.  (dial.) 
7vicke\   cogn.   w.  mhg.  g.  ivickel? 

wicked  adj.  extended  for  me. 
7vicke.  ; 

wicket  sb.  me.  7inkH  fr.  oner. 
7viket  (fr.  guichet),  whence  also 
ODU.  7viket  (du.  7vinket). 

wide  adj.  me.  oe.  7vid  =  on. 
vidr,  oSAX.   7ind,   du.  7vijdy  ohg. 


widow 


2.27 


witG.wcit:  T^MT.ivida-^   perhaps 

participle  of  a  lost  verbal  \P  wt. 

widow  sb.  ME.  imdwe  oe.  widewe 

{wudliwe)  =  GOTH.    widuWO^  OHG. 

witaiva  G.  witwc^  OSAX.  widowa, 
pu.  weditwe.  Ident.  w.  the  equiv. 
SKR.  vidhavdj  lat.  vidua,  OSLO  v. 
vidova,  OIR.  fedb'.  ARYAN  base 
widhawa. 

wield  vb.  ME.  wdde  oe.  j^cweldan 
{ywyldan)  \vk.  vb.  fr.  a  TEUT. 
^gawa/d/an.  Derived  fr.  the  str. 
vb.  OE.  wdldan  tv(aldan  —~  GOTH. 
OSAX.  waldau^  ohg.  waltan  (g. 
7iKilten)  'to  govern'.  ARYAN  \f 
7val  in  LAT.  valere  'to  be  strong'; 
op.  also  OSLOV.  vlastiy  lith. 
valdytl  'to  govern'. 

wife  sb.  ME.  OE.  wif  =  on. 
vif,  OSAX.  wif,  DU.  udjf,  ohg. 
wib  G.  7veib\  Teut.  base  wiba-. 
No  equiv.  connections  outside 
of  teut.  (an  older  word  for  'wife' 
see  under  queen),  —  woman 
ME.  2inwiman  prop,  wimman  fpl. 
whinncn)  oe.  wi/-?nann  (pi.  7in/- 
merm)   lit.   'a  wife-man'. 

wight  sb.  ME.  7viiht  oe.  iviht 
'thing,  creature,  being'  =  oHG. 
OSAX.  7viht  thing,  being'  (g.  du. 
wicht)\  cp.  GOTH,  waihts  'thing' 
and  on.  vdttr  being,  thing'.  Teut. 
base  wihti'  for  wehti-  ident.  w. 
oslov.  vesti  'thing':  aryan  base 
iv'ekii-. 

W|ild  adj.  ME.  OE.  wilde  fr.  a 
TEUT.  wilpja-  (piop.  w'elpja-)  = 
GOTH,  wilfeisy  ON.  villr ,  OSAX. 
OHG.  wildi  G.  DU.  ivild.  Probably 
connected  w.  wold  oe.  w(ald  -=- 
=  OHG.  G.  wa/d  'wood',  as  fr. 


sauvas^e  ^  lat.  silvaticus  fr.  lat. 
silva  'wood'.  —  wilderness  (cp. 
DU.  G.  wildernis)  extension  of 
ME.  wildci'ne  'a   desert'. 

wile  sb.  ME.  (fr.  12^^  cent.)  wile 
fr.  OFR.  ivile  {guile)  \  ident.  w. 
guile. 

will  vb.  ME.  wille  (prt.  wolde) 
OE.  willan  (prt.  wolde)  =  GOTH. 
wiljan,  ON.  vilja,  oSAX.  willian, 
DU.  willen:  Teut.  base  wiljan 
(prop,  weljati)  \  ident.  w.  osAX. 
wellian,  ohg.  w  el  Ian  (g.  wo  lien) 
fr.  a  TEUT.  waljan.  ARYAN  \f 
weluolin  lat.  vel-le,  oslov.  voliti^ 
lith.  velyti.  All  equivalent. 
Perhaps  cogn.  w.  well  •d.VidMveal'^ 
also  GOTH,  waljan  'to  choose' 
=  OHG.  wellan  g.  7vahlen,  ohg. 
wala  G.  wahl  'choosing',  skr. 
\fvar  vr  'choose'.  Cp.  the 
following  word. 

will  sb.  ]\IE.  wille  oe.  ivilla  = 

OSAX.    OHG.    willio,      DU.    Wil,      G. 

wille,  GOTH.  7)ilja,  ON.  vili:  Teut. 
base  wilja?i'  for  tv'eljan-,  derived 
fr.  \fwel  in  will  vb. ;  cp.  oslov. 
volja  sb.   'will'. 

willow  sb.  ME.  ivilwe  oe.  wytig 
(infi.  '^7vilge?)',  ident.  w.  du.  wilg 
ODU.  LG.  wilge  OSAX.  wilgia, 
MHG.   wilge. 

wimple  sb.  me.  oe.  wimpel  oe. 
winpel  'neck  covering'  =:  du.  g. 
wijnpel  ohg.  wimpal.  Source  and 
history  unknown  (ofr.  gui7nple 
FR.  guimpt  are  of  TEUT.  origin ; 
see  gimp). 

win  vb.  ME.  winnc  oe.  winnan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  win?ian  'to 
suffer',  OHG.  OSAX.  winnan  'to 
15* 


228 


wind  —  wise 


Struggle'  (g.  gewinnen,  DU.  ivinnen), 
ON.  vinna'.  Teut.  verbal  V"  W(?««, 
cogn.  w.  SKR.  van  'obtain,  ac- 
quire'. 

wind  sb.  me.  oe.  wlnd=^  osax. 
DU.  7vind,  OHG.  wint  G.  wind^  ON. 
vindr,  goth.  wmds:  Teut.  base 
winda-  prop,  wendo-  =  Aryan 
base  wenio-  in  lat.  ventus,  skr. 
vata  'wind'.  Derived  fr.  the 
ARYAN  V"  "^^  i^  OE*  "^^"^^^^  = 
GOTH,  waian^  DU.  waaien,  ohg. 
wden  G.  wehen  'to  blow';  cp.  lith. 
vSjas  'wind',  oslov.  vetru  'wind' 
—  vijati  \o  blow',  skr.  \fvd  'to 
blow',  GR.  ariTrjc  'wind'.  Cp. 
windc^v. 

wind  vb.  me.  wlnde  oe.  windan 
str.  vb.  =  GOTH.  OSAX.  windaUy 
ON.  vinda^  ohg.  wintan  G.  DU. 
winden:  teut.  \fwend  wand.  — 
windlass  sb.  (machine  for  raising 
heavy  weights)  transformed  fr. 
ME.  windas :  loanword  fr.  ON. 
vind-dss   prop,  'a  winding  pole'. 

windcw  sb.  me.  windikve  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  vind-auga  'window', 
lit.  'wind-eye'.  See  wind  sb.  and 
eye  (on.  auga). 

wine  sb.  me.  oe.  ivin  =  goth. 
7V€inj  ON.  vin,  osAX.  ohg.  7vm 
G.  7vein  DU.  wijn:  Teut.  base 
wina-,  early  loanword  fr.  lat. 
vinum  (cp.  vine  and  vintage), 
whence  also  ital.  vino  —  fr. 
vin    and    oir.  fin,    oslov.    vino, 

wing  sb.  me.  winge  short  for 
older  wenge:  loanword  fr.  on. 
V(Bngr. 

"wink  vb.  ME.  7vinke  oe.  ivincian 
wk.  vb.  'blink,  wink' ;  ohg.  winkan 


str.  vb.  (g.  winken)  'to  give  a 
sign'  =  ME.  winke  str.  vb.  'wink'. 

winnow  vb.  me.  immiive  oe. 
windwian;  ident.  w.  OHG.  winton 
(for  '^wintivon)  'to  winnow';  cp. 
GOTH,  winpi-skauro  'a  winnowing 
fan',  LAT.  ventilare  'to  winnow'. 
All  cogn.   w.   ijuind  sb. 

winsome  adj.  me.  7vin-som  oe. 
wynn-sum  =  ohg.  wunni-sam  (g. 
wonne-sam) :  derived  fr.  oe.  ivynn 
■=^  OSAX.  OHG.  wunnia  (cp.  G. 
wonne)  'joy'. 

winter  sb.  me.  oe.  7vinter  = 
goth.  wintrus,  osax.  ohg.  7vintar 
DU.  G.  winter,  on.  vettr:  Teut. 
base  winir-.  Perhaps  cogn.  w. 
CELT,  vindo-  'white'  in  oiR.  find 
'white'  ? 

wipe  vb.  ME.  tvipe  oe.  wipian) 
cp.  LG.  7vip  sb.  'wisp  of  straw' 
and  GOTH.  7>ipja  'garland'  — 
7veipan  'wreathe',     teut.  yf^  wip. 

wire  sb.  me.  oe.  7mr  =  on. 
virr,  LG.  FRIES,  wir;  cogn.  w. 
OHG.  wiara  'wire  and  lat.  viriae 
'armlets  of  metal',  which  ac- 
cording to  Plinius'  Hist.  Nat.  1 5 
is  a  Celtic  word. 

wise  adj.  me,  oe.  7vis  =  on. 
viss,  goth.  weis,  osAX.  ohg.  7ms 
(ohg.  whi  G.  weise) ,  du.  wijs. 
Teut.  base  wisa-  (for  wit-to-), 
derived  fr.  the  ARYAN  \f  7vid  in 
GR.  Of  Ja,  SKR  veda  =  goth.  wait, 
oe.  wdt,  OHG.  7veii^  G.  7veiss.  See 
7vit. 

wise  sb.  ME.  OE.  wise  ==  osAx. 
OHG.  wisa  G.  weise,  du.  wijs: 
Teut.  base  wiso-n-  (fr.  guise  ital. 
guisa  of  Teut.  origin).    Probably 


wish   —   wolf 


229 


connected  w.  the  Aryan  \Ptvid 
\o  know'  under  wise  —  wit. 
^vish  vb.  me.  wisshe  short  for 
OE.  wyscean  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
wtmskjan  =  ohg.  wunsc{i)an  G. 
wuiischen^  du.  wctischen,  on.  ceskja 
'to  wish';  cp.  SKR.  vanch  'to  wish': 

ARYAN  \fwP7tskf 

wisp  sb.  ME.  wisp  (not  found 
in  OE.);  perh.  ident.  w.  on.  7'isk, 
OHG.  wise  G.  wisch  'wisp  of  straw'  ? 

wit  vb.  ME.  wite  oe.  witan  'to 
know'  =  GOTH.  OSAX.  witan,  on. 
vita,  DU.  wcten,  ohg.  wiT^T^an  G. 
wissen.  The  i^'  and3'^  p. sing,  were 

ME.  wot  OE.  7^<7/  =r  GOTH.  Wait, 
on.    f/^//,    OSAX,   wet,    OHG.  7£'^/^  G. 

wciss,  corresponding  to  SKR.  veda 
'I  know,  he  knows',  gr.  o?J«  otJf. 
See  also  witness. 

wit  sb.  ME.  7£/z/  (//)  OE.  {ie)witt 
'intellect,  understanding' =  OSAX. 
giwit,  OHG.  wizzi  (g.  w//2:)  'under- 
standing', ON.  vit  'intellect':  de- 
rived fr.  wit  vb. 

witch  sb.  ME.  wicche  oe.  wiccea 
'wizard'  —  wicce  'witch' ;  ident. 
w.  FRIES.  LG.  wicke  'witch'  LG. 
wicker  'wizard'  (lg.  wicken  vb.  'to 
predict'  =  oe.  wiccian  'use  witch- 
craft) and  probably  cogn.  w.  oe. 
willian  'practise  divination'  — 
wijjire  'diviner'  =  odu.  wijche- 
lare,  DU.  mlg.  wichelcn  'practise 
divination',     teut.  \f  ivikk  wtg. 

witch-elm  sb.  me.  wicche  short 
for  oe.  wice  'elm'  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  unkjon-. 

with  prep.  ME.  with  oe.  wid 
prep,  'against'  short  for  7mder 
(in  compounds  like  oe.  widersaca 


w?V/t77?zV^  'adversary')  =r  on.  vid 
vidr,  OSAX.  with  wider,  ohg.  widar 
g.  wider,  goth.  wifra. 

wither  vb.  me.  widre  vb.  fr. 
weather  (me.  w(de7'). 

withy  sb.  me.  wit  hi  oe.  wldi-^ 
'willow  ;  cogn.  w.  ohg.  wida  o. 
weide,  on.  vidja  and  GR.  trew, 
LITH.  zil-vitis,  POL.  witwa,  pruss. 
witwo  'a  willow*.  Aryan  \fwi  in 
LAT.  vi-tis  vi-nien  and  OSLOV. 
viti  —  LITH.  vyti  'to  twine,  plait'. 

witness  sb.  me.  witnessc  oe. 
witness  (infl.  -e)  'testimony';  as 
GOTH,  weitwods  and  on.  vitni'^ii- 
ness',  derived  fr.  the  teut.  \/"  7i>ii 
'to  know';  see  7£iit  vb. 

wizard    sb.  me.  ivisard  trans- 
formed (under  the  influence-ef' 
ME.  wis  =  wise)   fr.   "^  wis  chard: 
loanword  fr.  ofr.  wis  chard  (guis- 
chard)  'prudent,   cunning'. 

woad  sb.  ME.  7i'od  oe.  7vdd  ■= 
DU.  weede,  ohg.  weit  G.  7vaid: 
Teut.  base  waida-,  pre -Teut. 
waita-',    cp.  lat.  vitriwi    'woad'. 

\A^oe  interj.  me.  wo  oe.  7vd  in- 
ter]. =  GOTH.  7vai,  on.  vei,  cmG. 
OSAX.  7£'^  G.  7veh  DU.  fc'^^.  Ident. 
w.  LAT.  vae  interj.  woe':  ground- 
form    ARYAN   7Vat. 

wold  sb.  ME.  7v6ld  OE.  7vdld 
{7vcald  in  'Weald  of  Kent')  fr. 
a  Teut.  base  7cia/pu- ;  cp.  osAX. 
OHG.  G.  7i>ald  'wood',  DU.  7V0iid 
'wood',  ON.  vplir  plain,  field": 
pre-TEUT.  waitu-s,  cogn.  w.  SKR. 
vdta  (for  "^vdltaf)  'garden'?  See 
wild. 

wolf   sb.  ME.  7iiolf  (pi.  7volves) 

OE.    WUlf    (pi.     WUlfas)    =    GOTH. 


230 


wulfs,  ON.  lUfr  (for  *vul/r) ,  OSAX. 
7VHlf;  cp.  OHG.  G.  7volf:  Teut. 
base  wulfa-  wolf  a-,  Aryan  base 
wjlqo-    in  SKR.  vrka,    or.   Ai^xo^:, 

LAT.    lupus,    LITH.    vilkas ,     OSLOV. 

vlilkti.     All  equivalent. 

woman   see  wife. 

womb  sb.  ME.  wgmhe  oE.  wdmb 
(wp7nh)  'stomach'  =  goth.  ohg. 
wajfiba,  ON.  'iH)7nb,  du.  warn  'bolly, 
stomach':  Teut.   base  wambo-. 

wonder  sb.  me.  wonder  oe. 
7Vundor  =  OSAX.  wundar^  OHG. 
wuntar  g.  wunde7' ,  on.  undr\ 
Teut.   base  iinmdra-. 

wont  adj.  for  me.  woned  p.  par- 
ticiple of  ME.  wane  oe.  ivunian 
'to  be  used  to';  cp.  oe.  leivu^ia 
'custom,  use'  and  on.  vanVy  ohg. 
giwon  G.  gewohnt  'accustomed . 
See  wean. 

woo  vb.  ME.  wimK'  OE.  wogian 
'to  woo' ;  no  further  relations 
known.      I'EUT.  yfivog. 

wood  sb.  ME.  wode  oe.  wudu 
orig.  widji  =  ON.  mdr  'tree,  wood', 
OHG.  7C'zlii  'wood'  (also  in  ohg. 
witu-hopfa  G.  imde-lwpf)'.  Teut. 
base  7iiidu-,  pre-Teut.  base  widhu- 
in  CELT,  vidu-  (gall.  Fidu-Cassfs)] 
cp.   OIR.  Jid  'tree'. 

wool  sb.  ME.  ivolle  OE.  7i>iill  infl. 
7vulle  =  GOTH,  ivulla,  on.  //// 
(for  '^'vull^ ;  cp.  OHG  7i>olla  G. 
7Volle:  Teut.  base  7vulld  7Volld, 
ARYAN  base  7VJlnd  in  skr.  uriia, 
OSLOV.  vliimu  LITH.  vilna  'wool'; 
cogn.  w.  LAT.  villus  vfllus  'fleece' 
and  SKR.  yf  vr  (var)    'to  cover'. 

word  sb.  ME.  OE.  7Vprd  =  GOTH. 

waurd,  ON.  ord  (for  ^vord),  oSAX. 


7vord,  DU.  7voordy  ohg.  g.  7vort'. 
Teut.  base  war  da-,  pre-Teut. 
base  7V9rdho-  in  lat.  7.>erbufn, 
OPRUSS.  wirds  'word',  LFfH.  vardas 
'name'.  Aryan  \f  wer  {7vre)  in 
GR.  siQHv  'to  say'  —  Qi]Lia  'word'? 

work  sb.  ME.  7verk  oe.  7vcorc 
=  OSAX.  OHG.  werk  G.  DU.  werk, 
ON.  verk ;  Teut.  base  7verka-y 
ARYAN  base  7vergo-  in  gr.  sfjyov. 
ARYAN  V"  7eie7-g  in  gr.  ()sC&tv  'to 
do'  —  oQyavov  'instrument',  skr. 
vrjana  labor' ;  cp.  GOTYL.watirkjan, 
OHG.  7vurkan  =  oe.  7vyrcean  vb. 
'to  work'.    See  7V7'ight. 

world  sb.  ME.  7vorld  7verld  oe. 
7vorold  weorold  =  OSAX.  wero/d, 
DU.  7vereld,  ohg.  7ver.alt  {7vorolt) 
G.  7iDelt,  ON.  v'ergld.  First  element 
of  the  compound  (7ver-ald-)  is 
TEUT.  7vera-  man'  in  goth.  7vair, 
OSAX.  OHG.  OE.  wei'y  ON.  z^trr 
(ARYAN  base  7vlro-  in  lat.  vir, 
skr.  z^^/7?,  LITH.  f^jr^?.?  'man'). 
2"^^  part  of  the  compound  is 
TEUT.  aldi-  in  goth.  aids  'world', 
OE.  yld  (eld)  'period,   age'. 

worm  sb.  me.  worm  for  wurju 
prop.  7mr7n  OE.  wyrm  fr.  a  Teut. 
base  7vurmi-  in  OSAX.  OHG.  G. 
7mi  m,  GOTH.  7vaurms\  ident.  w. 
LAT.  vermis  'worm';  cp.  ON.  orjnr 
(for  ^7Vormaz)  and  gr.  Qouog 
(for  f()njLtog). 

wormwood  sb.  transformed  fr. 
OE.  wermp'd  {7vormpd)  =  ohg. 
7&ert7iuota  {7vor?niiota).  Formation 
and   origin   unknown. 

worse  compar.  adj.  me.  7vorse 
7vurse  older  wirse  oe.  wyrsa  = 
OSAX.    wirso    fr.    a    Teut.    base 


worship   —   wrinkle 


231 


wirsizan-  m  goth.  wairstza  = 
OHG.  wirsiro.  —  worst  superl. 
ME.  woi'ste  wursU  orig.  wirste 
OE.  ivyrsta  fr.  a  teut.  superl. 
wirsistan-  in  goth.  walrsista, 
OSAX.   OHG.   wirsisto. 

worship  sb.  me.  worschlp  older 
wurpschipe  oe.  weordscipe:  derived 
fr.   worth. 

wort^  sb.  (a  plant)  me.  wort 
wiirt  older  wirt  oe.  wyrt  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  wiirti-  in  GOTH,  waurts^ 
on.  tirt,  OSAX.  witrty  OHG.  G.  7^^7/r^ 
'plant,  herb':  ARYAN  \fw9rd  in 
LAT.  radix  (for  "^vrddic-)  see 
under  r^*?/. 

wort^  sb.  (a  kind  of  drink) 
ME.  wort  wurt  for  wirt  oe.  zi^;'^ 
for  *wirt  =  ON.  f'//'/r,  mhg.  wirz 
wort':  TEUT.  ground-form  wirtiz 
(pre-TEUT.  base  werdes-  w'e/dos). 

worth  adj.  me.  worth  wurth 
OE.  wyrdc.  umlauted  byform  of 
OE.  weorp  =  GOTH,  wairps, 
OSAX.  w'erth,  on.  v'erdr,  ohg. 
7(.i'erd  (g.  wcrt) :  ident.  w.  lith. 
7>€rtas,    OPRUSS.    7i>erts    'worthy'. 

wound  sb.  me.  wounde  oe. 
wund  infl.  wunde  =  osAX.  wunday 
OHG.  wunta  G.  wunde  J  on.  z/;/^/ 
(for  "^vundy.  Teut.  base  wundb-. 
Cogn.  w.  the  adj.  goth.  wunds 
=  OE.  wund,  OSAX.  wund,  ohg. 
7vunt  G.  wund.  teut.  \fwun, 
ARYAN  \fw9n  in  goth.  winnan 
'to   suffer,  feel  pain'  (see  win)} 

wrath  sb.  me.  wraihthe  short 
for  OE.  wrcBppu  (Teut.  base 
wraipipb j  \  umlaut-abstract  of  OE. 
ivrdp   adj.   =^  wroth. 

wreak  vb.  me.  wr^kc  oe.  wrUcan 


str.  vb.  ■=^  GOTH,  wrikan  ('to 
persecute),  OSAX.  wr'ekan,  DU. 
wreken,  ohg.  r'ehhaii  (for  "^wreh- 
han^  G.  riichen  'to  revenge'. 
ARYAN  sfivrUg  urg  in  lat.  urgcrc 
'to   urge*,   SKR.  evry    'to    remove'. 

wreath  sb.  me.  writhe  oe. 
wrchp',   cogn.   w.   writhe. 

wren  sb.  me.  wrenne  oe.  wrenna] 
ident.  w.  oSAX.  wrendio  and  pro- 
bably w.  OHG.  OSAX.  {w)renno  a 
stallion' (medieval  lat.  warannio^. 

wrench  sb.  me.  wretich  'deceit' 
oe.  wrefic  'deceit,  trick'  fr.  a 
Teut.  base  wranki-  (also  in 
MHG.  rank  'trick'  G.  rdnke  plur.). 
The  modern  e.  meaning  'twist, 
sprain'  seems  to  be  older  than 
the  metaphorical  sense  in  me. 
OE.   and  g.      See  also  wrong. 

wretch  sb.  me.  wrecche  oe. 
wreccea  'outlaw,  exile'  =  ohg. 
oSA'K.ivrekkio  (g.  recke  'warrior'); 
den\e,dir:.\fwrek  in  goth.  wrikan 
'persecute'  (see  wreaJz). 

wright  sb.  me.  wrighte  oe. 
wyrhta  =  osAX.  zvurhtio,  ohg. 
wurhto  (mhg.  -wilrhle)  'worker'; 
derived  fr.  teut.  zvurhtwjan-\  cp. 
GOTH,  waurstwja  'worker'  by  the 
side  of  waiirstw  'work'.  For  the 
root  see  work. 

wring  vb.  me.  wringe  oe.  ivrin- 
gan  str.  vb.  'to  press  out'  = 
DU.  LG.  wringen,  ohg.  ringan,  (for 
^wri7iga7t)  'to  press  out' (g.  ringen). 

wrinkle  sb.  me.  wrinkel  oe. 
wrinkle  =  odu.  wri7ickcl\  cogn. 
w.  mhg.  runke  and  ohg.  runza 
(for  *7vrtmka  —   '^wru?ikza). 

\vrist  sb.  me.  wrist   oe.  wyrst 


232 


write  —  ye 


=  MHG.  G.  m/(for*Z£/m/),  on.  risl 
SWED.  f/rw/ 'instep,  wrist';  perhaps 
cogn.  w.  G.  r^i/ienMHG.  rlhe  'wrist'  ? 

write  vb.  me.  write  oe.  writan 
str.  vb.  =  OSAX.  writauy  ON. 
rita  'to  write'.  Grig,  sense  'to 
engrave,  scratch,  tear,  spUt'  in 
OSAX.  writa7i  =  ohg.  riy^an 
(for  '^wriT^'ipn)  G.  reissen.  Cp. 
GOTH,  writs  a  stroke  of  a  pen'. 
TEUT.  \fwrit. 

writhe  vb.  me.  writhe  oe.  wiidan 
str.  vb.  'to  twist'  =  ohg.  ridaiiy 
ON.  rida  str.  vb.  *to  wind,  twist'. 
Cogn.   w.  wroth. 


I  wrong  adj.  me.  wrong  (wrang) 
late  OE.  (ii  ''  cent.)  wrang  bor- 
rowed fr.  ON.  rangr  (older 
^vrangr)  'wrong,  unjust'  prop, 
'awry,  perverse'.  Probably  fr. 
the  same  root  as  wre^ich  (teut. 
\^wrank  wrang^. 
wroth  adj.  short  for  me.  wrgth 
oe.  wrap   (see  also    wrath)   = 

I  OSAX.  wrethy  on.  vreidr  reidr^ 
ODU.  wreed  'wroth';  orig.  sense 
in  OHG.  reid  (for  "^^vreid)  'curled'. 
\fwrlp  'to  twist'  in  wreath  and 
writhe. 

I    wry  fr.  me.  wrie  vb.  'to   twist'. 


yacht  sb.  fr.  du.  jacht  prop. 
jachtschip\  DU.  jacht  corresponds 
to  G.  jagd  'hunting  (oHG.  jagon 
G.  jagen  'to   chase). 

yard'  sb.  me.  jierd  prop,  ^(rd oe. 
leard  'fence,  enclosure'  =  on. 
gardr'.  Teut.base^^r<^/*rz-  =^ Aryan 
h^i.'&Qghorto-  in  lat.  hortus  (GR.;^op- 
rOb")  'garden'.    Allied  to  garden. 

yard"^  sb.  (a  measure)  me. 
yerde  oe.  ^enf  {lyrd)  'rod,  rood' 
=  OHG.  gerta  o.  gerte  'a  rod, 
switch';  cp.  GOTH,  gazds  'a  stick, 
goad'  -=  ON.  gaddr  goad'  and 
LAT.  hasta  'a  spear'  (common 
base  ghazdha-). 

yarn  sb.  me.  ^ern  prop,  icrn  oe. 
■^earn  =  on.  ohg.  g.  gam  (du. 
garen)\  perhaps  cogn.  w.  o^.ggrn 
'guts'  and    lith.  zarna  'entrail'? 

yarrow  sb.  me.  "^arwe  oe.  j^earwe 


=  OHG.  garwa  G.  gar  be  ^  du. 
gerw  'millefolium'. 

yawl  vb.  me.  loule  by  the 
side  of  goule  vb.  (change  of  3 
and  ^  unexplained) ;  source  on. 
gaula  (ggula)  'to  bellow'. 

yawn  vb.  me.  gdne  gone  oe. 
gdnian  (the  phonology  of  the 
me.  word  is  dark)  —  ohg.  geinbn 
(g.  gdhnen);  derived  fr.  QE.  tp- 
pnan  str.  vb.  'to  yawn'  --=  ON. 
gina'y  cogn.  w.  OHG.  gien  giwen 
'to  yawn':  aryan  yfghi  in  lat. 
hiare,  OSLOV.  zijati,  lith.  zioti 
'to  yawn'. 

ye  pron.  me.  ^e  oe.  le  fr.  a 
prehistoric  jiz  =  DU.  gij,  OSAX. 
gt,  OHG.  ir  (for  *7"/;')  G.  ihr\ 
oldest  teut.  form  juz  in  goth. 
jus  'ye'.  Ident.  w.  skr.  ytiy-a?n 
'ye':  Aryan  stem  iw  —yu. 


year  —  yolk 


233 


yea    adv.    me.  if  oe.  ^ed    (for 

*'^ce}  =  OS  AX.  OHG.  Jd  G.Ja  yes'; 
oldest  form  goth.  ja  yes'.  — 
yes  ME.  yes  oe.  ^ese  for  *ied- 
swd  prop,  'yea  so*  (cp.  me.  nese 
fiir  ne-swa). 

yean  older  eati  vb.  me.  f?ie 
OE.  (anian  (le-fatiiari)  \o  yean': 
derived  fr.  a  teut.  auna-  (for 
agwna-)  'lamb'  =  lat.  agnuSy 
oiR.  tian:  aryan  base  aghno-. 

year  vb.  me.  ler  oe.  ^er  dedr 
for  *J^r)  ^  OHG.  y^/'  G.  jahr, 
u\J.  jaarfON.  a?;  GOTU.Je?".  Teut. 
basey*?;'*^-;  cogn.  w.  theablauted 
GR.  (b(jng  year  —  wpa  'season' 
and  w.  avest.  ydre    year'. 

yearn  vb.  'desire'  me.  yd'rng  fr. 
ME.  ye'rn  oe.  ^eorn  'desirous' 
(whence  also  the  umlauted  oe. 
lyrnan  'desire')  =  goth.  gairfis, 
OSAX.  OHG.  gem  'desirous':  teut. 
\fg'er  in  ohg.  g'erdn  G.  begehren 
—  OHG.  g'er  'desirous'  —  girl  (g. 
gier)  sb.  'desire'.  ARYAN  \fgher 
in  SKR.  hary  vb.  'desire'. 

yell  vb.  me.  lelle  oe.  lellan 
(lillan)  =  OHG.  gellan  G.  gelletiy 
DU.  gilieUy  ON.  gjalla  'to  resound' . 
Cp.  stanyelL 

yellow  adj.  me.  ^elwe  oe.  ^eolo 
(infi.  leolw-)  fr.  a  Teut.  base 
g'elwa-  in  osAX.  ohg.  gelo  g.  ^^Z:^, 
DU.  ^^^/:  ARYAN  base  gh'elwo-  in 
LAT.  hdvus  'light  yellow',  aryan 
\(^gh'el  also  in  on.  ^/^/r  'yellow', 
GR.  /ho^og  'green',  OSLOV.  ze/enu 
'yellow';  from  the  same  root 
also  go/d  (and  glowl).  — 
yellow-hammer  (a  bird's  name) 


rests  on  the  equiv.  OE.  amore  = 
OHG.  amero  G.  ammer, 

yelp  vb.  ME.  lelpe  oe.  lelpan 
(lilpan)  str.  vb.  'to  boast'  :=  ON. 
gjalptiy  OHG.  gelpfan. 

yes  see  yea. 

yesterday  adv.  me.  yesterday 
oe.  ^eostrandcei  (lystrandcBi)  prop, 
only  geostra{n)  =  ohg.  g'estaron 
G.  gestern,  du.  gisteren  (gister- 
avond)\  cp.  goth.  gistra-dagis 
with  the  sense  of  'tomorrow'. 
Teut.  base  g'estra-,  cogn.  w.  on. 
i-gcer  and  lat.  heri;  gr.  x^^^ 
and  SKR.  hyas  'yesterday'  point 
to  an  ARYAN  base  ghyes  'yester- 
day'. 

yet  adv.  me.  j^et  short  for  oe. 
l^t  (ij't,  lit)]  ident.  w.  ofries. 
ieta  eta  'yet'. 

yew  vb.  me.  ew  oe.  eow  iw 
=  OHG.  iwa  G.  eibCy  on.  yr\  Teut. 
base  iwa-y  ident.  w.  OE.  eoh  'yew' 
—  OHG.  iha  yew',  fr.  {/"(whence 
borrowed  DU.  ijf)  is  of  Teut* 
origin.     Cp.  also  cymr.  yw  'yew'. 

yield  vb.  me.  lelde  oe.  leldan 
(lildan)  str.  vb.  'to  pay'  =  goth. 
giidan,  on.  gjalda ,  ohg.  geltan 
str.  vb.    'to  pay':    teut.  sfg'eld. 

yoke  sb.  me.  lok  (pi.  ipkes)  oe. 

5^<?V  (pi.  g^<9V2^)  =  GOTH,  juk^ 
on.    <?/^    (for    '^jok)y    DU.  y?//^,    OHG. 

joh  G.  y(?<r/^:  Teut.  base  joka-y 
ARYAN  base  jUgo-  in  lat.  jiigum 
GR.  Cv/oV,  SKR.  jj/?/^^ 'yoke',  aryan 
\fjug  in  GR.  C&vyvvui,  lat. 
jwtgere,  skr.  jj^///  'to  yoke'. 

yolk  sb.  ME.  5^/^^  (lelke)  oe. 
leoleca    for     teut.    g'el{w)ukan-\ 


234 


yon  —  yule 


derived  fr.  teut.  gelwa-  =  yel- 
low. 

yon  pron.  me.  yin  ^on  oe.  leon 
(see  beyond)',  cogn.  w.  goth. 
jai?is,  OHG.  jener  G.  jener. 

yore  adv.  me.  ipre  oe.  ledra 
(pron.  Jdra)  prop,  'of  years'  gen. 
plur.   of  OE.   ledr  =  year. 

yovr^pron.  me.  low  ace.  dat. 
of  Id  (=  ye),  OE.  eop  ace.  dat. 
of  i^  {=  ye);  ident.  w.  ohg. 
OS  AX.  eu  OHG.  /«:  aryan  base 
??£/  under  j^. 

young  adj.  me.  ^on^  iwig  oe. 
leong  (prop.  >;z^)  =  GOTH,  juggs, 
OSAX.  OHG.  G.Jung,  T)\J.Jong,  ON. 
/^^x^;-  (for  ^^jungr)'.  teut.  junga-, 
contracted  fr.  juwwigo-  =  LAT. 
,^mvencHs ,  skr.  yuvafa  'young : 
ARYAN  base  juw?nko-  (ablauted 
byform  in  cymr.  ieuanc  'young'). 
Cogn.  w.  'LKT.Jtwenis,  skr.  yuva?i, 
o?>i.ov.  junu,  iA'V'H..jdunas  young'. 


—  youth  sb.  ME.  louthe  older 
luwede  for  yigede  oe.  ju^od  (^eor 
god)  =  OSAX.  jugud  fr.  a  base 
jugunp'  in  OB.G  J ugtmd  g.  jug  end'. 
TEUT.  jugunp-  probably  for  'ju- 
wunp-  cp.  'LPi.T.-  Juven-t-a  (and 
GOTH,  junda  contracted  for  '^ju- 
7vundd)',  derived  fr.  AYCiMijuwen- 
in  LAT.  juvenis,  skr.  yuvan  etc. 
yule  sb.  me.  ^gl  fr.  on.  jol', 
ident.  w.  OE.  ^eol  (contracted 
fr.  leohol)  'Christmas'.  Cogn.  w. 
GOTH,  jiuleis  'november'  =  on. 
ylir  (oE.  Giuli  in  Beda).  Teut. 
base  jeula-  (in  on.  jot)  andyV///- 
ja-  (in  GOTH,  jiuleis) :  oe.  leohhol 
'Christmas'  points  to  teut.  j'ehw- 
la-  (by  the  side  of  jeula-  for 
j'egwla-)',  probably  related  to 
ON.  d  'snow-storm'  (teut.  base 
j'ehivld).  Yi&wc^  Yule  'the  time 
of  snow-storms'  and  GOTH,  jiuleis 
'the  month  of  snow-storms'. 


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